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Heterogenization of catalytically important homogeneous catalysts on solid supports has become an expanding area of research. PNN and PONOP ruthenium pincer complexes were immobilized on a silica poly(allylamine) composite, BP-1 by a two-step Mannich reaction. The complexes on BP-1 were characterized by solid state NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and metal digestion studies. Model solution experiments were carried out to determine the site of electrophilic substitution on the pyridine ring of the pincer complexes and revealed substitution in both the meta - and para -position. The catalytic reactivity of immobilized (PNN)RuH(Cl)(CO) and (PONOP)RuH(Cl)(CO) on BP-1 was studied for the dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols to esters with the liberation of H 2 . Moderate to good ester yields were realized with both immobilized systems without using the base required for the homogeneous reaction and also in the presence of KOH. The homogeneous model reactions required a base for ester formation. The amine functionality on BP-1 served as the base to generate the active pincer catalyst on the BP-1 surface. Both immobilized catalysts were recycled for multiple alcohol reaction cycles. Four-step control experiments were carried out using an alcohol and both immobilized systems. The results revealed the heterogeneity of the alcohol catalysis by both BP-1-Ru-PNN and BP-1-Ru-PONOP systems. This study has opened a new catalytic methodology for reactions where base is required for catalyst activation, by using a solid support with basic functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescent ruthenium diimine complexes have been covalently bound to the surface of a silica polyamine composite (SPC) using peptide coupling agents. The loading of the complexes using this route is quite low (∼0.01-0.04 mmol/g) leaving sufficient surface amines to coordinate added metal ions. When the composite particles containing the Ru complexes are exposed to solutions of Cu2+, Ni2+ or Zn2+, luminescence is quenched with efficiencies that follow concentration dependence and the relative binding affinities of the ions. When heavy metal ions such as mercury or lead are adsorbed onto the same surface, luminescence is enhanced by a factor of ∼3.5. When the complexes are exposed to these metals in solution, no quenching or enhancement is observed. Both phenomena were shown to be the result of adsorption of the cations onto the polyamine surface by using the Stern-Volmer relationship. The mechanism of both quenching and enhancement is discussed and the options for further development of this novel metal sensing technique are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilization of catalytically active transition metal complexes on silica polyamine composite (SPC) surfaces offers many advantages for applications in catalysis particularly for catalyst recovery and reuse. We report here the immobilization of PONOP pincer complexes of Ru, Rh, Ni and Pd on the poly(allylamine) SPC, BP-1 using the Mannich reaction. Three different methods have been investigated for synthesizing the PONOP pincer transition metal complexes on BP-1: 1) direct reaction of the preformed pincer complexes using a two step Mannich reaction; 2) immobilization of the PONOP ligand using the Mannich reaction followed by the addition of a transition metal compound of a given metal; 3) the stepwise construction of PONOP on BP-1 followed by addition of a transition metal compound. The immobilized complexes on BP-1 were characterized by FT-IR, solid-state CPMAS 13 C and 31 P NMR, as well as elemental analysis. Anchoring of the complexes on BP-1 was also evaluated by the metal loading data obtained from the digestion of the loaded composites followed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) or Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICPAES). The results showed that method 1 works better for the loading of pincer complexes on the SPC than methods 2 and 3. In the case of the Ru and Ni pincer complexes reasonable agreement with the phosphorous analysis was realized, while for the Pd complex values were high relative to the loading predicted from the phosphorus analysis, indicating the formation of the Pd nanoparticles on the surface during immobilization. For the Rh and Ru immobilized complexes with methods 2 & 3, metal loading was lower than the phosphorous analysis and this is attributed to entrained triphenylphosphine from the starting rhodium and ruthenium complexes based on the 13 C and 31 P CPMAS NMR data. Solution experiments using the PONOP pincer ligand and the Ru(PONOP) complex with