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We briefly discuss the history of pumping schemes for the common 22-GHz maser transition in o-H2O, and note that radiative mechanisms have been considered in the past, as well as the better known collisional pumping mechanisms associated with shock waves. Substantial IR irradiation is indeed destructive to inversion at 22-GHz under a wide range of physical conditions. We identify a small number of transitions, including 22 GHz, that can be pumped by both collisional and radiative schemes, and, through radiative transfer modelling over a grid of values in kinetic temperature, number density, and dust temperature, identify loci in density-kinetic temperature space where these schemes lead to strong inversions. The radiative pumping scheme generally operates at higher dust temperature, and lower kinetic temperature, than the collisional scheme. We identify a small network of transitions that form a radiative pumping scheme for the 22-GHz maser, involving radiative transitions of wavelength approximately 6  |$\mu$| m. This network is capable of supplying more than 50 per cent of the 22-GHz inversion under typical radiative pumping conditions, and it is consistent with the need for high dust and low kinetic temperatures determined from the modelling. We identify a probable case of radiative pumping in a massive star-forming region from the observation of a positive correlation between the flux densities of 22-GHz H2O masers and 6.7-GHz methanol masers. We discuss possibilities for finding radiatively pumped H2O maser lines in other source types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of the 2 s -level of hydrogen formed in the early Universe is studied within a standard and a non-standard quasi-molecular mechanism of recombination. We demonstrate that, if hydrogen molecular ion |$H_2^+$| temporarily formed during a collision directly dissociates into a hydrogen atom and a proton, both mechanisms of recombination lead to the same probabilities of population. These probabilities differ significantly, however, when attractive quasi-molecular channels are uninvolved and only repulsive channels remain in the treatment. The probabilities of the direct and indirect radiative transitions into the 2 s -level of hydrogen are evaluated. The dominant process in the population of 2 s -level of hydrogen is the direct free–bound radiative transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our recent papers, a non-standard quasi-molecular mechanism was suggested and applied to treat the cosmological recombination. It was assumed that, in the pre-recombination stage of evolution of the Universe, an electron combined with two neighbouring protons and created a hydrogen molecular ion, |$\mathrm{ H}_2^+$| in a highly excited state, which then descended into the lower lying state or dissociated. In this work, we implement a quantitative analysis of this quasi-molecular mechanism of recombination; namely, we elaborate the scheme of calculation for a free–bound radiative transition. We show that the quasi-molecular mechanism played a significant role in the pre-recombination and recombination stages of evolution of the early Universe, and hence must be included into the consideration of the description of a thermal history of the Universe. Together with the earlier developed treatment of bound–bound radiative transitions in |$\mathrm{ H}_2^+$|⁠ , the elaborated scheme of calculation can be used for the design of a rapid and complete cosmological recombination code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using known values of rotational and centrifugal distortion constants in conjunction with electric dipole moment of NH2CHO, we have calculated energies of rotational levels in the ground vibrational state, and the probabilities for radiative transitions between the levels. The radiative transition probabilities in conjunction with the scaled values of collisional rate coefficients are used in the Sobolev LVG analysis of NH2CHO. There are some strong lines. For ortho-NH2CHO, we have found one transition 110-111 showing anomalous absorption and five transitions 615-514, 717-616, 716-615, 818-717, 817-716 showing emission feature. For para-NH2CHO, six emission transitions 505-404, 606-505, 707-606, 808-707, 909-808, 100.10-909 are found. Out of these 12 transitions, three transitions, 110-111, 505-404, and 808-707, are already found in the ISM. Other relatively weaker lines are also found in the ISM. In addition to the observed lines, 9 transitions may play important role in the identification of NH2CHO in a cosmic object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanamide (NH2CN) has pyramidal equilibrium structure with two substates, denoted by 0+ and 0–. For each state of NH2CN, knowing rotational and centrifugal distortion constants in conjunction with electric dipole moment, energies for rotational levels and the probabilities for radiative transitions between the levels are calculated. The radiative transition probabilities in conjunction with scaled values for rate coefficients for collisional transitions between the levels are used in the Large Velocity Gradient analysis for each substate. For each substate, we have found anomalous absorption in three doublets at high temperature and weak MASER action at low temperature. We have also found emission feature in nine transitions in each substate. These transitions, along with the observed ones, may play important role for identification of NH2CN in a cosmic object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. The star-formation rates and stellar densities found in young