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The potential of diatoms as aquatic bait, attribute to their abundance in highly unsaturated fatty acids, has been extensively studied. Temperature plays a crucial role in the synthesis of these fatty acids. This study specifically investigated the impact of temperature on the growth, total lipid content, and fatty acid composition of Skeletonema dohrnii, a planktonic diatom commonly associated with red tides andwater blooms in China. The aim is to evaluate its suitability as an aquatic bait and provide insights for large-scale factory farming. Results indicated that the highest biomass and maximum growth rate occurred at 28°C, with no significant deviation from the control group at 25°C. At 28°C and 15°C, there was a significant increase in the total lipid content and the total fatty acid content, with a more pronounced effect at 15°C. At 28°C, EPA and DHA content measured at 0.97 ± 0.01 mg.DW.L-1 and 0.264 ± 0.01 mg.DW.L-1 respectively, surpass those at 15°C due to lower biomass. Conversely, at 15°C, substantial synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, with EPA constituting up to 32.24 ± 0.24% of the total fatty acids, is observed. Modulating the temperature could optimize the utilization of S. dohrnii as an aquatic feed source. These findings underscore the potential of S. dohrnii as a high-quality aquafeed and lay the groundwork for its success in ocean warming scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective A nontargeted metabolomics approach was established to characterize serum metabolic profile in type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM) secondary to chronic pancreatitis and compare with T2DM. Methods Forty patients were recruited for metabolite analysis based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cluster heatmap and KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis were used to analyze the specific and differential metabolites. The receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were generated and correlation analysis with clinical data was conducted. Results Metabolites including sphingosine, lipids, carnitine, bile acid, and hippuric acid were found to be different between T2DM and T3cDM, mainly enriched in bile acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and sphingolipid metabolic pathways. The ROCs were generated with an area under the curve of 0.907 (95% confidence interval, 0.726–1) for the model with 15 metabolites. Conclusion T3cDM is characterized by increased sphingosine, carnitine, bile acid, and most lipids, providing novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and a future direction in research on pathophysiological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Clinical heterogeneity in major depressive disorder likely reflects the range of etiology and contributing factors in the disorder, such as genetic risk. Identification of more refined subgroups based on biomarkers such as white matter integrity and lipid-related metabolites could facilitate precision medicine in major depressive disorder. Methods: A total of 148 participants (15 genetic high-risk participants, 57 patients with first-episode major depressive disorder and 76 healthy controls) underwent diffusion tensor imaging and plasma lipid profiling. Alterations in white matter integrity and lipid metabolites were identified in genetic high-risk participants and patients with first-episode major depressive disorder. Then, shared alterations between genetic high-risk and first-episode major depressive disorder were used to develop an imaging x metabolite diagnostic panel for genetically based major depressive disorder via factor analysis and logistic regression. A fivefold cross-validation test was performed to evaluate the diagnostic panel. Results: Alterations of white matter integrity in corona radiata, superior longitudinal fasciculus and the body of corpus callosum and dysregulated unsaturated fatty acid metabolism were identified in both genetic high-risk participants and patients with first-episode major depressive disorder. An imaging x metabolite diagnostic panel, consisting of measures for white matter integrity and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, was identified that achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86 and had a significantly higher diagnostic performance than that using either measure alone. And cross-validation confirmed the adequate reliability and accuracy of the diagnostic panel. Conclusion: Combining white matter integrity in corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus and corona radiata, and unsaturated fatty acid profile may improve the identification of genetically based endophenotypes in major depressive disorder to advance precision medicine strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its numerous physiological effects, Acer truncatum seed oil (ATO) is increasingly popular as a novel source of edible oil in China. To explore the characteristics of ATO accumulation, the potential biosynthetic mechanisms of the main fatty acids (FAs) were investigated during the six different developmental stages of A. truncatum seeds (i.e., S1 - S6). The results indicated that the ATO yields significantly increased from S1 to S5, and then decreased (S6), whereby the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids reached up to 82.63–90.65% of the total ATO content. The highest content of nervonic acid was observed at S6. Dynamic transcriptome data analyses revealed that 38,932 genes were actively transcribed in the five seed developmental stages (i.e., S1-S5), 103 of which were related to lipid metabolism. Combining with the gene expression and FA profiling, the potential metabolism of the main FA was further explored. Notably, changes in C18:1-CoA transformation were observed at the later periods of A. truncatum seed development (especially from S4 to S5), which might be the key factor limiting