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In recent years, the maximum age of sedimentation and possible sources of detritus to the sedimentary successions of the Karoo Supergroup has received a lot of interest, with various authors presenting age data from across the main Karoo Basin (MKB). Our paper aims to contribute to this ever-growing geochronological database as we report weighted mean ages for the youngest zircons as well as detrital zircon age distributions for the lower Karoo Supergroup succession sampled from the Centre of Excellence for Integrated Mineral and Energy Resource Analysis (CIMERA)- Karoo Research Initiative (KARIN) drill core KWV-1. A total of 880 near concordant zircon ages were determined using Laser Ablation Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-Q-ICP-MS) from fifteen samples representing the Dwyka Group, the Collingham-, Ripon-, Fort Brown- and Waterford formations of the Ecca Group and the Koonap Formation of the Beaufort Group as intersected by this ~2 352 m deep research borehole drilled in the southeastern sector of the basin. The weighted mean ages for the youngest zircons calculated for the formations of the Ecca- and Beaufort groups compares with findings reported by other authors and with the ages reported for tuffaceous layers associated with these units. The weighted mean ages for the youngest zircons of the Dwyka Group reflect the age of the youngest source area and do not aid in constraining the maximum age of deposition. A significant change in detrital zircon age distribution was noted between the Dwyka Group and the overlying formations of the Ecca and Beaufort groups, which we interpret as a change in provenance. The major Meso-to Neoproterozoic detrital zircon age fractions present in the Dwyka Group are attributed to source areas located towards the north and northeast of the MKB, in line with regional ice flow directions. A significant late Carboniferous to Permian detrital zircon age fraction is however observed throughout the formations of the Ecca- and Beaufort groups, with a lesser fraction of older zircon ages. The prevailing youngest age fraction reflects ages associated with magmatic source areas in the Gondwanide Orogeny located towards the south of the MKB at the time of deposition, while the recycling of deformed sedimentary strata of the Cape Supergroup contained in the Cape Fold Belt is considered the source of older detritus. The source of detritus to the MKB remained unchanged during the deposition of the respective formations of the Ecca- and Beaufort groups, despite changes in the depositional environment brough on by regional tectonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Meaningful involvement of adolescents in health research is their fundamental human right and has many benefits. A lack of awareness among researchers on how to meaningfully involve adolescents in health research has been linked to adolescent under involvement in health research. To address this barrier, studies have reported the need for more guidance. To inform the development of better guidelines on adolescent involvement, there is a need to first consolidate the currently available guidance on adolescent involvement in health research and to identify the gaps in these guidelines. This review aims to systematically identify all the currently available guidelines on adolescent involvement in health research and evaluate their scope, content, context, and quality. Methods: This rapid review was pre‐registered with PROSPERO #CRD42021293586. It included documents that incorporated tangible recommendations on the involvement of adolescents in health research. We searched six databases for peer‐reviewed literature: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and ERIC. We conducted a grey literature search in Google Scholar, Google, websites of 472 relevant organisations and sought expert input. The quality of the guidelines was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch & Evaluation (AGREE‐II) Instrument. Data was analysed using descriptive analyses and narrative synthesis. Results: We found that the current guidelines on adolescent involvement in health research are often narrow in scope, targeting specific users and populations while focusing on limited research areas. The guidelines individually fail to provide comprehensive coverage of recommendations across all topics related to adolescent research involvement, that are collectively addressed across all included guidelines. Furthermore, these guidelines tend to be context‐specific and are generally of low quality, often due to inadequate stakeholder involvement and a lack of rigorous development methods. Conclusion: This review provides a consolidated list of guidelines on adolescent involvement in health research along with their quality scores as a resource for researchers to select the guidelines suitable for their research topic, context, and scope for adolescent involvement. There is a need to develop a set of guidelines on adolescent involvement in research, which are comprehensive in scope, cover all key aspects of adolescent involvement in health research, can be adapted for different contexts, and which are based on rigorous and systematic methods. Patient and Public Involvement: Adolescent co‐researchers D. B. and C. W. were involved at different stages of the review process. D. B. screened 25% of the peer‐reviewed articles at the title and abstract screening stage and 10% at full‐text screening stage. C. W. extracted data from 10% of the included guidelines. Both co‐researchers reviewed and shared their feedback on the article and are co‐authors on this paper. They will also be invited to contribute to further dissemination of the findings from this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the changes in mortality patterns and levels requires studying mortality models and measures of lifespan length and variation. Measures of lifespan length and variation can be obtained from life tables or from mortality modes. In this paper, measures of lifespan length and variation are presented for mixture model introduced by Zanotto, L., V. Canudas-Romo, and S. Mazzuco. 2021. "A Mixture-Function Mortality Model: Illustration of the Evolution of Premature Mortality." European Journal of Population 37 (1): 1–27. This was applied to the case of Egypt for males and females in the period 1950–2021. The mixture model was able to fit Egypt's mortality pattern well for both males and females. The calculated measures of lifespan length and variation show that there is an increasing longevity and a declining variation of age at death distribution across time for both males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) assesses patients' perspectives of their illnesses. Original psychometric testing occurred in limited populations. The purpose of this reliability generalization meta-analysis was to: (1) estimate internal consistency reliability of each IPQ-R subscale, and (2) test moderators of these estimates. Web of Science was searched in July 2022 for articles citing the original IPQ-R paper that reported IPQ-R reliability data. Cronbach's alphas (⍺) were pooled for each IPQ-R subscale using inverse variance weighting and DerSimonian and Laird estimation. Sixty-six studies met criteria. Overall pooled ⍺ estimates were acceptable: 0.71–0.87. Treatment control reliability was reduced among cardiac (⍺ = 0.68), diabetes/kidney disease (⍺ = 0.63), and mixed/other (⍺ = 0.66) samples; cyclical reliability was reduced in cancer (⍺ = 0.65) samples. Age, gender, and race were also significant moderators. Subscale reliability varied based on sample characteristics. Adapting IPQ-R subscales to account for sample variation could improve measurement of illness