massive clusters suggest that these stellar systems originate from gas at densities of n(H2) > 106 cm−3. Until today, however, the physical characterization of this ultra high density material remains largely unconstrained in observations. Aims. We investigate the density properties of the star-forming gas in the OMC-1 region located in the vicinity of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC). Methods. We mapped the molecular emission at 652 GHz in OMC-1 as part of the APEX-SEPIA660 Early Science. Results. We detect bright and extended N2H+ (J = 7–6) line emission along the entire OMC-1 region. Comparisons with previous ALMA data of the (J = 1–0) transition and radiative transfer models indicate that the line intensities observed in this N2H+ (7–6) line are produced by large mass reservoirs of gas at densities n(H2) > 107 cm−3. Conclusions. The first detection of this N2H+ (7–6) line at parsec-scales demonstrates the extreme density conditions of the star-forming gas in young massive clusters such as the ONC. Our results highlight the unique combination of sensitivity and mapping capabilities of the new SEPIA660 receiver for the study of the ISM properties at high frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the structure of mildly relativistic shocks in dense media, taking into account the radiation and pair loading, and diffusive radiation energy transfer within the flow. For increasing shock velocity (increasing post-shock temperature), the first important effect is the efficient energy redistribution by radiation within the shock that leads to the appearance of an isothermal jump, whereby the flow reaches the final state through a discontinuous isothermal transition. The isothermal jump, on scales much smaller than the photon diffusion length, consists of a weak shock and a quick relaxation to the isothermal conditions. Highly radiation-dominated shocks do not form isothermal jump. Pair production can mildly increase the overall shock compression ratio to ≈10 (4 for matter-dominated shocks and 7 of the radiation-dominated shocks). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the deep (semiinfinite) soil contribution to the brightness temperature at 1.4 GHz calculated through a modified incoherent radiative transfer model. We reproduced the measured brightness temperature collected by a dual L-band radiometer in a bare agricultural field. We found that exclusion of a semi-infinite soil layer in the incoherent model significantly decreased the brightness temperature when the measurement depth in the model was closer to the emitting depth, which is the first few centimeters from the top of soil. The maximum brightness temperature differences between the cases with and without the semi-infinite layer in the incoherent model were computed to be 6.8444 K, 2.8891 K, 0.2477 K and 0.0004 K for the measurement depths of 4 cm, 5 cm, 8 cm and 16 cm, respectively. Based on a comparison with another coherent radiative transfer model, we observed that inclusion of the deep soil layer significantly improved the precision of the incoherent model regardless of the measurement depth. Our results could be one example of improving the accuracy of radiative transfer models, which might be applied to other radiative transfer models and increase the precision of soil moisture retrieval calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiative association processes originating in the 1 3 Π continuum of the He ( 2 3 P ) + Li + collisional system are investigated in this study. The calculations of the dynamic collision processes are based on highly accurate state-of-the-art ab initio calculations of the potential energy functions for the 1 3 Π and the three lowest 3 Σ states of HeLi + and the associated transition dipole-moment functions. Cross-sections for the spontaneous and stimulated radiative association processes are calculated as functions of collision energy. The corresponding rate coefficients characterizing the efficiency of the formation of the molecular ion in its a 3 Σ + , b 3 Σ + , and c 3 Σ + states from the initial 1 3 Π state are obtained over a wide range of temperatures. At very low temperatures the 1 → b process has a maximum rate-coefficient value of about 7.9 × 10 − 13 cm 3 s − 1 , whereas process 1 → a reaches its maximum value of 2.0 × 10 − 13 cm 3 s − 1 at a temperature of about 500 K. Altogether the three radiative association processes investigated here can be considered as the continuum-to-bound state radiative transition part of the total quenching of the initial collision channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate computational characterization of ethanimine (CH 3 NH), considered as an important possible precursor of amino acids, is now available. Ethanimine has two E and Z isomers and each isomer has two A and E substates. Some lines of Green Bank Telescope PRIMOS radio astronomy survey spectra in Sagittarius B2 North (Sgr B2(N)) have been assigned to the ethanimine. For known values of accurate energies of rotational levels in the ground vibrational state, and the spectroscopic data (rotational and centrifugal distortion constants, and electric dipole moment), we have calculated Einstein A and B coefficients (radiative transition probabilities) for rotational transitions for each substate. These radiative transition probabilities along with collisional rate coefficients are calculated using a scaling law have been used for solving a set of statistical equilibrium equations coupled with the equations of radiative transfer for each substate. We have found a number of weak MASER lines and anomalous absorption lines for each substate. These