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Background: Mobile colistin resistance like gene (mcr-like gene) is a new type of polymyxin resistance gene that can be horizontally transferred in the Enterobacteriaceae. This has brought great challenges to the treatment of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae. Results: K. pneumoniae 16BU137 and E. coli 17MR471 were isolated from the bus and subway handrails in Guangzhou, China. K. pneumoniae 19PDR22 and KP20191015 were isolated from patients with urinary tract infection and severe pneumonia in Anhui, China. Sequence analysis indicated that the mcr-1.1 gene was present on the chromosome of E. coli 17MR471, and the gene was in the gene cassette containing pap2 and two copies of ISApl1.The mcr-1.1 was found in the putative IncX4 type plasmid p16BU137_mcr-1.1 of K. pneumoniae 16BU137, but ISApl1 was not found in its flanking sequence. Mcr-8 variants were found in the putative IncFIB/ IncFII plasmid pKP20191015_mcr-8 of K. pneumoniae KP20191015 and flanked by ISEcl1 and ISKpn26. Conclusion: This study provides timely information on Enterobacteriaceae bacteria carrying mcr-like genes, and provides a reference for studying the spread of mcr-1 in China and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, we investigated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a young patient infected by avian influenza A (H5N6) virus in Anhui Province, East China, and analyzed genomic features of the pathogen in 2020. Through the cross‐sectional investigation of external environment monitoring (December 29–31, 2020), 1909 samples were collected from Fuyang City. It was found that the positive rate of H5N6 was higher than other areas obviously in Tianma poultry market, where the case appeared. In addition, dual coinfections were detected with a 0.057% polymerase chain reaction positive rate the surveillance years. The virus was the clade 2.3.4.4, which was most likely formed by genetic reassortment between H5N6 and H9N2 viruses. This study found that the evolution rates of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the virus were higher than those of common seasonal influenza viruses. The virus was still highly pathogenic to poultry and had a preference for avian receptor binding. Highlights: Various avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes naturally have caused zoonotic infections, but the subtypes H5N1 and H7N9 have caused a prominent impact.At present, the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID‐19]) has caused a worldwide pandemic.To our knowledge, this is the youngest child infected with H5N6 subtype avian influenza in Anhui Province.Herein, we analyzed the epidemiology of the case and the characteristics of the pathogen genome, to find out the possible evolution of the virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The genetic diversity of feline bocavirus in the Anhui Province is significant. • Recombination analysis showed that inter- and intra-genotype recombination events had occurred. • FBoV-1 and FBoV-3 are continuously evolving toward adaptation. • Selection pressure is the main factor for codon usage bias during evolution. To understand the epidemic status of feline bocavirus (FBoV) in Anhui Province, eastern China, FBoV was successfully extracted from fecal samples of domestic cats, and five complete genomes were amplified in this study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these five strains belong to three different FBoV genotypes. Recombination analysis showed that inter- and intra-genotype recombination events occurred. Selection pressure and codon usage bias analyses indicated that FBoV-1 and FBoV-3 continuously evolve toward adaptation, and selection pressure is the main factor for codon usage bias during evolution. This study provides the first molecular evidence of FBoV prevalence in eastern China, further enriching the available information on its genetics and evolutionary characteristics and providing a basis for further research on its evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bufavirus is a novel virus associated with canine gastroenteritis. Three strains of bufavirus were first detected in dog feces collected from Anhui province in Eastern China. The near-complete genome sequences were amplified. Sequence alignment showed 98.3–99.5% homology between the three bufavirus strains and reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed the distributed viruses forming a cluster of close relationships. Selective pressure analysis of the VP2 region indicated that the canine bufavirus (CBuV) was mainly subject to negative selection during evolution. The negative selection site was located on the residue of B-cell epitopes, indicating minimal change to the virus's immunogenicity. Since this is the first report of CBuV circulating in Anhui Province, this study will provide further understanding of the phylogenetic and molecular characteristics of CBuV and serve as a reference for prevention and vaccine development. • Molecular evidence was found for the prevalence of canine bufavirus in Anhui province. • The canine bufavirus was evolutionarily conservative. • Canine bufavirus was mainly subject to negative selection, and part of the site coincides with the B-cell epitope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]