perception constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents who enjoy physical education (PE) classes are more likely to be active during out-of-school hours. Similarly, achievement goal theory suggests that task-oriented motivation is associated with higher levels of reported fun during PE classes. In contrast, ego-oriented motivation has been related to boredom in class, but some self-perceptions (e.g., self-esteem or motoric self-efficacy) may modify this relationship and are important for physical activity. Our aim in this paper was to analyze the relationships between motivational orientation and fun and boredom in PE classes by assessing the mediating effects of self-esteem and self-efficacy. We surveyed 478 teenagers between 13 and 18 years of age (M = 14.57; SD = 1.15) with the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Motor Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES), and the Intrinsic Satisfaction in Sport Scale (SSI-EF). We used a structural equation model to evaluate relationships between these variables of interest. We found a positive relationship between ego orientation and boredom and between task orientation and fun; and we found a negative relationship between task orientation and boredom in PE classes. Importantly, we observed indirect effects from self-esteem and motoric self-efficacy in the relationships between motivational orientation and boredom and fun in PE. These results highlight the importance of students' motivational orientations in PE classes and illustrate that self-perception of self-esteem and motoric self-efficacy can mediate these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postexercise recovery is a fundamental component for continuous performance enhancement. Due to physiological and morphological changes in aging and alterations in performance capacity, athletes of different ages may recover at different rates from physical exercise. Differences in body composition, physiological function, and exercise performance between men and women may also have a direct influence on restoration processes. Purpose: This brief review examines current research to indicate possible differences in recovery processes between male and female athletes of different age groups. The paper focuses on postexercise recovery following sprint and endurance tests and tries to identify determinants that modulate possible differences in recovery between male and female subjects of different age groups. Results: The literature analysis indicates age- and sex-dependent differences in short- and long-term recovery. Short-term recovery differs among children, adults, and masters. Children have shorter lactate half-life and a faster cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to adults. Additionally, children and masters require shorter recovery periods during interval bouts than trained adults. Trained women show a slower cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to trained men. Long-term recovery is strongly determined by the extent of muscle damage. Trained adults tend to have more extensive muscle damage compared to masters and children. Conclusion: The influence of age and sex on the recovery process varies among the different functional systems and depends on the time of the recovery processes. Irrespective of age and sex, the performance capacity of the individual determines the recovery process after high-intensity and endurance exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: As people remain physically active later in life, there is an increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in patients 50 years of age and older. Historically, ACL reconstructions have not been recommended for patients over 50 years of age. While there is abundant literature on the outcomes of ACL reconstruciton in patients under 40 years of age, little has been published on the outcomes in this age group. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ACL reconstruction in patients fifty years of age and older rwill esult in an improvement in function, stability, and quality of life at 5-year follow up. We also study the indications, outcomes, and tips for success. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients fifty years or older with a minimum follow up of two years who underwent an ACL reconstruction using a bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB) allograft by a single fellowship trained orthopedic sports medicine surgeon over a sixyear period. Patients were excluded from the study if they had significant radiographic osteoarthritic changes, or concurrent ligamentous or bony procedures performed. Patients were asked to return for an evaluation, including physical examination and KT-2000 instrumented stability measurements. Both the operative and non-operative knees were evaluated for range of motion, tenderness, stability on anterior drawer, Lachman, and pivot shift testing. Bilateral KT-2000 measurements which were taken at 10, 20, and 30 pounds as well as maximum manual testing. Each measurement was taken three times and averaged. The following scores were used pre- and post-operatively to assess function and pain: Lysholm, International Knee documentation Committee (IKDC), Tegner Activity, and SF-12. A physical examine including KT-2000 measurements was performed in a subset of these patients. Results: Fifty patients with an average follow-up of 5 years (range 2-8 years) underwent an ACL reconstruction using BPTB allograft. The average age at surgery was 55 years (range 50-68 years). Tegner scores improved from a pre-operative score of 3.3 to a post-operative score of 5.3 (p =.0001, 95% CI 2.2-3.5). The average post-operative IKDC score was 81.3 (SD 16.4), Lysholm score 88.5 (SD 16.3), SF-12 physical 54.3 (SD 6.6) and SF-12 mental 51.8 (SD 8.3). Forty (80%) patients reported good to excellent results, six (12%) patients reported fair results and four (8%) patients reported poor results. The patients that returned for a physical examinaiton had a range of motion that averaged flexion to 135 (SD 5.4), and all achieved full extension. There was one patient (2%) that had greater than 4mm translation on Lachman testing, and no patients had a positive pivot shift. There were no identified surgical complications. Conclusions: An anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using BTB allograft successfully restores stability and allows return to pre-injury level of activity with few complications in patients 50 years or older at an average of 5 years follow-up. Our data set represents the largest case series of ACL reconstructions for this age demographic in the literature, using validated outcome tools, and complimented with a physical examination in a sub-set of the cohort. We have found no comparison that yields a clinically significant difference (based on MCID of 10 on theLysholm scale). Thus, older patients can be counseled to expect a functional return close to their pre-injury level, similar to younger patient cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current speech-language pathology (SLP) services in Cambodia are limited in scope, service accessibility and integration into government systems. However, momentum is growing to develop an internationally recognised profession. This paper examines the depth and breadth of SLP support available to people with communication and/or swallowing difficulties in relation the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Qualitative interview data collected from service facilities (n = 13) and speech therapy practitioners (n = 27) were mapped and analysed for accessibility and scope of SLP services. Data revealed a workforce density of 0.16:100 000. Disparity in service accessibility was identified between provincial and urban