lines may play important role for identification of ethanimine in a cosmic object. Corresponding lines in two substates in a isomer have been found to show similar behaviour, except different values of their frequencies. • Energies of rotational levels of CH 3 NH are calculated. • Einstein A-coefficients for transitions between the levels in CH 3 NH are calculated. • Molecular Symmetries have been considered. • Collisional Rate Coefficients have been estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. We investigate the increase of the differential emission measure (DEM) towards the chromosphere due to small and cool magnetic loops (height ≲8 Mm, T ≲ 105 K). In a previous paper, we analysed the conditions of existence and stability of these loops through hydrodynamic simulations, focussing on their dependence on the details of the optically thin radiative loss function. Methods. In this paper, we extend those hydrodynamic simulations to verify if this class of loops exists and is stable when using an optically thick radiative loss function. We study two cases: constant background heating and a heating depending on the density. The contribution to the transition region extreme-UV output of these loops is also calculated and presented. Results. We find that stable, quasi-static cool loops can be obtained using an optically thick radiative loss function and a background heating depending on the density. The DEMs of these loops, however, fail to reproduce the observed DEM for temperatures between 4.6 < log T < 4.8. We also show the transient phase of a dynamic loop obtained by considering constant heating rate and find that its average DEM, interpreted as a set of evolving dynamic loops, reproduces the observed DEM very well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we perform a systematic ab initio study of the dipole moment surface (DMS) of H 2 S at various levels of theory and of its effect on the intensities of vibration–rotation transitions; H 2 S intensities are known from the experiment to display anomalies which have so far been difficult to reproduce by theoretical calculations. We use the transition intensities from the HITRAN database of 14 vibrational bands for our comparisons. The intensities of all fundamental bands show strong sensitivity to the ab initio method used for constructing the DMS while hot, overtone and combination bands up to 4000 cm −1 do not. The core-correlation and relativistic effects are found to be important for computed line intensities, for instance affecting the most intense fundamental band ( ν 2 ) by about 20%. Our recommended DMS, called ALYT2, is based on the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(6+d)Z level of theory supplemented by a core-correlation/relativistic corrective surface obtained at the CCSD[T]/aug-cc-pCV5Z-DK level. The corresponding computed intensities agree significantly better (to within 10%) with experimental data taken directly from original papers. Worse agreement (differences of about 25%) is found for those HITRAN intensities obtained from fitted effective dipole models, suggesting the presence of underlying problems in those fits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the radiative properties of personal protective clothings worn during firefighting operations by firemen. Several intervention jackets are tested coming from different Fire and Rescue Services in France. The present study focuses on the spectral absorptivity of these equipments over visible–IR domains. The spectral absorptivity in the IR range is mainly responsible for the conversion of radiative transfer coming from the flame into heat flux through the protective jacket. This work shows that the mean absorptivities of different equipments are high, close to 90%, which penalizes the thermal protection. This study demonstrates that the colored textile has a weak effect on the radiative properties and then on the thermal protection. On the contrary, the dyeing mode can decrease the absorptivity, hence improving the thermal protection of jackets, a dyed jacket being more efficient in the present test than a jacket made of fibers dyed before weaving. Finally, this paper presents mean absorptivities based on Planck's averages for reference temperatures between 800 K and 1400 K, allowing to compare different personal protective clothings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though H 2 CO, H 2 CS, H 2 CCC, H 2 CCCC, H 2 CCO have been identified in cool interstellar molecular clouds, identification of H 2 CC is still awaited. To analyze its spectrum, collisional rate coefficients are required. We have calculated collisional rate coefficients for rotational transitions between 23 levels of ortho and para H 2 CC for kinetic temperatures 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 K. The scattering problem is analyzed using the computer code MOLSCAT where the colliding partner is He atom. The interaction between H 2 CC and He has been calculated with GAUSSIAN 2003. For the interaction potential obtained with GAUSSIAN 2003, MOLSCAT is used to derive the parameters q ( L , M , M ′ | E ) as a function of energy E of the colliding partner. After averaging the parameters q ( L , M , M ′ | E ) over a Maxwellian distribution, the parameters Q ( L , M , M ′ | T ) as a function of the kinetic temperature T in the cloud are obtained. Finally, the collisional rate coefficients have been calculated. We have also calculated radiative transition probabilities for the transitions between the rotational levels. Finally, for ortho-H 2 CC, we have solved a set of statistical equilibrium equations coupled with the equations of radiative transfer and found that the H 2 CC may be identified through anomalous absorption of its transition 1 11 – 1 10 at 4.89 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sobolev analysis of H 2 O 2 is performed. • Besides four astronomically detected lines, 24 lines are found to show emission features. • 16 lines of H 2 O 2 are found in anomalous absorption. • Additional 24 lines are found to show emission feature. • Additional 40 lines along with detected ones may help in the detection of H 2 O 2. