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Carbon mitigation and net-zero targets have an important place on the political agenda for all countries. Countries have been seeking to decouple economic growth and carbon emissions to achieve decarbonization. However, there is a cost of the decarbonization of economies, which can be called as Green Sacrifice Ratio (GSR), and this is critical for developing countries because they have been in the growing stage. By considering the critical role of GSR in achieving net-zero emissions by decarbonizing economies, the study comparatively examines how much environmental quality should be sacrificed for per capita economic growth in China and India. In line with this purpose, the study uses the Fourier-Shin cointegration test and various time series estimators with Fourier approximations for the period from 1989/Q1 to 2022/Q4. Estimation results are as follows: (i) all variables follow the non-stationary process, (ii) the long-run relationship exists between variables, and (iii) Estimation results show that GSR is 0.65% for China and 0.78% for India. Therefore, China and India sacrifice a significant amount of environmental quality for a 1% increase in per capita income level. Also, the ecological cost of increasing economic welfare in India is higher with regard to China. Besides, the results are robust according to the alternative method. Thus, the study recommends that both Chinese and Indian policymakers should revise the economic expansion structure with green growth strategies to prevent irreversible environmental degradation due to higher economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and China are home to the world's 2.8 billion people. Ancient nations but young republics, India and China have been through their good and bad times. There are numerous studies suggesting that the urban population, rate of growth, and population percentage residing in agglomerations all have a statistically notable and constructive effect on Human Development Index (HDI). Industrialization has historically encouraged urbanization by fostering economic expansion and job opportunities that entice people to relocate to cities. This article exclusively focuses on strategic planning regarding how to build and improve supply chain networks. It also looks at how factories built in a location increase demand for manufacturing and managerial workers personnel, resulting in a population inflow. Following the factories, other businesses such as construction makers, retailers, and service providers follow to meet the workers' product demands. As a result, more jobs and housing demand are created, forming a city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the trade relations between Ethiopia and China as well as Ethiopia and India, and then compares the bilateral trade volume between them. It also examines the nexus between international trade and economic growth. Panel data were adopted to estimate the impact of China's and India's bilateral trade with Ethiopia for the 25 years duration (1990–2015). The gravity model has been employed in order to evaluate and compare the bilateral trade between Ethiopia–China and Ethiopia–India. To examine the collected data SPSS has been employed. The study also outlined three different hypotheses and examined them based on the consistency of the statistical empirical result of the study as well as the positive unconditional coherence with previous academic literature. The result demonstrates the bilateral trade between Ethiopia–China, 0.321, was found to be higher than Ethiopia–India, 0.136. The study's empirical result also highlights that the influence of geographical proximity alone cannot be a determinant effect on bilateral trade, and discovers a significant linear relationship between a bilateral trade agreement (BTA) and a partner country's economic size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship between electricity and growth of the economy is investigated by applying the newly-developed bootstrap autoregressive-distributed lag test with a Fourier function to examine both the causality and cointegration for China, India, and the United States (US). While it is not possible to detect a long-term cointegration relation among the economy's electricity and growth, the study findings demonstrate the contingency of the causality. The ensemble method in machine learning performs better than conventional methods as electricity is an independent indicator for forecast economics. Concerning the US, previous electricity consumption has a positive impact on the current nature of economic growth. In contrast, the consumption of electricity is negatively affected by the development of the economy. However, for China and India, positive and negative feedback can be observed, respectively. Due to the increased awareness of the environment's adverse effects, China should promote technologies that conserve energy and boost energy efficiency to achieve sustainable development in both environmental and economic terms. In India's context, broadening access to electricity has significance for residents in rural areas and enhances economic growth. It is recommended that policy-makers promote innovative technologies in the US, as the abundant natural and human resources can make valuable contributions to the society and development of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study dynamically examines the impact of foreign direct investment and other explanatory variables on economic growth and carbon emissions, and tests the validity of pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) and environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in China, India, and Singapore from 1980 to 2020. The results of Westerlund's (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6):709–748, 2007) panel cointegration test illustrate long-run equilibrium relationships among the proposed set of panel variables in the model. The estimated parameters of the AMG, CCEMG, and MG estimators in each of the specified models show that renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment, and capital accumulation all have significant and progressive effects on economic growth. However, the labor force is insignificant and carbon emissions have a significant negative impact on economic growth. Non-renewable energy consumption significantly stimulates and renewable energy consumption significantly reduces carbon emissions. Moreover, the moderating role of non-renewable energy in the impact of foreign direct investment on carbon emissions