locations, adult and paediatric populations and range of practice areas. The findings demonstrate the importance of partnerships (SDG 17) among government departments, non-government organisations and private sector entities to establish a sustainable and culturally responsive SLP profession in Cambodia. Although there is no Cambodian university training program, there is a growing momentum and local commitment to establishing a workforce to support Cambodians with communication and/or swallowing difficulties. This commentary paper focuses on good health and well-being (SDG 3), decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), reduced inequalities (SDG 10), and also addresses no poverty (SDG 1), quality education (SDG 4) and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italy has the third-largest immigrant population of European Union countries, but only a few research papers have examined suicide risk in immigrant psychiatric patients in Italy. The main aim of this paper was to compare suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a sample of 304 psychiatric patients. We included 152 immigrant patients matched with 152 Italian patients admitted to the same wards during the same time period by age, gender, and diagnosis. We also investigated sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the two samples including psychiatric diagnosis, age of illness onset, duration of illness, previous hospitalizations, length of hospitalization, previous suicide attempts, and substance and alcohol abuse. There were no differences between immigrant and Italian patients in either suicidal ideation (previous or current) or suicide attempts (previous or current). Immigrant patients were more likely to have a shorter duration of illness than the Italian patients and Italian patients were more likely to report substance abuse than were immigrant patients. Despite similar suicide rates between immigrants and Italian psychiatric inpatients, appropriate assessment of suicide risk in these patients is essential in implementing therapeutic suicide prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many older people experience memory concerns; a minority receive a diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or Subjective Cognitive decline (SCD). There are concerns that medicalisation of MCI and memory concern may fail to acknowledge subjective experiences. Aim: We explore the meaning individuals give to their memory concerns, with or without a diagnosis of MCI and SCD. Method: We scoped literature exploring subjective experiences of memory concern, with or without a diagnosis of MCI or SCD. We searched CINAHL, PsycINFO and MEDLINE in March 2020, and updated in Sept 2021.We used (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005) framework to guide our scoping review method and thematic analysis to analyse our findings. Results: We screened 12,033 search results reviewing the full texts of 92 papers. We included 24 papers, including a total of 453 participants, the majority of whom were female, from White ethnic majority populations (or from studies where ethnicity was not identified) with high levels of education. In 15 out of 24 studies, 272 participants were diagnosed with MCI. We identified two themes; Making a diagnosis personal and Remembering not to forget. We found that subjective experiences include normative comparison with others of the same age and responses including fear, relief, and acceptance, but culminating in uncertainty. Conclusion: Drawing upon sociology, we highlight the subjective experiences of living with memory concerns, SCD and an MCI diagnosis. We identify a gap between the intended purpose of diagnostic labels to bring understanding and certainty and the lived experiences of those ascribed them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depersonalization-Derealization disorder (DDD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by persistent feelings of detachment from one's self and of unreality about the outside world. This review aims to examine the prevalence of DDD amongst different populations. A systematic review protocol was developed before literature searching. Original articles were drawn from three electronic databases and included only studies where prevalence rates of DDD were assessed by standardized diagnostic tools. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Twenty-three papers were identified and categorized into three groups of participants: general population, mixed in/outpatient samples, and patients with specific disorders. The prevalence rates ranged from 0% to 1.9% amongst the general population, 5–20% in outpatients and 17.5–41.9% in inpatients. In studies of patients with specific disorders, prevalence rates varied: 1.8–5.9% (substance abuse), 3.3–20.2% (anxiety), 3.7–20.4% (other dissociative disorders), 16.3% (schizophrenia), 17% (borderline personality disorder), ~50% (depression). The highest rates were found in people who experienced interpersonal abuse (25–53.8%). The prevalence rate of DDD is around 1% in the general population, consistent with previous findings. DDD is more prevalent amongst adolescents and young adults as well as in patients with mental disorders. There is also a possible relationship between interpersonal abuse and DDD, which merits further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to poor resolution of homeostasis after a stressor event. Frailty is most frequently assessed in the old using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CSF) which ranks frailty from 1 to 9. This assessment typically takes less than one minute and is not validated in patients with learning difficulties or those under 65 years old. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) developed guidelines that use "frailty" as one of the priority-setting criteria for how scarce, but potentially lifesaving, health care resources should be allocated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Similar guidelines have been developed elsewhere. This paper discusses the ethical implications of such rationing and argues that this is an unproven and ethically problematic form of health care rationing. It specifically discusses: (1) how the frailty ascription becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, (2) the problematic use of "frailty" in COVID-19 "triage," (3) the circularity of the link between age and frailty, (4) indirect discrimination because of the use of a seemingly neutral criterion in health care rationing, and (5) the difficult link between comorbidities and frailty. It is found that there was no research into the use of global frailty scores as a criterion for access to acute treatment before January 2020 and so it is concerning how readily frailty scoring has been adopted to ration access to potentially lifesaving treatments. Existing gerontological frailty scoring systems have not been developed for this purpose, and repurposing them creates significant ethical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shoulder and elbow overuse injuries are the most common problems in baseball players. No scoping review has compared the findings from different types of evidence. Purpose: To map the broad evidence from 3 types of evidence (epidemiological, biomechanical, and narrative) on potential risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball and identify gaps in the existing literature to guide future research. Study Design: Scoping review. Methods: Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to May 14, 2020. Any peer-reviewed papers that investigated or discussed potential risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball were included. Results: A total of 302 studies (107 epidemiological studies, 85 biomechanical