n-butyl amine were conducted to model the site of electrophilic aromatic substitution on the pyridine ring. It was found that substitution both meta - and para -to the nitrogen takes place and this helped in the interpretation of the solid-state data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, poly[acrylic acid] gels containing Al 2 O 3 were prepared by simultaneous free-radical polymerization and sol–gel chemistry using different amounts of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMPM) as a compatibilizer. The hybrid materials were used as supports for a rhodium catalyst in the chemoselective hydrogenation of 3-substituted aromatic nitro-compounds. The supported rhodium catalyst was prepared by an ion-exchange process. In situ H 2 flux was used to produce active species of the catalysts. The resulting materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, solid-state 29 Si and 13 C NMR, X-ray diffraction, transmission/scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All materials exhibited simultaneous interpenetrating hybrid network structures (SIHNs). The morphologies and physicochemical properties depended on the amount of TMPM used. The catalysts were found to be effective for the reduction of nitrobenzene in ethanol at room temperature and a hydrogen pressure of 20 atm. The most active and selective catalyst was used in the hydrogenation of different 3-substituted aromatic nitro-compounds. The hydrogenation reactions displayed high conversion levels and promoted exclusive –NO 2 group reduction, resulting in the sole formation of the corresponding amino-compound, with the exception of 1,3-dinitrobenzene, in which over-hydrogenation was detected. The presence of electron-donating/electron-withdrawing substituents at the 3-position resulted in different rates of –NO 2 group hydrogenation. This effect was quantified in terms of the Hammett relationship, in which the catalyst displayed a linear correlation between the substituent constant ( σ i ) and the hydrogenation rate, with the exception of –OH, –NH 2 , and –OCH 3 groups. One explanation for this behavior is a proposed support-substrate hydrogen bond interaction during the catalytic reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of core-shell magnetic nanomaterials have been synthesized with the intent of applying them for metal ion capture in a newly designed pipeline reactor. The synthetic chemistry is an extension of a previously developed family of materials based on amorphous silica gel, which has been used in the mining and remediation industries. The nanoparticles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and TEM and SEM techniques. The size of the starting magnetite core was critical to the behavior of the particles under metal sequestering conditions. The capture kinetics of the resulting nanoagregates is 10 times faster than related micro composites. All of the tests performed point to the future successful development of a technology that circumvents the disadvantages associated with the use of column based microparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, structure and photophysical properties of the complexes [Ru[(CO)(TFA) (PPh 3 ) 2 (L)][(L = ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, ( 1a ); L = 2–(p–tolyl)pyridine] ( 1b ), are reported. The complexes were characterized by UV-VIS, IR and NMR and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. We also report the synthesis, structure and photophysical properties of [Ru(CO)(L)(PPhMe 2 ) 2 (L′)] + [PF 6 ] − [L′ = bipyridine, L = TFA, ( 3a ); L = H, ( 3b ) and L = H, L′ = 4,4′-dimethlyl bipyridine ( 3c )]. These compounds were characterized by UV-VIS, IR and NMR techniques and by a single crystal X-ray diffraction in the case of 3a. The solid state structure of [Ru(Me 2 PhP) 2 (CO) 2 (TFA) 2 (2) which is the starting material for the synthesis 3a - 3c is also reported to verify the trans relationship of the less bulky PPhMe 2 and for comparison with the previously reported PPh 3 analogs. