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The formation of isonicotinyl-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (INH-NAD+) by the mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme, KatG, was known to be the major component of the mode of action of isoniazid (INH), an anti-tuberculosis drug. However, there are other enzymes that may catalyze this reaction. We have previously reported that neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) is capable of metabolizing INH through the formation of INH-NAD+ adduct, which could be attributed to being a possible mode of action of INH. However, eosinophilic infiltration of the lungs is more pronounced and characteristic of granulomas in Mycobacterium tuberculosis -infected patients. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the role of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), a key eosinophil enzyme, during INH metabolism and the formation of its active metabolite, INH-NAD+ using purified EPO and eosinophils isolated from asthmatic donors. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed INH oxidation by EPO led to a new product (λ max = 326 nm) in the presence of NAD+. This adduct was confirmed to be INH-NAD+ using LC-MS analysis where the intact adduct was detected (m / z = 769). Furthermore, EPO catalyzed the oxidation of INH and formed several free radical intermediates as assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping; a carbon-centred radical, which is considered to be the reactive metabolite that binds with NAD+, was found when superoxide dismutase was included in the reaction. Our findings suggest that eosinophilic EPO may also play a role in the pharmacological activity of INH through the formation of INH-NAD+ adduct, and supports further evidence that human cells and enzymes are capable of producing the active metabolite involved in tuberculosis treatment. Image 1 • Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) oxidizes isoniazid (INH). • Purified EPO formed a new product between INH and NAD+. • A carbon radical, formed by catalytic oxidation of INH by EPO, binds with NAD+. • EPO may contribute to the activity of INH by forming INH-NAD+ adduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of isonicotinyl-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (INH-NAD + ) via the mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme, KatG, has been described as the major component of the mode of action of isoniazid (INH). However, there are numerous human peroxidases that may catalyze this reaction. The role of neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) in INH-NAD + adduct formation has never been explored; this is important, as neutrophils are recruited at the site of tuberculosis infection (granuloma) through infected macrophages’ cell death signals. In our studies, we showed that neutrophil MPO is capable of INH metabolism using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping and UV–Vis spectroscopy. MPO or activated human neutrophils (by phorbol myristate acetate) catalyzed the oxidation of INH and formed several free radical intermediates; the inclusion of superoxide dismutase revealed a carbon-centered radical which is considered to be the reactive metabolite that binds with NAD + . Other human metabolites, including N-acetyl-INH, N-acetylhydrazine, and hydrazine did not show formation of carbon-centered radicals, and either produced no detectable free radicals, N-centered free radicals, or superoxide, respectively. A comparison of these free radical products indicated that only the carbon-centered radical from INH is reducing in nature, based on UV–Vis measurement of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. Furthermore, only INH oxidation by MPO led to a new product ( λ max = 326 nm) in the presence of NAD + . This adduct was confirmed to be isonicotinyl-NAD + using LC–MS analysis where the intact adduct was detected ( m / z = 769). The findings of this study suggest that neutrophil MPO may also play a role in INH pharmacological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To combat tuberculosis (TB), host phagocytic cells need to survive against self-generating oxidative stress-induced necrosis. However, the effect of isoniazid (INH) in protecting cells from oxidative stress-induced necrosis has not been previously investigated. In this in vitro study, the cytotoxic effect of H 2 O 2 generation using glucose oxidase (a model of oxidative stress) was found to be abrogated by INH in a concentration-dependent manner in HL-60 cells (a human promyelocytic leukemia cell). In cells treated with glucose oxidase, both ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential were found to be decreased. However, treatment with INH demonstrated small but significant attenuation in decreasing ATP levels, and complete reversal for the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Quantitative proteomics analysis identified up-regulation of 15 proteins and down-regulation of 14 proteins which all together suggest that these proteomic changes signal for increasing cellular replication, structural integrity, ATP synthesis, and inhibiting cell death. In addition, studies demonstrated that myeloperoxidase (MPO) was involved in catalyzing INH-protein adduct formation. Unexpectedly, these covalent protein adducts were correlated with INH-induced cytoprotection in HL-60 cells. Further studies are needed to determine whether the INH-protein adducts were causative in the mechanism of cytoprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Isoniazid (INH) is one of the oldest drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and is of continual clinical and research interest. The aim of the current study is to investigate the ability of INH to induce monocyte differentiation and the underlying signaling pathway involved in this phenomenon using HL-60 cells. In this study, HL-60 cells were treated with different non-cytotoxic concentrations of INH or vitamin D (a well-known inducer of monocytic differentiation) to determine key functional changes in the phenotype of these cells using several biochemical and cytobiological experiments. HL-60 cells are derived from human promyelocytic leukemia and bear some resemblance to promyelocytes, which differentiate into various cell types. INH-induced differentiation was confirmed to occur in a concentration-dependent manner through several functional markers such as nonspecific esterase activity, NADPH oxidase activity and expression of surface markers CD14 and CD16 (characteristic of monocytes). INH-induced monocytic-like differentiation in HL-60 cells and demonstrated that at least 25% of cells were differentiated within the range of the pharmacological concentrations of INH. To determine the effects of INH on HL-60 cells, we applied quantitative proteomics that revealed 32 proteins were altered significantly in pathways that could involve differentiation signals. Lastly, INH activated the ERK-1/MAPK signaling pathway based on detection of phosphorylated ERK-1. These in vitro findings in HL-60 cells warrant further study using promyelocytes or hematopoietic stem cells to evaluate the physiological capability of INH to induce monocytic differentiation that may aid in host defense against TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]