studies, and 110 narrative reviews) were included. Risk factors were categorized into 9 domains: sports profiles, physical characteristics/functions, pitching mechanics, performance, behavioral, psychosocial, biological and developmental, injury/sports profiles, and environmental factors. Studies were consistent in supporting limited shoulder range of motion (ROM) and player positions (pitchers or catchers) as risk factors for shoulder injuries. For elbow injuries, the majority of the included studies suggested that being pitchers or catchers and working with higher ball velocity can be risk factors. Conclusion: Findings were consistent in some risk factors, such as limited shoulder ROM and positions. However, findings were inconsistent or limited for most factors, and substantial research gaps were identified. Research assessing those factors with inconsistent or limited evidence in the current literature were recognized to be priorities for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which dengue virus has been circulating globally and especially in Africa is largely unknown. Testing available blood samples from previous cross-sectional serological surveys offers a convenient strategy to investigate past dengue infections, as such serosurveys provide the ideal data to reconstruct the age-dependent immunity profile of the population and to estimate the average per-capita annual risk of infection: the force of infection (FOI), which is a fundamental measure of transmission intensity. In this study, we present a novel methodological approach to inform the size and age distribution of blood samples to test when samples are acquired from previous surveys. The method was used to inform SERODEN, a dengue seroprevalence survey which is currently being conducted in Ghana among other countries utilizing samples previously collected for a SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey. The method described in this paper can be employed to determine sample sizes and testing strategies for different diseases and transmission settings. Author summary: The historical circulation of dengue virus is still poorly understood in many parts of the world, and age-stratified seroprevalence surveys can provide the data to quantify population exposure to dengue and its transmission intensity. In this work, we developed a simulation-based method that can be used to identify the sample sizes and age-distribution of the samples needed to obtain informative estimates of dengue force of infection from existing blood samples. We apply this method to data obtained from a SARS-CoV-2 serological survey, previously conducted in three cities in Ghana. The methods and code developed in this paper can be used to design serological surveys for dengue and other pathogens when using existing blood samples with accompanying information on age and location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with dementia from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds often face poor health and social outcomes such as stigma, depression, and reduced help seeking behaviours. Dementia friendly communities have been shown to reduce stigma, and the gap in health and social outcomes for people impacted by dementia. Despite the large presence of established dementia friendly communities, their functioning in multicultural communities remains underexplored. The aim of this review was to identify the barriers and facilitators of cultural inclusivity to inform the development of a multicultural dementia friendly community. We systematically searched for academic and grey literature regarding existing and prospective age or dementia-friendly communities that engaged with culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Using the matrix method, data on the barriers and facilitators to engagement were extracted. Papers were analysed for common themes and findings were integrated in a narrative format. A total of 3,164 papers were identified, 11 of which met inclusion criteria. There were 6 dementia friendly communities in North America, 3 in Europe, 1 in Australia and 1 in Asia. Analyses revealed that barriers to cultural inclusivity were centered around the accessibility of services, sociocultural factors, and the environment, including issues such as low awareness of dementia and stigma, language barriers, isolation, and the inaccessibility of transport and buildings. Leveraging existing cultural leaders and social structures to target culturally and linguistically diverse populations and develop tailored dementia friendly initiatives were key facilitators. To foster cultural inclusivity in dementia friendly communities, a culturally specific lens that addresses these barriers and utilises facilitators must be applied from the design stage through to implementation and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the risks associated with drinking is an ongoing public health goal. Approximately two-fifths of Australian adults consume alcohol within low-risk guidelines, yet little is known about their drinking patterns or practices. In this paper, we use social practice theory to consider low-risk drinking at home as a routinised social practice with material, meaning and competence dimensions. We analysed open-text survey responses from 252 Australian adults (30–65, 89% female) who were considered low-risk drinkers. A low-risk drinking occasion was typically closely linked to other practices such as eating dinner or connecting with family or friends. Drinking alcohol, even in small amounts, was associated with enjoyment. Being attuned to bodily sensations and applying some self-imposed rules were competencies that allowed low-risk drinkers to avoid intoxication. Low-risk drinking practices entail some elements that can inform health promotion, including encouraging efforts to limit drinking to times of the day (e.g. during meals) and to attend to bodily feelings of sufficiency. The study also shows how low-risk drinking is entangled with gendered and age-related norms about drinking, and facilitated by rarely being in 'intoxigenic' environments. These factors are imbricated with individual decisions in our respondents' capacity to consume alcohol moderately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Opioid use disorder is a public health concern in Australia. Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is effective at treating and minimising harm from opioid use disorder, yet is underused in Australia due to client barriers. Although these barriers have been reported, the barriers that are most important to clients is unclear. The aim of this paper was to determine the most important OAT barriers to Australian clients. Methods: A cross-sectional, self-completed survey was given to 204 opioid-dependent clients who attended needle and syringe sites in Australia. Participants were given 15 OAT barrier statements, which they answered using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree and 5 = strongly agree). The Likert scale data are presented using the count method and the mean Likert scores (for the whole sample and for subgroups). Results: The two methods determined that the four most important barriers to OAT were stigma, lack of support services, no flexibility and enjoy using opioids. Furthermore, those who used prescription opioids (compared with heroin) were female or non-binary (compared with male), were not currently using OAT (compared with current OAT), were younger (compared with older) and had high dependence scores (compared with low dependence scores) were impacted more by certain OAT barriers. Conclusions: Policies around improving support services, reducing stigma and increasing flexibility would be beneficial to reduce barriers to OAT in Australia. Second, certain