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact, if any, of replacing bpy with ppy in the case of 1a and alkylation of the benzene ring in the case of 1b on the photophysical and electrochemical properties compared to related Ru(bpy) complexes. In contrast to the bpy analogs 1a and 1b showed reversible 1e − oxidations and blue-shifted MLCT absorptions. In the case of 3a - 3c we were interested in the effect on the photophysical properties of substituting PPh 3 with the less bulky but more electron donating PPhMe 2 . There were only minor changes in the photophysical and electrochemical properties relative to the previously reported PPh 3 analogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical behavior of the ruthenium(II) diimine complexes [Ru(CO)(CF 3 CO 2 )(dppene)(5-R-phen)][PF 6 ] (dppene = 1,2-diphenylphosphinoethene; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; R = H, 1 ; R = NH 2 , 2 ; R = cholestoryl carbamate, 3 ; R = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 4 ), [Ru(CO)(H)(4,4′-R-bpy)(R′Ph 2 P) 2 ][PF 6 ] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; R = H, R′ = Ph, 5 ; R = H, R′ = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 6 ; R = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, R′ = Ph, 7 ), [Ru(bpy) 2 (5-R-phen)][PF 6 ] 2 (R = NH 2 , 8 ; R = cholestoryl carbamate, 9 ; R = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 10 ) is reported. Complexes 1 – 6 give cyclovoltammetric (CV) responses with multiple ill-defined reduction waves and one oxidation wave, all of which were chemically irreversible. Complexes 5 and 7 , containing axially coordinating phosphines, showed reversible oxidation and reduction CV responses, while 6 showed redox waves similar to 3 . Complexes 8 – 10 show a metal-centered irreversible oxidation around +1.4 V that, in the case of 8 and 9 , is heavily modified by adsorption phenomena. In the negative part of the CV, 9 and 10 show a single chemically and electrochemically reversible 1e − reduction both at E °′ = −1.29 V, about 500 mV cathodically shifted with respect to 8 . The interactions of complexes 1 and 2 with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and double stranded DNA (ds-DNA) were also studied by electrochemical methods. Both complexes showed strong binding to BSA. Evidence for intercalation of both complexes with DNA is presented, with 1 showing a stronger interaction than 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Reactions of the electron defficient triosmium [Os 3 (CO) 9 (μ 3 -η1,κ1-C 9 H 6 N)(μ-H)] with Ph 3 EH (E = Si, Ge, Sn) have been investigated. The reactions of quinoline-capped triosmium cluster [Os 3 (CO) 9 (μ 3 -η1,κ1-C 9 H 6 N)(μ-H)] (1) with Ph 3 EH (E = Si, Ge, Sn) have been investigated. Cluster 1 reacts with Ph 3 EH in refluxing benzene to afford [Os 3 (CO) 9 (EPh 3)(μ-η1,κ1-C 9 H 6 N)(µ-H) 2 ] (2a , E = Si; 2b , E = Ge; 2c , E = Sn) and [Os 3 (CO) 8 (EPh 3)(μ 3 -η1,κ1-C 9 H 6 N)(µ-H) 2 ] (3a , E = Si; 3b , E = Ge; 3c , E = Sn). Control experiments confirm that 2 is a precursor of 3. Cluster 2 is formed via oxidative-addition of E–H bond to 1 whose decarbonylation leads to the formation of 3. The molecular structures of all the new clusters (except 3c) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Both 2 and 3 exist as a pair of isomers in solution, and their fluxionality in solution has been probed by VT NMR experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground (S 0) and excited triplet (T 1) electronic states and corresponding optical spectra of a series of cationic complexes [RuH(CO)L(PPh 3) 2 ]+ (L = 2,2′-bipyridyl) (Rubpy), 4,4′-dicarboxylic-2,2′-bipyridyl(Rudcbpy),bis-4,4′-(N-methylamide)-2,2′-bipyridyl(Rudamidebpy),bis-4,4′-(methyl)-2,2′-bipyridyl(RudMebpy),[Ru(CO) 2 dcbpy(PPh 3) 2 ]2+(Ru(2CO)dcbpy),and [Ru(H) 2 dcbpy(PPh 3) 2 ] (Ru(2H)dcbpy) have been studied by combined Density Functional/Time-Dependent Density Functional (DFT/TDDFT) techniques using different combinations of DFT exchange-correlation functionals and basis sets. PBE0/LANL2DZ provided more accurate geometries to describe S 0 whereas B3LYP/LANL2DZ predicted spectral energies that correlated better with the available experiment data. The Ru (II) complexes with different substituents emit photons ranging from 560 to 610 nm in the series RudMebpy, Rubpy, Rudamidebpy, Rudcbpy. The calculations predicted a maximum emission at about 540 nm for the complex constructed from two carbonyl π-acceptors ligands trans to the dcbpy, while an emission in the far infrared region is calculated when two H σ-donor ligands trans to the dcbpy. Our calculation results show correlations between HOMO-LUMO energy gap, Stokes shift, and T 1 distortion, which reflect the different effects of electron-withdrawing and donating groups. We proposed that these correlations can be used to predict the photophysical properties for new complexes. The correlation between HOMO-LUMO energy gap, absorption and emission energies, Stokes shift, and the geometric distortion in the triplet excited state (T 1) as a result of introducing electron-withdrawing substituent (-COOH) (Rudcbpy) in [RuH(CO)bpy(PPh 3) 2 ]+ (Rubpy). Image 1 • Combined DFT/TDDFT calculations reproduced the spectroscopic data of Ru(bpy)(PPh 3) 2 derivatives. • Evidence of the trans influence and the substituents effects to control