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is considered to play important role in the chemistry of ozone layer in the troposphere. It also has been detected first time in the cold environment of a star-forming region towards ρ Oph A. According to the selection rules for dipole allowed transitions, the H 2 O 2 ro-torsional levels may be classified into four distinct groups. Using the spectroscopic information (rotational and centrifugal distortion constants, and electric dipole moment), we have calculated energies of lower 50 levels of each group, and radiative transition probabilities for transitions between the levels. Using these radiative transition probabilities along with the collisional rate coefficients (obtained with the help of a scaling law), we have solved, for each group, a set of 50 statistical equilibrium equations coupled with the equations of radiative transfer and have found 16 lines showing anomalous absorption. In addition to four astronomically detected lines, 24 lines are found to show emission features. All these lines may play a significant role for the identification of H 2 O 2 in the interstellar medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formic acid (HCOOH), a simplest carboxylic acid, has great importance as it is a precursor for amino acids (constituents of life). It has two rotameric isomers: trans-HCOOH and cis-HCOOH, each of which lies in a plane due to the delocalization of π -electrons over the heavy atom chain. In each of the isomers, the electric dipole moment is aligned such that there are both a and b type rotational transitions. Further, the energy levels in each type of transitions can be classified into two groups. Thus, there are 8 groups in which the rotational transitions of formic acid may be classified. The trans-HCOOH is detected in Sgr B2, cold dark cloud L134N, Sgr A, comet Hale-Bopp, Orion KL, W51, IRAS 16293-2422 through its a-type transitions. Because of very small value of b-component of electric dipole moment, the b-type transitions of trans-HCOOH may not be detected. To our knowledge, no transitions of cis-HCOOH are yet detected in the interstellar medium, though a and b components of its electric dipole moment are quite large. Using spectroscopic data of trans-HCOOH and cis-HCOOH, we have calculated energies of 100 rotational levels for each of the 8 groups, and the radiative transition probabilities (Einstein A and B coefficients) for radiative transitions between the levels. Since the rate coefficients for collisional transitions between the levels are not available, by using the scaled values for them along with the radiative transition probabilities, we have solved a set of 100 statistical equilibrium equations coupled with the equations of radiative transfer for each group. We have investigated intensities of 16 observed a-type transitions and 12 b-type transitions of trans-HCOOH. We have also found six transitions, 1 10 - 1 11 (1.405 GHz), 2 12 - 3 03 (7.545 GHz), 3 12 - 3 03 (79.744 GHz), 3 21 - 3 12 (222.287 GHz), 1 11 - 2 02 (30.843 GHz) and 4 13 - 4 04 (82.740 GHz) of cis-HCOOH showing anomalous absorption and nine transitions 4 14 - 3 13 (85.042 GHz), 5 15 - 4 14 (106.266 GHz), 3 03 - 2 02 (65.840 GHz), 4 04 - 3 03 (87.694 GHz), 5 05 - 4 04 (109.470 GHz), 5 05 - 4 14 (40.778 GHz), 7 07 - 6 16 (90.910 GHz), 4 04 - 3 13 (16.350 GHz) and 6 06 - 5 15 (65.661 GHz) of cis-HCOOH showing emission feature. These transitions of cis-HCOOH in addition to those of trans-HCOOH may help in the identification of HCOOH in a cosmic object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene oxide (c-C2H4O) and its isomer acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) are important organic molecules because of their potential role in the formation of amino acids. The c-C2H4O molecule is a b-type asymmetric top molecule and owing to half-spin of each of the four hydrogen atoms, it has two distinct ortho (nuclear spin one) and para (nuclear spin zero and two) species. It has been detected in the Sgr B2N. Using the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants along with the electric dipole moment, we have calculated energies of 100 rotational levels of each of the ortho and para species of c-C2H4O molecule and the Einstein A-coefficients for radiative transitions between the levels. The values of Einstein A-coefficients along with the scaled values for the collisional rate coefficients are used for solving a set of statistical equilibrium equations coupled with the equations of radiative transfer.Brightness-temperatures of five rotational transitions of each of the ortho and para species of c-C2H4O molecule are investigated. Out of these ten transitions, three transitions are found to show the anomalous absorption and rest seven are found to show the emission feature. We have also investigated seven transitions observed unblended in the Sgr B2(N). We have found that the transitions 330−321 (23.134 GHz), 220−211 (15.603 GHz), 331−322 (39.680 GHz) and 111−000 (39.582 GHz) may play important role for the identification of ethylene oxide in a cosmic object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]