groups were more vulnerable to OAT barriers, emphasising the importance to better tailor opioid treatment programs to these specific populations to increase treatment engagement. The aim of this paper was to determine the most important opioid agonist treatment barriers to Australian clients via a cross-sectional survey using a Likert scale. Results found that the most important barriers to opioid agonist treatment were stigma, lack of support services, no flexibility and enjoy using opioids. Furthermore, those who used prescriptions opioids were female or non-binary, were not currently using opioid agonist treatment, were younger and had high dependence scores were impacted more by certain treatment barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and food selectivity, both of which are prevalent in the pediatric population. In this context, the authors paid attention to food selectivity and its possible correlation with the atypicality of sensory processes, outlining the useful rehabilitation treatments to draw on. This research included the parents or caregivers of pediatric patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and placed within a therapeutic clinic. The sample is composed of 111 children, males and females, aged between 2 and 10 years, and includes 60 children diagnosed with autism and 51 children with normotypical development, similar in characteristics but without the disorder. The standardized questionnaire, "Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory", was developed to examine behavior during meals, especially in children with ASD. The "Brief Sensory Profile", and the "Child Oral and Motor Proficiency Scale", were also administered. The results obtained from the analysis lead to evidence of eating and food selectivity difficulty. Additionally, our study demonstrates that food selectivity can be caused by extreme sensory modulation and sensory problems related to the smell, texture, color, and temperature of food. In fact, the results obtained emphasize the correlation between food selectivity and the sensory domains of taste and smell. Furthermore, this research highlights a correlation between motor skills and eating skills, particularly regarding food selectivity, which is closely associated with atypical and disruptive behaviors during meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For "The Year That Was 2017," I have selected 3 papers in the area of growth, maturation, and exercise during youth. The first paper has been chosen because it provides for the first time the relative age, maturation, and anthropometric biases on position allocation in elite youth soccer players participating in talent identification programs in professional soccer league. Specific anthropometrical attributes characterized playing positions with a bias toward these athletes who are comparatively tall and heavy for their age already in younger ages, whereas position-specific physical attributes do not become apparent until the later stages of talent development. The second paper was selected because it provides a unique perspective on the contributions of different types of sport activities to the development of soccer performance. This paper demonstrated that early specialization and concentration on one sport only during growth is not beneficial in elite youth soccer. In contrast, variable early sporting experience, and not different physiological parameters, facilitates subsequent soccer performance development. The third paper provided some evidence that the consequence of physical activity during adolescence can be far reaching as physical activity might not only predict academic success during compulsory basic education but also boost educational outcomes in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, two main approaches are prominent in the assessment of care quality. The first is the determination of care standards, and the other approach for quality-guarantee is the method of monitoring the patient satisfaction. The aim of this study is to determine the satisfaction levels of patients, who stayed in surgery clinics in different hospitals, with nursing care. The sample of the study consisted of 972 patients who accepted to participate in the research, were able to communicate, 18 of age and above and literate. The data were collected through “The Personal Information Form” and “The Newcastle Scale of Satisfaction with Nursing”. The data were assessed through percentage distribution, t-test, One-Way ANOVA test, Man-Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis variance analysis. The satisfaction levels of the patients in the research group have differed according to their age, marital status, educational background, profession, the hospital in which the patients stay, previous hospital experience and whether or not they had companions with them. It became evident that patients were generally satisfied with nursing services, however the satisfaction levels of patients staying in private hospitals were more than those of patients staying in public hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To aid prescribers in assessing a patient’s risk for statin-induced myopathy (SIM), we performed a comprehensive review of currently known risk factors and calculated aggregated odds ratios for each risk factor through a meta-analysis.Methods: This meta-analysis was done through four phases: (1) Identification of the relevant primary literature; (2) abstract screening using inclusion and exclusion criteria; (3) detailed review and data extraction; and (4) synthesis and statistical analysis.Results: Out of 44 papers analyzed from 836 papers searched from MEDLINE, 18 different potential risk factors were collected, divided into three categories: three demographics (11 papers), ten clinical factors (31 papers), and five pharmacogenetics/biomarkers (12 papers). Risk factors significant for myopathy and/or rhabdomyolysis included age, gender, diabetes, renal impairment, cardiovascular disease, certain interacting drugs, and mutations of the SLCO1B1 gene, which encodes a transporter protein in the liver. Several factors, such as gender, race, cardiovascular disease, and the GATM gene, which encodes a protein for creatine synthesis, appeared to be protective in terms of the outcomes of interest.Conclusions: This comprehensive assessment of risk factors can help support clinicians in reducing the incidence of SIM in their patient population on statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented which discusses various topics within the issue which discusses various topics within the issue including use of goal setting in the rehabilitation of people, clinical rehabilitation and healthcare activity in rehabilitation of people.