the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and Stokes shift. • Small HOMO-LUMO energy gap is associated with large geometric distortion in the triplet excited state and large Stokes shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of the electron-deficient 6-methoxyquinolinate-substituted triosmium cluster [Os 3 (CO) 9 {μ 3 -η 1 ,κ 1 -C 9 H 5 N(6-OMe)}(μ-H)] ( 1 ) with PPh 3 proceeds readily at room temperature to afford the electron-precise adduct [Os 3 (CO) 9 (PPh 3 ){μ-η 1 ,κ 1 -C 9 H 5 N(6-OMe)}(μ-H)] ( 2 ), in which the PPh 3 ligand is bound to the osmium that serves as the coordination site for the hydride and the metallated-carbon atom of the benzoheterocycle. This reaction also leads to a change in the hapticity of the 6-methoxyquinolinate ligand from μ 3 -η 1 ,κ 1 to μ-η 1 ,κ 1 as confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Thermolysis of 2 in boiling toluene furnishes five new triosmium clusters ( 3 – 7 ) as a result of ligand isomerization, decarbonylation and orthometallation of the ancillary PPh 3 ligand. Clusters 3 and 4 are isomers of 2 and the location of the metal-bound hydride and PPh 3 with respect to 6-methoxyquinolinate moiety is the only difference between these isomers. Control experiments show that 5 is a decarbonylation product of 4 which converts into 6 as a result of further decarbonylation with concomitant orthometallation of one of the phenyl rings of the coordinated PPh 3 ligand, whilst 7 is formed from 6 through replacement of an equatorial carbonyl of the nitrogen-bound osmium by PPh 3 ligand. All the new clusters have been characterized by a combination of analytical and spectroscopic methods as well as by X-ray crystallography in the case of 2 , 3 , 6 and 7 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of the benzothiazolate-capped triosmium clusters Os 3 (CO) 9 (μ 3 ,η 2 -C 7 H 3 NSR)(μ-H) ( 1a , R = H; 1b , R = Me) with PPh 3 proceeds readily at room temperature with a μ 3 ,η 2 → μ,η 2 hapticity change in the benzothiazolate heterocycle to furnish Os 3 (CO) 9 (PPh 3 )(μ,η 2 -C 7 H 3 NSR)(μ-H) ( 2a , R = H; 2b , R = Me) in high yields. X-ray crystallography has confirmed the regiospecific nature of this reaction where the PPh 3 ligand is bound to the osmium atom that serves as the coordination site for the hydride and the metalated-carbon atom associated with the edge-bridged benzothiazolate ligand. The thermolysis of 2a and 2b in boiling toluene affords several new Os 3 clusters as a result of ligand isomerization, decarbonylation, and ortho metalation of the ancillary PPh 3 ligand. The new products have been isolated and characterized by a combination of spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography in the case of 3b , 4b , 5b and 6b . Clusters 3b and 4b are isomers of 2b and differ in the location of the hydride and PPh 3 ligands relative to the benzothiazolate moiety. Electronic structure calculations on the isomeric clusters 2b , 3b , and 4b confirm that 2b is the kinetic product of ligand substitution, accounting for its rearrangement to the latter two isomers upon heating. Cluster 5b contains a face-capping benzothiazolate moiety and is shown by DFT calculations to derive from a site-selective loss of an axial CO group in 4b . Cluster 6a,b formed from 5a,b as a result of further decarbonylation with concomitant ortho metalation of one of the phenyl groups of the coordinated PPh 3 ligand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Pd-Ag mixed-metal nanocatalysts were prepared by reduction of Pd-Ag salts in the presence of poly(propylene imine) dendrimers, which were covalently bound to the surface of a silica polyamine composite, BP-1 (polyallylamine covalently bound to a silanized amorphous silica gel). Three different Pd-to-Ag ratios were evaluated (50:50, catalyst 1; 40:60, catalyst 2; 60:40, catalyst 3) with the goal of determining how the amount of Ag effects selectivity, rate and conversion in the selective , such as phenylacetylene and 1- or 4-octyne, to the corresponding alkenes. Conditions for the are reported where there is improved selectivity without a serious reduction in rate when compared with the analogous Pd-only catalysts. Catalyst 2 worked best for phenylacetylene and catalyst 3 worked best for the octynes. The catalysts could be reused seven times without loss of activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel catalysts consisting of ruthenium nanoparticles encapsulated in cross-linked matrices based on the poly(propylene imine) dendrimers of the 1st and 3rd generations have been synthesized with a narrow particle size distribution (3.8 and 1.0 nm, respectively). The resulting materials showed high activity for the