is significantly positive, thus validating the PHH. The moderating role of renewable energy consumption in the impact of foreign direct investment on carbon emissions is significantly negative. The study's analysis also clearly validated the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in China, India, and Singapore. Policymakers in emerging economies must prioritize the maturity of renewable energy, which not only increases productivity but also protects the environment from damage by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The governments of China, India, and Singapore should initiate direct foreign inflows based on advanced and clean technologies to avoid environmental degradation and drive higher growth in these economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green growth plays a vital role in ensuring sustainable development. Managing economic growth without disrupting the environment is considered the need of the present time. Therefore, the empirics have turned their attention toward finding the determinants of green growth. Hence, we aim to investigate the impact of income inequality on green growth in BRICS economies from 1993 to 2020. Findings of the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model confirm that the long-run estimate attached to GINI is negatively significant, implying that higher inequality in the BRICS economies lowers the rate of green growth. The country-wise results highlighted the negative impact of GINI on green growth in India and China only and insignificant in other countries. In the short run, the estimates are inconclusive and mixed, be it group-wise or individual estimates. Our findings imply that the target of lower inequality and environmental sustainability can be achieved simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the policy aspects of India and China, in the context of consensus building on bilateral trade, which is the cornerstone of diplomatic and political ties between the two countries. India and China have witnessed uninterrupted economic development with a significant rise in bilateral trade because of protrade policies in the last few decades. In this backdrop, this paper examines the dynamic spillovers of India–China's bilateral trade on the economic growth of the two countries. For the purpose, Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model in multivariate framework is utilized with gross capital formation (GCF) and foreign direct investment (FDI) as two additional explanatory variables. The results highlight that the India–China bilateral trade share has significant long-run impact on the growth of GDP per capita (GDPP) of the two countries, while the impact is more pronounced for China. The growth rates of the two countries are found significantly cointegrated with the variables in question. The results provide important insights in foreign trade patterns, with policy implication for trade and economic co-operations between the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the causal relationship between financial innovation and economic growth in China, India, and Pakistan over the period of 1970–2016. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing and Granger causality‐based Error Correction Model (ECM), this study finds that financial innovation generally has a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in the short‐run and long‐run. These results show that in the long‐run, monetary management and credit flow to the private sector play an essential role in economic growth. The trade openness and gross capital formation contribute considerably to the economic growth in China, India, and Pakistan. For robustness, this study also applies the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) method. The findings of this study suggest that the financial sector plays an essential role in supporting innovation activity in Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the hypothesis that there is an association between increased levels of trade liberalisation and economic growth through a comparative analysis of two giant emerging economies of the world - India and China. For this purpose the paper examines trends in GDP growth and various trade openness measures via empirical analysis of time-series data of the last 43 years, based on eight key indicators to compare the experiences of the two countries. These indicate that rapid and gradual trade liberalisation of both the countries, coupled with supporting economic, institutional, and infrastructural reforms, and advancement in technology led to the linking of these giants with the global markets, which has significantly contributed towards their economic growth, thereby supporting the phenomena that there is a significant positive relationship between liberalisation and economic growth. While China was seen to be experiencing growth, India was also on the right track. Indicators of both liberalisation and growth reveal that both the countries enhanced their economy significantly as they embraced international trade through trade reforms and economic liberalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using China as a benchmark, we assess the prospects and challenges facing India's rise to global power status. The overall population size, growth and cohort composition favors rapid economic growth. India's prospects are constrained by the failure to integrate women into the work force and the persistent religiously driven division. Consistent with China's experience, increasing FDI and economic openness improves economic growth prospects; as would further moves towards a postmaterialist values. Of serious concern for both China and India are environmental challenges. The most prosperous regions will be seriously affected as forced migrations from neighboring even more affected societies increase. Barring unexpected events, India will likely reach parity with the US and China by 2050 and emerge as the dominant global power at the end of this Century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to explain why China performed better than India in reducing poverty. As two of the most populous countries in the world, China and India have both experienced fast economic growth and high inequality in the past four decades. Conversely, China adopted a more export-oriented development strategy, resulting in faster industrialization or urbanization and deeper globalization, than India. Consequently, to conduct the comparative study, we first decompose poverty changes into a growth and an inequality components, assessing the