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Rice blast caused by the pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae poses a significant threat to rice cultivation. The identification of robust resistance germplasm is crucial for breeding resistant varieties. In this study, we employed functional molecular markers for 10 rice blast resistance genes, namely Pi1, Pi2, Pi5, Pi9, Pia, Pid2, Pid3, Pigm, Pikh, and Pita, to assess blast resistance across 91 indica rice backbone varieties in South China. The results showed a spectrum of resistance levels ranging from highly resistant (HR) to highly susceptible (HS), with corresponding frequencies of 0, 19, 40, 27, 5, and 0, respectively. Yearly correlations in blast resistance genes among the 91 key indica rice progenitors revealed Pid2 (60.44%), Pia (50.55%), Pita (45.05%), Pi2 (32.97%), Pikh (4.4%), Pigm (2.2%), Pi9 (2.2%), and Pi1 (1.1%). Significant variations were observed in the distribution frequencies of these 10 resistance genes among these progenitors across different provinces. Furthermore, as the number of aggregated resistance genes increased, parental resistance levels correspondingly improved, though the efficacy of different gene combinations varied significantly. This study provides the initial steps toward strategically distributing varieties of resistant indica rice genotypes across South China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of heterosis is of great significance in improving rice yield. To explore the physiological and genetic basis for high yield in indica–japonica hybrid rice, Zheyou18 (z18) and Yongyou12 (y12) were used as materials and compared with indica hybrid rice, Zheyou12 (z12); japonica hybrid rice, Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ); and the conventional lines zhe04B (04B) and zhehui818 (h818) under seedling growth vigor, functional leaf morphology, chlorophyll content, yield component, panicle trait, and InDel heterosis analysis. Z18 and y12 showed the largest increase in plant height 6 d and 9 d after germination; the root dry weight of z18 was 31.2% and 42.0% higher than its parents on the 12th d. The length of functional leaves ranked in the middle, while the width was the largest, resulting in z18 and y12 having the largest leaf area. Yield components showed that z18 and y12 had the highest number of primary branches, spikelets, and grains, and grain yield, which was 58.1 g in z18, increased by 29.8% and 8.7%, respectively, in comparison with h818 and LYPJ. The InDel genetic distance was significantly positively correlated with single spike weight, with r reaching 0.771, making it the only consistent and most correlated among the seven traits. Therefore, we speculated that as the InDel genetic distance expands, heterosis mainly manifests in the increase in single spike weight. This study comprehensively explored the physiological mechanism of yield improvement in indica–japonica-hybrid rice and used InDel genetic distances to study the genetic basis of heterosis, which will be helpful for future rice yield improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice heterosis has played a significant role in improving rice yields in China since the 1970s. The utilization of heterosis between the indica and japonica subspecies of rice is especially important in this regard. However, inter-subspecies hybridization between indica and japonica rice is hampered by the inadequate seed-setting rate and inferior rice quality of hybrid offspring, which has limited its development. The discovery and cloning of wide-compatibility gene S5-n and the granular starch synthase gene Wx have provided a solution to this problem, paving the way for the breeding of inter-subspecies hybrid rice. Here we demonstrated the breeding process of Zheyou810 and its performances in regional trials. Employing marker-assisted selection through the utilization of KASP (Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR), a high-yielding and superior-quality indica–japonica hybrid rice variety named Zheyou810 was developed. Zheyou810 achieved an average yield of 10,737.75 kg/ha (12.58% higher than control Jiayou5) in the national regional trials across 2019 and 2020, and 11,777.25 kg/ha (13.36% higher than Jiayou5) in the production trial in 2020, respectively. The quality of rice has also been improved, reaching the standards set by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China for Grade 3 premium rice (NY/T593). In 2021, Zheyou810 was approved by the national examination showing broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new rod‐packing metal–organic frameworks (RPMOF) are constructed by regulating the in situ formation of the capping agent. In CPM‐s7, carboxylate linkers extend 1D manganese‐oxide chains in four additional directions, forming 3D RPMOF. The substitution of Mn2+ with a stronger Lewis acidic Co2+, leads to an acceleration of the hydrolysis‐prone sulfonate linker, resulting in presence of sulfate ions to reduce two out of the four carboxylate‐extending directions, and thus forming a new 2D rod‐packing CPM‐s8. Density functional theory calculations and magnetization measurements reveal ferrimagnetic ordering of CPM‐s8, signifying the potential of exploring 2D RPMOF for effective low‐dimensional magnetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The juvenile‐to‐adult transition in plants involves changes in vegetative growth and plant architecture; the timing of this transition has important implications for agriculture. The microRNA miR156 regulates this transition and shoot maturation in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, deposition of histone H3 trimethylation on lysine 27 (H3K27me3, a repressive mark) at the MIR156A/C loci is regulated by Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) or PRC2, depending on the developmental stage. The levels of miR156 progressively decline during shoot maturation. The amount of H3K27me3 at MIR156A/C loci affects miR156 levels; however, whether this epigenetic regulation is conserved remains unclear. Here, we found that in rice (Oryza sativa), the putative PRC1 subunit LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (OsLHP1), with the miR156–SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN‐LIKE (SPL) module, affects developmental phase transitions. Loss of OsLHP1 function results in ectopic expression of MIR156B/C/I/E, phenocopy of miR156 overexpression, and reduced H3k27me3 levels at MIR156B/C/I/E. This indicates that OsLHP1 has functionally diverged from Arabidopsis LHP1. Genetic and transcriptome analyses of wild‐type, miR156b/c‐overexpression, and Oslhp1‐2 mutant plants suggest that OsLHP1 acts upstream of miR156 and SPL during the juvenile‐to‐adult transition. Therefore, modifying the OsLHP1–miR156–SPL pathway may enable alteration of the vegetative period and plant architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract GA is important for rice seed germination, and seed embryo growth relies on sugar supplementation via starch hydrolysis in the endosperm. Low temperature reduces the seed germination rates of rice; however, the mechanism of GA metabolism and its impact on sugar utilization of germinating seeds under low temperature conditions remain poorly understood. In this study, low-temperature (15 °C) treatment delayed rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed germination, promoted GA deactivation, inhibited GA signal transduction, and increased ABA synthesis in the seed compared with normal treatment (30 °C). Under low temperature conditions, the soluble sugar content in endosperm was reduced along with depression of the specific activity levels of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2), but the soluble sugar content was increased in the embryo compared with the control treatment. Low temperature treatment promoted sugar transportation from endosperm to embryo and reduced the activity levels of enzymes involved in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which participated in sugar consumption. Exogenous GA 3 application (10 μM) prompted GA signal transduction and inhibited ABA synthesis, while enhancing starch hydrolysis and sugar consumption to boost rice seed germination under low temperature conditions. In conclusion, a deficiency of bioactive GAs in rice seeds exposed to low temperature led to a decrement in starch hydrolysis and sugar consumption, thus inhibit seed germination. Highlights • Low temperature promoted GA deactivation to inhibit seed germination. • Low temperature altered sugar accumulation between endosperm and embryo. • GA deactivation inhibited starch hydrolysis in endosperm at a low temperature. • Low temperature promoted sugar transportation from endosperm to embryo. • GA deactivation led to sugar consumption decrement in embryo at a low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]