Since the 1980s, research on relative age effects (RAEs) consistently shows that relatively older individuals are advantaged in sport and other contexts. With the recent proliferation of studies on RAEs, periodic knowledge synthesis becomes imperative. Our purpose was to conduct a cross-disciplinary citation network analysis of RAEs literature to enhance our knowledge of RAEs citation structures and the interconnectivity of RAEs studies. We analysed 484 RAEs articles found in Web of Science that were published before 2022. Descriptive results revealed a 12.6% annual growth rate for total RAEs articles published since 1980. The articles appeared in 151 journals, had 1,180 unique authors, and averaged 23.9 citations received. Three theoretical/review papers had the most substantial influence on the field. For the conceptual structure of the field, it was apparent that RAEs research focused mainly on sport performance, maturity, and competition. Regarding intellectual structure, three distinct clusters of articles were cited together, and 13 authorship clusters were detected with few between-cluster connections. The results describe a field with productivity but little interconnectivity among authors and papers. We offer insights into this trend and the role that influential authors/articles have in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anticoagulation therapy plays a crucial role in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) by significantly reducing the risk of stroke. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) became preferred over warfarin due to their superior safety and efficacy profile. Assessing adherence to anticoagulation therapy is necessary in clinical practice for optimising patient outcomes and treatment efficacy, thus emphasising its significance. Methods: A retrospective study utilised the Latvian National Health Service reimbursement prescriptions database, covering prescriptions for AF and flutter from January 2012 to December 2022. The proportion of days covered method was selected for adherence assessment, categorising it into three groups: (1) below 80%, (2) between 80% and 90%, and (3) above 90%. Results: A total of 1,646,648 prescriptions were analysed. Dabigatran prescriptions started declining after 2020, coinciding with a decrease in warfarin prescriptions since 2018. The total adherence levels to DOAC therapy were 69.4%. Only 44.2% of users achieved an adherence level exceeding 80%. The rate of paper prescriptions decreased from 98.5% in 2017 to 1.3% in 2022. Additionally, the utilisation of international non-proprietary names reached 79.7% in 2022. Specifically, 16.7% of patients selected a single pharmacy, whereas 27.7% visited one or two pharmacies. Meanwhile, other patients obtained medicines from multiple pharmacies. Conclusions: The total adherence level to DOAC therapy is evaluated as low and there was no significant difference in age, gender, or "switcher" status among adherence groups. Physicians' prescribing habits have changed over a decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex post‐traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) was introduced in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 11 in 2013 to simplify diagnosis and increase clinical utility. Given the recent ICD‐11 conceptualisation, there is no standard approach for its assessment, and a review of research is necessary. This systematic review focuses on ICD‐11 CPTSD assessment in young people aged 7 to 17 and adults aged 18 and above, examining measures, differentiating features and clinical considerations. Data from five databases are reviewed using a narrative synthesis approach and the quality of evidence is assessed and discussed. A total of 36 studies involving 5901 participants recruited from clinical settings and 1458 professionals with CPTSD assessment experience were included. Studies predominantly focused on adults, and the most used measure for assessment was the International Trauma Questionnaire. Papers focusing on differentiating features highlighted increased symptom severity, impairment and difficulties in individuals with CPTSD, compared to those with PTSD across various characteristics in both young people and adults. This review also identified the importance of a sensitive clinical approach with adaptations based on culture and age. Although gold‐standard recommendations cannot be made, this paper offers tentative clinical practice recommendations and considerations regarding ICD‐11 CPTSD assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disfluency is a multifactorial concept that can be linked to several of the language production levels, in both typical and atypical populations. In children, the language system is still developing and few studies have explored disfluency patterns. In typical development (TD), in particular, studies have shown discrepancies according to the language being considered. In neurodevelopmental disorders, such as developmental dyslexia (DD), it is still unclear whether the pattern of disfluency is similar to TD. Aims: To analyse the type of disfluency and their evolution in French children aged 8–12 years. Also to compare the pattern of disfluency in DD and TD, and to test whether disfluencies were correlated with reading difficulties. Methods & Procedures: A total of 25 children with DD and 21 children with TD aged 8–12.6 years produced an autobiographical narrative. Seven types of disfluencies were coded: part‐word repetitions; repetitions of monosyllabic words; other types of repetitions (words and phrases); filled pauses; revisions—substitutions; revisions—additions; and abandoned utterances. We compared the proportion of each disfluency in DD and TD. Spearman correlations were then performed between disfluencies, reading performance and age. Outcomes & Results: The results showed that both DD and TD children mainly produced filled pauses, repetitions of monosyllabic words and substitutions. Both groups displayed a high rate of disfluency (> 10%). No correlations with age were found. Correlations with reading performance were significant in the TD group only. Conclusions & Implications: The study showed that DD is not characterized by a specific pattern of disfluency. Additionally, disfluency rates were similar in children aged 8–12 years. In contrast to other languages, the current study suggests that French‐speaking children have a high rate of disfluency. The study also suggests that disfluency should be interpreted with caution in DD, given that TD children also have a high rate of disfluency. Therefore, it seems important to adapt the pathological threshold of disfluency to the language being spoken in order to avoid an overestimation of the prevalence of these deficits in French‐speaking children. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: TD children produce a high rate of disfluency, which is also influenced by the language being spoken. No study looked at the effect of DD on disfluency production. Nonetheless, problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience may impact lexical development and speech fluency. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: In our study, both groups (French‐speaking children) produced a substantial amount of disfluency as compared with other languages (> 10%). Additionally, the pattern of disfluency was similar in TD and DD (namely, filled pauses, prolongations repetitions of monosyllabic words and substitutions). In the DD group, disfluency production was not correlated with reading performance. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: These results indicate that it is crucial to consider the language being spoken when examining disfluency in order to avoid an overestimation of language difficulties in some languages, such as in French. Moreover, the production of disfluencies in DD should not be considered as language dysfunction since the pattern of disfluency what quite similar in TD and DD, and did not correlate with their reading difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused many challenges in healthcare. A quarantine and treatment centre was established to cope with surging a. Healthcare workers (HCWs) who were deployed here may experience burnout. This paper aims to assess the prevalence of burnout and quality of life (QOL) among the Ministry of Health Malaysia HCWs who worked in a quarantine and treatment centre in Malaysia and determine the predictive factors of burnout. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The study population was all HCWs deployed in the quarantine centre between September 2021 and December 2021. The World Health Organization QOL Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) were utilised and distributed online. Result: A total of 377 responses were collected. 