relative importance of growth versus distributional changes on poverty in China and India. Then, Chinese data are used to estimate the impacts of industrialization, urbanization and globalization on poverty reduction in rural China. The major conclusion of this comparative study is that developing countries must prioritize employment generation in secondary and tertiary industries through industrialization and globalization in order to absorb surplus agricultural labor, helping reduce poverty in the rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern era, human resource is a crucial factor for economic development. Several studies reveal that rapid economic growth of developed countries has been linked with investment in human capital. Efficient and proper management of the workforce is an important factor in development of a country. The importance of human capital formation is now fully recognized because healthy and skilled people, along with physical capital, help in capital formation and raising economic growth. Therefore, large scale investment in human capital is required for the full and optimum use of natural resources. Improvement in the health of masses increases their productive capacity and leads to quantitative improvement in human capital. This paper examines the role of health facilities in human capital formation as well as in economic development. The current study analyzes the trends of current health expenditure as percent of GDP in India and China. An effort has been made to compare the impact of health expenditure on value added per worker in agriculture and its allied sectors in India and China by employing multiple regression model using data from 2000 to 2017. Findings reveal that independent variable (current health expenditure) explains the variation in dependent variable (value added per worker) to an extent of 37.9% and 56.9% in India and China, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative exploratory study based on therapy observations and interviews with psychological experts and family therapists in Beijing, China, and Delhi, India, compares and contrasts families' psychotherapeutic experiences in India and China. Analysis suggests that the economic growth enjoyed by middle- and upper-class, urban families has also brought with it substantial anxiety and guilt. Therapists in India and China report some similar family dynamics, such as a belief in and striving for a special mother–son bond, alongside differences, such as the greater participation of men in therapy in India. This article argues this striking difference in the gender composition of clients in India compared to China is best understood in relation to the greater political and social context of each country. Elite families in India and China are differently positioned in ways that significantly impact their respective concerns about their children and their family's future class reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various economic growth patterns differ in sustainability. Taking China and India as examples, this study parses the connotation of leading‐industrialisation and crossing‐industrialisation economic growth patterns. In addition, a theoretical framework of sustainable development, including economic, social, environmental and demographic sustainability, is constructed. Furthermore, the comparative analysis and case study method are used to compare the sustainability of the two patterns. Results demonstrate that the leading‐industrialisation pattern relies on abundant and skilled human resources to promote the manufacturing industry, thereby achieving rapid and high‐quality economic growth at the expense of the environment. Although it is superior in social sustainability, such as poverty proportion, employment rate, price stability and health condition, the pattern can lead to a gap in wealth and an imbalance in urbanisation. By contrast, we reveal that the crossing‐industrialisation pattern depends on the elite talents and technological progress to promote the service industry with high economic potential, which is resource‐efficient and environment‐friendly. Meanwhile, it is characterised by a small gap between the rich and the poor, relatively balanced urbanisation and future demographic dividends. However, it cannot guarantee adequate employment, public health and stable prices with serious poverty. This study enriches the multidimensional framework of sustainable development and proposes several practical implications for the sustainable development of the two economic growth patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether the economic growth of China and India matters for the long-term economic prosperity of African nations. Annual World Bank data were used to determine the growth of African countries for the period from 2002 to 2016. The analytical framework includes the standard Barro growth regression model. The Arellano and Bond generalised method of moments estimation procedure was used to analyse the data, overcoming the issues of autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity and endogeneity. The findings based on the generalised method of moments estimation indicate that the economic growth of China, but not of India, had a statistically significant (p = 0.10) positive correlation with the economic growth of Africa. It is concluded that the economic growth of China assumed a significant decisive role in supporting African economic prosperity. Hence, Africa is likely to realise long-term beneficial growth and development effects by actively integrating with large economies, such as China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and China are the biggest developing economies in the world apart from being the most populous nations. The population of China is expected to increase over 1.4 billion by 2050, and India may over take China and become the most populous nation at around 1.6 billion populace. These two nations are home to about 40 % of the total population in the world. Apart from this, India and China have attained remarkable success in the economic growth denoted by higher gross domestic product (GDP). The two nations together contribute about one-fifth of the world GDP. This paper discusses about the changes in the energy consumption pattern of developing countries like China and India aiming towards the sustainable development. Furthermore, this paper also analyses the most important drivers adding to the ecological problems, and gives a further glance at the ecological impacts of these in India and China. Over the last 50-60 