hydrogenation of phenols in aqueous media (specific catalytic activity reached turnover frequencies of 2975 h−1 with respect to hydrogen uptake). It has been shown that the use of water as a solvent leads to a 1.5 to 50-fold increase in the reaction rate depending upon the nature of the substrate. It has been established that unlike the traditional heterogeneous catalysts based on ruthenium, during the hydrogenation of dihydroxybenzenes, the hydrogenation rate decreases in the order: resorcinol>hydroquinone≫catechol. The maximum specific activity for resorcinol was a turnover frequency of 243150 h−1 with respect to hydrogen uptake. The catalyst based on the dendrimer of the 3rd generation containing finer particles has significantly inferior activity to the catalyst based on the dendrimer of the 1st generation by virtue of steric factors, as well as the need for prereduction of the ruthenium oxide contained on the surface. These catalysts showed resistance to metal leaching and may be reused several times without loss of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactions of Ru3(CO)10(µ-dppf) (1) (dppf = 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene), Ru3(CO)10(µ-dppm) (2) (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane), and the orthometalated derivative Ru3(CO)9{µ3- PPhCH2PPh(C6H4)} (3) with silanes (Ph3SiH, Et3SiH, Ph2SiH2) are reported. Treatment of 1 with Ph3SiH and Ph2SiH2 at room temperature leads to facile Si--H bond activation to afford Ru3(CO)9(µ-dppf)(SiPh3)(µ-H) (4) (60% yield) and Ru3(CO)9(µ-dppf)(SiPh2H)(µ-H) (6) (53% yield), respectively. The reaction of 1 with Ph3SiH has been investigated by electronic structure calculations, and these data have facilitated the analysis of the potential energy surface leading to 4. Compound 1 does not react with Et3SiH at room temperature but reacts at 68 °C to give Ru3(CO)9(µ-dppf)(SiEt3)(µ-H) (5) in 45% yield. Reaction of 2 with Ph3SiH at room temperature yields two new products: Ru3(CO)9(µ-dppm)(SiPh3)(µ-H) (7) in 40% yield and Ru3(CO)6(µ3-O)(µ-dppm)(SiPh3)(µ- H)3 (8) in 15% yield. Interestingly, at room temperature compound 7 slowly reverts back to 2 in solution with decomposition and liberation of Ph3SiH. Complex 8 can also be prepared from the direct reaction between 7 and H2O. Similar reactions of 2 with Et3SiH and Ph2SiH2 give only intractable materials. The orthometalated compound 3 does not react with Ph3SiH, Et3SiH and Ph2SiH2 at room temperature but does react at 66 °C to give Ru3(µ-CO)(CO)7{µ3- PPhCH2PPh(C6H4)}(SiR2R¹)(µ- H)](9, R = R' = Ph, 71% yield; 10, R = R' = Et, 60% yield; 11, R = Ph, R' = H, 66% yield) by activation of the Si--H bond. Compounds 4 and 8--11 have been structurally characterized. In 4, both the dppf and the hydride bridge a common Ru--Ru vector, whereas NMR studies on 7 indicate that two ligands span different Ru--Ru edges. Compound 8 contains a face-capping oxo moiety, a terminally coordinated SiPh3 ligand, and three bridging hydride ligands, whereas 9--11 represent simple oxidative addition products. In all of the compounds examined, the triruthenium framework retains its integrity and the silyl groups occupy equatorial sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel Rh-containing non-phosphorous supported catalysts for tandem hydroformylation-hydrogenation were obtained. • Tertiary nitrogen atoms of the polymer anchored on material's surface promote aldehyde hydrogenation over Rh active centers. • Catalysts showed high activity (hydroformylation TOF 206 h−1) and chemoselectivity. • Catalyst K N performed stable hydroformylation yield at least in the first 5 cycles with a decrease in alcohol selectivity. Non-phosphorous rhodium-containing catalysts for direct conversion of olefins to alcohols via tandem hydroformylation/hydrogenation have been designed and synthesized. Interaction between Rh(acac)(CO) 2 and tertiary amino groups on the surface of mesoporous hybrid organic-inorganic supports yielded materials which were successfully used in the tandem process. Data obtained for a selected catalyst K N demonstrate that rhodium is in the Rh+1 state highly dispersed on the surface and is bonded with nitrogen atoms both before and after use. Evaluation of the catalytic performance shows high activity (hydroformylation TOF 312 h−1), chemoselectivity and stable hydroformylation yield at least in the first 5 cycles with a decrease in alcohol selectivity. The influence of temperature, reaction time, total pressure, and molar CO/H 2 ratio of syngas on oxygenate yields is described. Type of the hydroformylation active sites and possible pathways for the observed decrease in hydrogenation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]