31.6% experienced personal burnout, 23.1% had work-related burnout, and 18.3% reported patient-related burnout. The QOL domain scores ranged from 66.7 (IQR=25) to 75.0 (IQR=33.3). Those ≥ 40 years old and served ≥6 years had significantly higher QOL than their younger counterparts. Significant predictors of personal and patient-related burnout were those <40 years old and higher education level, while the significant predictors of work-related burnout were those with 1 - 5 years of service. Conclusion: HCWs stationed in the quarantine centre during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced some burnout and lower QOL than the normal population. Younger workers with fewer years of service tend to have higher burnout and lower QOL scores. Hence, attention should be placed on these groups to receive continuous and relevant assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lives of caregivers can be deeply impacted by having a child with a developmental disability (DD). To offset those impacts, caregivers may engage in accommodations, or strategies to bolster everyday functioning. The nature and extent of these accommodations can provide insight into how the family is doing and what supports are needed from a family-centered perspective. This paper presents the development and preliminary validation of the Accommodations & Impact Scale for Developmental Disabilities (AISDD). The AISDD is a rating scale that measures day-to-day accommodations and impacts of raising a child with a DD. A sample of 407 caregivers of youth with DDs (Mage = 11.7 years; 63% males) completed the AISDD, along with measures of caregiver strain, daily challenges, child adaptive behavior, and behavior and emotional regulation. The AISDD is a unidimensional, 19-item scale with excellent internal consistency (ordinal alpha =.93) and test–retest (ICC =.95) reliability. Scores were normally distributed and sensitive to age (r = −.19), diagnosis (ASD + ID > ASD > ID), adaptive functioning (r = −.35), and challenging behaviors (r =.57). Finally, the AISDD showed excellent convergent validity with similar measures of accommodations and impacts. These findings support the use of the AISDD as a valid and reliable tool for measuring accommodations among caregivers of individuals with DDs. This measure shows promise in its ability to identify which families may need additional support for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age gap between spouses has important implications for a range of outcomes—from fertility and longevity, to gender relationships, marital quality, and stability. This paper examines the age gap between spouses in 12 countries in South and Southeast Asia. The average age difference (husband's minus wife's age) is positive in all countries and ranges from 2.7 in Myanmar to 8.4 in Bangladesh. Age homogamous marriages accounted for 5% of all marriages in Bangladesh to close to half of all marriages in Thailand. The proportion of age hypogamous marriages was uniformly low in all the countries except for Myanmar where it reaches close to 10%. Men's marriage age has a stronger effect in determining the age gap. In general, the age gap for women with lower education was larger than for those with higher education. However, much of this effect was explained by the difference in marriage timing across educational groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has witnessed a dramatic expansion of higher education, and women have emerged as noteworthy winners in the process. This paper focuses on the role of female college education on four dimensions of marriage: age at marriage, autonomy in the choice of spouse, work and financial empowerment, and quality of marital relationship. The study uses a sample of 35,561 currently married women from the 2011-2012 wave of the nationally representative India Human Development Survey (IHDS). It demonstrates that higher education, particularly college education, enables women to lead lives substantively different from their less-educated peers. College-educated women marry at later ages, enjoy greater autonomy in choosing their husbands, and have a more egalitarian relationship with their spouses. Furthermore, the study finds that educational homogamy and hypogamy afford greater autonomy to women. Even without a concomitant increase in labor force participation, college education among women appears to have a transformative effect on marriage in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of reduced dental treatment and education infrastructure in the Tanzanian highlands affects the oral health situation of both the general population and local healthcare workers. The aim of this study was to investigate the oral health status of healthcare workers at Ilembula Lutheran Hospital (ILH), Tanzania, during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, 134 healthcare workers (62 women, 72 men; mean age 36.48 ± 9.56 years, range 19–59 years; median age 35.00 years) participated in this cross-sectional study, conducted from 12 February to 27 February. A dental examiner trained in oral health screening performed the oral health data collection. Data collection was performed by probability sampling using the Ilembula Data Collection Form—Oral Health (IDCF-Oral Health) questionnaire distributed in paper form. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Institute for Medical Research/Tanzania. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF/T) index proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used with the associated caries measurement method and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Details regarding edentulism, nutritional habits, and socio-economic factors were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression (α = 0.05). The average DMF-T index was 3.33 ± 0.82, with age, gender, meal frequency, and soft drink consumption significantly influencing the index. No evidence of dental plaque was detected in 43.3% of the participants. Of the participants, 32.8% required prosthetic treatment (Kennedy Class III), while 16.4% needed it for acute malocclusions. Oral hygiene products were used in 97% of cases. A total of 35.8% of the participants had an OHI-S score of up to 1.0, with (p < 0.001) age and (p < 0.001) sex having a significant influence on the index. The current oral health situation of healthcare workers at ILH shows a moderate need for restorative and prosthetic treatment in rural Tanzania. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no change in the need for dental treatment, which may be explained by the generally restricted access to dental healthcare in the investigated region. The development of an interdisciplinary oral health prophylaxis system could help to reduce the need for future treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dementia and incontinence are both prevalent in older age; yet, neither are an inevitable or normal part of ageing. It has been recognised that there is a skills and knowledge gap in professionals assessing and managing incontinence for people living with dementia. All too often, assumptions are made that incontinence is a symptom of dementia and that nothing can be done if a person living with dementia experiences episodes of incontinence. While dementia may impact on a person's ability to remain continent, it may not be the sole cause, and there may be treatments and strategies that can reduce the incidence in those affected. Therefore, a person-centred continence assessment should be undertaken to promote continence and reduce the impact of incontinence for people living with dementia and those who care for them. This paper will highlight some of the issues that are important for health and social care professionals to explore