years we have been emitting carbon dioxide at an accelerated pace. This has had an effect on the carbon dioxide concentration and other GHG gas concentrations, in the atmosphere. The paper also discusses about the effect of pollutants like NOx, SOx, Particulate matter and Mercury on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the most dangerous threats to human beings, and therefore, it is of great importance for the researchers to inform the policy makers of the threats of climate change and global warming. One of the main causes of climate change is the greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2 emissions. In this paper, we try to find a nexus between energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in the United States, China, and India, known as three most polluting countries in the world. For this purpose, we applied the wavelet correlation and the partial wavelet coherence approaches during the period 1971–2013. The empirical results for the United States show that the GDP is positively correlated with the CO2 emissions and energy consumption in all frequencies. For China, there is a significant positive relationship between the GDP and CO2 emissions/energy consumption for the short-term horizon. However, for India, although there is a significant positive relationship between the GDP and CO2 emissions, the nexus between the GDP and the energy consumption is not clear. Furthermore, the pollution haven hypothesis was confirmed by the obtained empirical results. Based on our study, we suggest the policy makers in these three countries making supportive decisions for the producers to use modern environment-friendly technologies and renewable energies in their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much of the literature is preoccupied with China's leading role in reshaping the rules of global economic governance through various mechanisms such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and New Development Bank (NDB) among others, the significance of India in these efforts is considered secondary to China. In comparison to China, India not only provides a democratic aperture but also facelifts institutional values and make the institutions more multilateral to be approached by developing countries which are otherwise skeptical of China's rise. In addition, India's membership also reinforces the foundations of these institutions where sustained economic growth is the key principle. The paper attempts to examine how India and China contribute to the success of these mechanisms in terms of monetary funding and the role of public financial entities from respective countries and negotiations. With slowing down of economies of major developing countries like Brazil, South Africa and Russia, China and India are left with major responsibility to keep the pace of multilateral economic cooperation undeterred. It is interesting to see how stable, participative and transparent this transformed economic governance would emerge in the coming decades. The paper also looks at possible setbacks it may face in terms of competitive trends between India and China's economy for resources such as energy in the countries involved in these negotiations. The institutions like AIIB and NDB need to overcome the biases deep rooted in bilateral relations, and seek wider cooperation needed to outperform the sense of competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of China in the era of globalization is significant due to its global implications and is attributed to various factors like rapid economic growth, strategic modernization, reconnecting with the Chinese Diaspora, particularly in the west, modernization of its military, and vibrant maritime trade strategy and so on. In the process of sustaining its rise, China has initiated several ambitious plans like the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI is a combination of Silk Road Economic Belt targeting Central Asia and Europe and Maritime Silk Road (MSR) focussed on Southeast, South and North Asian regions. To make this a reality, the Chinese government has already made tremendous efforts to mobilize political, economic and diplomatic resources. However, BRI will not yield great results without the critical role of India. In this context, the paper attempts to identify the guiding factors for China to initiate BRI and its impact on its peaceful rise and the regions. India's response and strategies to BRI is critically analyzed. Finally, the paper also explores the mutual benefits and challenges for both India and China for successful implementation of BRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to reveal the main aspects of the global demographic evolution between 1800-2017 and the prospect until 2100, as well as the shocks recorded in diff erent parts of the globe. The analysis begins with the real view of the demographic situation of the world population of the twentieth century. The increase in population is quite fast, but the share of the population in the continents should not be neglected, so that Europe has a quarter of the world's population at the end of the 20th century, and today holds only 10%. Demographic expansion and economic development have evolved interactively by mutually reinforcing, which continued throughout the 21st century. The impact of demographic shock on growth is evident in the economic evolution of the most populous countries like China and India. In conclusion, local and planetary sustainable development policies and programs require food, housing, health care, education, transport and infrastructure, social organization, entertainment, security, etc., which implies an integration of the demographic evolution with the economic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global economy has recorded an unprecedented increase in growth rates in the last few decades occasioned by the expanding interconnectedness among countries through exchanging goods and services. The expanding production base has increased the demand for fossil fuels, specifically crude oil, both in local and foreign markets, leading to inevitable imports. Despite this, factors driving the increasing demand for oil imports have not been extensively researched thus calling for an empirical verification on the matter. Hence, this study contributes to the literature by investigating the tripartite effects of transportation infrastructure, economic growth, and renewable energy on crude oil imports. The empirical evidence relies on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for bound test cointegration