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• The viability of carbon capture and storage depends in part on storage security in the subsurface. • Recently, new field data have become available on the permeability of abandoned wellbores. • We present simulations of CO 2 leakage as a function of spatial density and permeability of leaky wells. • We assess the results based on ranges of leaky well permeability and spatial density that are realistic. • Our results indicate that leakage through abandoned wells unlikely to be a major limitation for CCS. The viability of carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) projects depends in part on the risk that injected CO 2 or displaced pore fluid will leak out of the target formation into surrounding formations or to the surface. Abandoned oil and gas wells, of which millions exist both throughout the United States and globally, form a potential conduit for this leakage. Recently, specific field measurements have been made to quantify the range of effective permeabilities that can be expected in abandoned wells, enabling us to, for the first time, combine field-scale numerical simulations of CO 2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers with real data on effective permeabilities of leaky wells. Using a previously developed semi-analytical reservoir simulator that can accommodate an arbitrary sequence of alternating aquifers and aquicludes, as well as an arbitrary number of leaky wells, we investigated how the amount of CO 2 that leaks out of the target formation depends on the spatial density of nearby abandoned wells and their effective permeability. Furthermore, we assess the influence that variations in pressure and temperature found between geological targets have on this dependency. We find that the observed differences in leakage between geological targets are controlled almost exclusively by differences in density of CO 2 at the local subsurface conditions, causing the CO 2 plume to contact a different number of wells when injecting at the same constant mass rate. We quantitatively assess the results obtained from our numerical experiments by combining them with the permeability data that have recently become available, typical spatial densities of abandoned wells, and performance requirements put forward in the literature. Our results indicate that leakage of CO 2 through abandoned wells is unlikely to be a major limitation in storage security of CCS projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An import factor for long-term storage is the integrity of wells penetrating the carbon storage reservoir. Well integrity will play a crucial role in establishing leakage risk in areas where there is a high density of existing (legacy) wells that could intersect operations including depleted petroleum fields where enhanced oil recovery or carbon storage will occur. The objective of this study was to develop methods that establish the baseline flow parameters from individual measurements in five wells in Wyoming. This paper describes the methods used to collect and analyze the data. The methods included isolation logging tools, in situ point and average permeability measurements, and laboratory tests on samples collected in the wells. The log results collected in the wells, considered in conjunction with the core measurements, indicate that interfaces and/or problems with cement placement related to eccentering provide preferential pathways for fluids, which increase the effective permeability of the barrier several orders of magnitude above that of intact cement. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent measurements of methane emissions from abandoned oil/gas wells show that these wells can be a substantial source of methane to the atmosphere, particularly from a small proportion of highemitting wells. However, identifying high emitters remains a challenge. We couple 163 well measurements of methane flow rates; ethane, propane, and n-butane concentrations; isotopes of methane; and noble gas concentrations from 88 wells in Pennsylvania with synthesized data from historical documents, field investigations, and state databases. Using our databases, we (i) improve estimates of the number of abandoned wells in Pennsylvania; (ii) characterize key attributes that accompany high emitters, including depth, type, plugging status, and coal area designation; and (iii) estimate attribute- specific and overall methane emissions from abandoned wells. High emitters are best predicted as unplugged gas wells and plugged/vented gas wells in coal areas and appear to be unrelated to the presence of underground natural gas storage areas or unconventional oil/gas production. Repeat measurements over 2 years show that flow rates of high emitters are sustained through time. Our attribute-based methane emission data and our comprehensive estimate of 470,000-750,000 abandoned wells in Pennsylvania result in estimated state-wide emissions of 0.04-0.07 Mt (1012 g) CH4 per year. This estimate represents 5-8% of annual anthropogenic methane emissions in Pennsylvania. Our methodology combining new field measurements with data mining of previously unavailable well attributes and numbers of wells can be used to improve methane emission estimates and prioritize cost-effective mitigation strategies for Pennsylvania and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abandoned oil and gas wells provide a potential pathway for subsurface migration and emissions of methane and other fluids to the atmosphere. Little is known about methane fluxes from the millions of abandoned wells that exist in the United States. Here, we report direct measurements of methane fluxes from abandoned oil and gas wells in Pennsylvania, using static flux chambers. A total of 42 and 52 direct measurements were made at wells and at locations near the wells ("controls") in forested, wetland, grassland, and river areas in July, August, October 2013 and January 2014, respectively. The mean methane flow rates at these well locations were 0.27 kg/d/well, and the mean methane flow rate at the control locations was 4.5 × 10-6 kg/d/location. Three out of the 19 measured wells were high emitters that had methane flow rates that were three orders of magnitude larger than the median flow rate of 1.3 × -3 kg/d/well. Assuming the mean flow rate found here is representative of all abandoned wells in Pennsylvania, we scaled the methane emissions to be 4-7% of estimated total anthropogenic methane emissions in Pennsylvania. The presence of ethane, propane, and n-butane, along with the methane isotopic composition, indicate that the emitted methane is predominantly of thermogenic origin. These measurements show that methane emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells can be significant. The research required to quantify these emissions nationally should be undertaken so they can be accurately described and included in greenhouse gas emissions inventories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Methane emissions from abandoned wells are measured continuously over 24 -hs • Repeat 24 -h measurements are made at a site over the course of a year • 24 h emissions from all wells were non-constant, average varied by a factor of 8 • No statistical significance between the size of emissions and variability in emissions • High emission events are short-lived, so short-term sampling is likely to miss them Recent studies have reported methane (CH 4) emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells across the United States and the United Kingdom. These emissions can reach hundreds of kg CH 4 per year per well and are important to include in greenhouse gas emission inventories and mitigation strategies. Emission estimates are generally based on single, short-term measurements that assume constant emission rates over both short (hours) and longer (months/years) time periods. To investigate this assumption, we measure CH 4 emissions from 18 abandoned oil and gas wells in the USA and the UK continuously over 24 h and then make repeat 24 -h measurements at a single site over 12 months. While the lack of historical records for these wells makes it impossible to determine the underlying leakage-pathways, we observed that CH 4 emissions at all wells varied over 24 h (range 0.2-81,000 mg CH 4 hr−1) with average emissions varying by a factor of 18 and ranging from factors of 1.1–142. We did not find a statistically significant relationship between the magnitude of emissions and variability or that variability is correlated with temperature, relative humidity or atmospheric pressure. The results presented here suggest high CH 4 emission events tend to be short-lived, so short-term (< 1 h) sampling is likely to miss them. Our findings present the dynamic nature of CH 4 emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells which should be considered when planning measurement methodologies and developing greenhouse gas inventories/mitigation strategies. Incorporation of these temporal dynamics could improve national greenhouse gas emissions inventories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]