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The paper aims to determine acetic and propanoic acid concentrations in some selected samples of kerosene used in Nigeria. The Armfield Liquid-Liquid Extraction Unit was employed to carry out the study. Distilled water and kerosene samples from five different sources were used for the investigation. The parameters taken into consideration during the course of the experiments were time, thermal conductivity, temperature, flow rates and concentration of the acid. It was deduced from the research that the temperature and the conductivity decreased with significant decrease in concentration of the acid and vice versa. The results gotten from the extraction of the kerosene samples also showed that sample A, sample D, and sample E did not contain acetic acid while sample B and sample C had traces of acetic acid, with sample C having traces of propanoic acid. After comparing the values with the standard classification of acetic acid, it was discovered that the concentration of both acetic and propanoic acid in the samples were not significantly sufficient to harm human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developed countries, giant strides have been made in reducing mortality due to cervical cancer. The success recorded has been largely attributed to effective screening programmes. In contrast, the burden and mortality due to this disease is rising in developing countries. Access to screening services remains a major challenge for the majority of the population at risk. This paper reviews the current demand-side barriers to cervical cancer screening in Nigeria and identifies potential solutions. Using academic databases and grey literature, a review was carried out to identify current screening modalities, barriers to access, and potential solutions. The current innovative method for control is early detection and treatment using "See and Treat" which involves visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and cryotherapy. Lack of awareness, cost, and availability were identified as major barriers to access. Potential solutions feasible in the Nigerian context were categorized as financial and non-financial. The potential financial interventions include voucher schemes, conditional cash transfers, health equity, community loan funds, and prepayment mechanisms. Potential non-financial interventions that would be useful include raising awareness via health education and counseling, community participation, community based interventions, and pre-payment mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report seeks to draw attention to marginalized human malaria parasite species. There is a need to elucidate their various contribution to malaria burden in other to advise policy and control strategy. Of the six Plasmodium species known to cause human malaria, two are the central focus of research and control; with robust literature available on both. The other four seem neglected, have lean attention and sparse literature. Venous blood was collected in specimen tubes with ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (Edta) tubes and used for Rapid Diagnostic Test, Microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction test. Hospital attendance records were accessed on a monthly basis and collated. Of the four Plasmodium species encountered Plasmodium falciparum peaked with 95.9%, Plasmodium vivax (2.9%), Plasmodium ovale (1.0%) and Plasmodium malariae (0.2%). The presence of P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae calls for further investigation to clarify their status. To accelerate to zero and ably prevent malaria resurgence, marginal human malaria parasites should be tracked and treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: cervical precancer screening with same day treatment facilitates maximization of benefits of secondary prevention of cervical cancer. This is particularly important for women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLHIV) infection because of their exceptional risk for cervical cancer. The availability of HIV programmes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) provide unique opportunity for possible introduction "human papillomavirus (HPV) screening followed by visual inspection after application of acetic acid (VIA) with same day treatment of eligible patients". This study piloted this concept. Methods: in this prospective, cohort study, 98 WLHIV had HPV and VIA screening for cervical precancer lesions in a HIV clinic in Nigeria. Participants positive to HPV and/or VIA had biopsies from the visible lesions or quadrant of transformation zone. Participants positive to VIA and/or HPV16 or HPV18/45 had same-day thermal ablation treatment and the number of cases documented. The HPV, VIA and scenario of HPV followed by VIA results were compared with histologically confirmed cervical lesion grade 2 or worse statistically. Results: same day treatment was achieved in 95.0% of eligible cases. Statistically, sensitivity and specificity of VIA was 25.0% and 50.0% and HPV had 95.5% and 75.0%, respectively. In the HPV screening with VIA triage, sensitivity dropped to 45.5% but specificity improved to 100.0%. Conclusion: triaging HPV positive test with VIA for same-day treatment in cervical precancer screening among PLWHIV looks feasible. The improved specificity will reduce the overtreatment rate, loss to follow-up associated with repeat clinic visits and improve completion of continuum of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]