employed to obtain long- and short-run estimates. The empirical results from the study's analysis show that renewable energy hinders crude oil importation while transportation stimulates it in both economies. The inducing role of economic growth is substantial only in China, and the significant effect of foreign direct investment and industrialization prove to be fundamental in driving crude oil imports. Consequently, the study concludes that other explanatory variables contribute to crude oil dependence in China and India, asides from renewable energy. The post estimation tests conducted further accentuate the validity and reliability of the empirical outcomes. Drawing from the empirical outcome, the study suggests the criticality of renewable energy promotion as a viable policy decision to resolve the growth of oil dependence in the countries under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecologically unequal exchange theory posits asymmetric net flows of biophysical resources from poorer to richer countries. To date, empirical evidence to support this theoretical notion as a systemic aspect of the global economy is largely lacking. Through environmentally-extended multi-regional input-output modelling, we provide empirical evidence for ecologically unequal exchange as a persistent feature of the global economy from 1990 to 2015. We identify the regions of origin and final consumption for four resource groups: materials, energy, land, and labor. By comparing the monetary exchange value of resources embodied in trade, we find significant international disparities in how resource provision is compensated. Value added per ton of raw material embodied in exports is 11 times higher in high-income countries than in those with the lowest income, and 28 times higher per unit of embodied labor. With the exception of embodied land for China and India, all other world regions serve as net exporters of all types of embodied resources to high-income countries across the 1990–2015 time period. On aggregate, ecologically unequal exchange allows high-income countries to simultaneously appropriate resources and to generate a monetary surplus through international trade. This has far-reaching implications for global sustainability and for the economic growth prospects of nations. • We provide empirical evidence that supports the theory of ecologically unequal exchange. • High-income nations are net importers of embodied materials, energy, land, and labor. • High-income nations gain a monetary trade surplus via this resource appropriation. • Lower-income nations provide resources but experience monetary trade deficits. • The observed inequality is systemic and hampers global sustainability in multiple ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Added global carbon emissions have mainly come from China and India since 2012, which indicates importance of two countries in curbing global CO 2 emissions. Thus, their respective mitigation lessons have more realistic significance in developing more effective mitigation strategy. This study compared the dynamic evolution of their CO 2 emissions and driving factors behind changes, in order to find similarities and differences of two countries, and provide available policy implications to further reduce carbon emissions. Firstly, both China's and India's carbon emissions have been increasing during 2000-14: 3.4–9.9 Gt and 0.9–2.0 Gt, respectively. However, tendency of two countries varied differently: growth of China 's CO 2 have slowed down after the 2008 financial crisis, while India 's emissions were still accelerating at a high level on account of growing share of carbon-intensive energy in the whole energy structure. From the national and sectoral perspectives, both trends of carbon emissions from two countries have been analyzed. According to structural decomposition analysis, efficiency gains and slowdown of economic growth in China contributed to most decline of CO 2 but both production and consumption structures urged emissions up, while structure effects in India slightly reduced its CO 2 but low emission efficiency and expansion of trade scales caused growth of emissions. On this basis, firstly, China should optimize production structures by upgrading industries, while India should promote energy transformation and improve energy efficiencies. Secondly, strengthening cooperation and communications with developed countries with advanced technology and experience may make more progress in climate change for two countries. Experience and lessons of emission reduction deriving from the two would also provide references for other regions. Image 1 • Investigating CO 2 emissions of China and India for 2000–2014. • Explore main sources and sectors that dominated CO 2 emissions. • Improving efficiency and optimizing energy structure offset China's emission growth. • Optimizing its consumption structure offset India's emission growth. • Optimizing their consumption structure should be considered in China and India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A boom in renewable energy consumption as a percentage of final energy consumption (REC) has a significant impact on cleaner production and environmental sustainability. However, studies on REC as for an individual country-case and panel case approach for top emitters are rare. Against this backdrop, this study investigates the long-run drivers of REC by using a time series data from 1990 to 2015. The FMOLS-grouped results indicate that economic growth and trade openness increase REC whereas population growth has a negative but significant impact on REC. To check for causal links, the innovating accounting approach using variance decomposition analysis is applied. The results show that there is a unidirectional causality running from economic growth, trade openness, and population growth to REC. Further, the predictive accuracy of the FMOLS based econometric output and the bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) is analyzed. The Bi-LSTM formulated algorithm outperformed the econometric output. The Bi-LSTM is utilized to forecast REC to the year 2030. The output from the Bi-LSTM shows that China, the US, India, the Russian Federation's, and Japan's REC will hit ∼11.3395, ∼11.1245, ∼34.6969, ∼2.9097, and ∼7.4859, respectively. The US and Japan's REC levels will increase while that of China, India, and Russia Federation will decrease. As a policy implication, new policy directives for China, India, and the Russian Federation are required to boost REC levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]