and identify, assess and manage incontinence to improve outcomes for families affected by dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continue to experience significant delays in diagnosis and interventions. One of the main factors contributing to this delay is a shortage of developmental-behavioral specialists. Diagnostic evaluation of ASD by primary care pediatricians (PCPs) has been shown to be reliable and to decrease the interval from first concern to diagnosis. In this paper, we present the results of a primary care ASD diagnosis program in which the PCP serves as the primary diagnostician and leverages the infrastructure of the primary care medical home to support the child and family during the pre- and post-diagnostic periods, along with data on parental satisfaction with this model. Methods: Retrospective data from a cohort of patients evaluated through this program were analyzed to determine the mean age at diagnosis and interval from referral for evaluation to diagnosis. We used survey methodology to obtain data from parents regarding their satisfaction with the process. Results: Data from 8 of 20 children evaluated from April 2021 through May 2022 showed a median age of diagnosis of 34.5 months compared to the national average of 49 months. Mean interval from referral for evaluation to diagnosis was 3.5 months. Parental survey responses indicated high satisfaction. Conclusions: This model was successful in shortening the interval from referral to diagnosis resulting in significant decrease of age at diagnosis compared with the national average. Widespread implementation could improve access to timely diagnostic services and improve outcomes for children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural injuries remain a major concern in North America, with a fatal injury rate of 19.5 deaths per 100,000 workers in the United States. Numerous research efforts have sought to compile and analyze records of agricultural-related injuries and fatalities at a national level, utilizing resources, ranging from newspaper clippings and hospital records to Emergency Medical System (EMS) data, death certifications, surveys, and other multiple sources. Despite these extensive efforts, a comprehensive understanding of injury trends over extended time periods and across diverse types of data sources remains elusive, primarily due to the duration of data collection and the focus on specific subsets. This systematic review, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, consolidates and analyzes agricultural injury surveillance data from 48 eligible papers published between 1985 and 2022 to offer a holistic understanding of trends and challenges. These papers, reporting an average of 25,000 injuries each, were analyzed by database source type, injury severity, nature of injury, body part, source of injury, event/exposure, and age. One key finding is that the top source of injury or event/exposure depends on the chosen surveillance system and injury severity, underscoring the need of diverse data sources for a nuanced understanding of agricultural injuries. This study provides policymakers, researchers, and practitioners with crucial insights to bolster the development and analysis of surveillance systems in agricultural safety. The overarching aim is to address the pressing issue of agricultural injuries, contributing to a safer work environment and ultimately enhancing the overall well-being of individuals engaged in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper describes the author's experience conducting virtual interviews with sexual assault survivors and their informal supports (e.g., family, friend, partner) during the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing on past and present interviewing experiences with this population, and the recent literature on best practices for virtual interviewing and survivor/trauma-informed research methods. The experience of pivoting from past projects using face-to-face interview methods to doing virtual interviews with this population is presented and critically analyzed. Potential advantages and drawbacks of various methods and adaptations for doing virtual interviews in a dyadic sample of survivors and their informal supports are described to facilitate future research using virtual methods with sexual assault survivors and their informal supporters. Issues related to access (e.g., e.g., age, gender, race, ability, poverty) to interview participation are also noted as in need of more consideration. Finally, the impact on interviewers of doing this work in virtual versus face-to-face contexts is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objective of this article is to analyse the determinants of risky behaviour of school children and their impact on early sexual initiation, considering differences between sexes. Methods: The paper analyses the results of the HBSC international study conducted in Slovakia in 2018. A total of 1,293 schoolchildren (81.8% response rate) participated in the study. 15-year-old adolescents were assessed. Differences between boys and girls were also analysed. Results: In the 2018 data collection, the occurrence of underage sexual intercourse was more common among boys (17%) than girls (11.3%). Overall, 94.3% of children reported not having smoked and not having had an early sexual experience. Conversely, 26.1% of the children who admitted having smoked, had had sex. As for alcohol consumption, 19.2% of the pupils who had drunk alcohol reported early sexual initiation but, in a statistically significant indicator, up to 34.1% of adolescents who had had sexual intercourse were in a state of drunkenness at the time. Conclusion: To some extent, experimentation and risky behaviours in adolescence are socially acceptable. However, the timing of adolescents' first sexual intercourse can have an impact on their health and mental well-being. There is a need to recognise and monitor possible determinants that may lead to their risky sexual activities. There is also a clear and pressing need for legislative standards. Paediatric care and nursing play a vital role in the primary prevention of risk activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This study examines the prevalence and underlying factors of loneliness among Polish adolescents in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives. The aim of this study is to assess the frequency of loneliness experienced by Polish students depending on the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various aspects of life. Material and methods. Utilizing data from a representative sample of over 6,200 students aged 11 to 17, as part of the global Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey for the 2021/2022 school year, the study investigates how the pandemic has affected the lives of young people, particularly in fostering feelings of loneliness. Results. The findings indicate that almost one-third of Polish school students report feeling lonely “often” or “always”. Key factors contributing to this loneliness include gender, age, the level of support from family and peers, as well as the amount of time spent on social media. Notably, the study uncovers that girls are more likely to feel lonely – especially those in secondary school and living in larger cities. There is also a noticeable link between heavy social media usage and heightened loneliness. Conclusions. The pandemic’s toll on mental health, family dynamics, and academic life has emerged as a significant concern. This paper underscores the urgent need for dedicated programs and support mechanisms to counteract the adverse effects of the pandemic on the mental health and overall well-being of young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]