the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Additionally, 24 key functional genes related to lipid metabolism were highly correlated with VLCFA biosynthesis. Finally, 11 potential transcription factors from the bHLH, GRAS, bZIP, AP2/ERF, and MADS families exhibited highly positive correlations with these key functional genes in lipid metabolism, all of which might play important roles in regulating of VLCFA accumulation. • Characteristics of VLCFA accumulation were parsed during seed development. • Regulation of C18:1-CoA transfromation is the key steps in VLCFA accumulation. • Putative key genes and regulators were identified in VLCFA accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The correlation between dietary fatty acid (FA) intake and serum lipid profile levels with cognition in the aged population has been reported by previous studies. However, the association of dietary FA intake and serum lipid profile levels with cognition in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is seldom reported. Objective: A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the correlation between dietary FA intake and serum lipid profiles with cognition in the aged Chinese population with T2DM. Methods: A total of 1,526 aged Chinese subjects were recruited from communities. Fasting blood samples were collected for parameter measurement. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) method was applied for a dietary survey. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Dietary FA intake and serum lipid levels were compared between subjects with T2DM and control subjects. A logistic regression analysis was carried out for analyzing the association of FA intake and serum lipid levels with the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in subjects with T2DM and control subjects. Results: There was a significant difference in the serum lipid level between the T2DM group and the control group. Results of the logistic regression analysis demonstrated the potential associations of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake with the risk of MCI in subjects with T2DM, but the associations were not observed in control subjects. Conclusion: The T2DM phenotype might affect the relationship between dietary FA intake, circulating lipids, and cognitive performance. Large prospective cohort studies are needed to uncover the underlying mechanism of how dietary FA intake and serum lipid levels affect cognition in aged subjects with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel endophytic actinobacterium, designated as strain YIM B02568T, was isolated from the root of Paris polyphylla Smith var. Yunnanensis obtained from Yunnan Province, southwest China. Strain YIM B02568T was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this isolate belonged to the genus Janibacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of strain YIM B02568T to the type strains of members of this genus ranged from 95.8 to 98.6%. However, overall genome relatedness indices were significantly lower than the widely accepted species-defined threshold. The cell wall of strain YIM B02568T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The main polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol. The major cellular fatty acids were comprised of iso-C16:0 and C18:1ω9c. The DNA G + C content was 71.6 mol%. Based on the data from the polyphasic studies, we propose that strain YIM B02568T represents a novel species within the genus Janibacter, Janibacter endophyticus sp. nov. The type strain is YIM B02568T (= JCM 34639T = CGMCC 1.18658T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On Earth, salt environments are the most relevant analogues to Martian salt deposits with regard to the search for preserved biomolecules. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of lipids in salt samples from Dalangtan and Qarhan in the Qaidam Basin, which is the most important area to carry out analog research of Mars in China. Furthermore, we compared the lipids distribution results with that from other typical Martian analog sites such as the Atacama Desert. Salt samples in the Qaidam Basin are enriched with fatty acid compounds, including normal fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, branched fatty acids, and acyclic isoprene acids. In addtion, glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) and archaeol compounds were also detected in these salt samples. Compared with the hypersaline samples, the clay samples not only have higher abuandance of fatty acids, GDGTs and archaeol compounds, but also a more diversed lipids composition. Only a few lipids were detected in the pure-saline samples, such as archaeol compounds. These clues suggest that content of salt minerals is the major factor affecting the distribution of lipids. This study provides an analogy for detecting and evaluating the traces of life that may exist on Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-stain-negative, oval or short rod-shaped, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, designated strain S1109LT, was isolated from a marine sediment in Weihai, PR China. Cells were oxidase positive and catalase positive. Growth of strain S1109LT occurred at 10–40 °C (optimum, 30–33 °C), pH 6.5–10.0 (optimum, 7.0–8.0) and in the presence of 1–21% (optimum, 4–6%) (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny indicated that strain S1109LT was associated with the genus Pontibaca of the family Rhodobacteraceae because it showed the highest sequence similarity to Pontibaca methylaminivorans KCTC 22497T (97.5%). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and the digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) scores between strain S1109LT and Pontibaca methylaminivorans KCTC 22497T were 74.6% and 18.7%. The major cellular fatty acids of strain S1109LT were C19:0 cyclo ω8c and C18:1 ω7c. The polar lipids profiles of strain S1109LT were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. Strain S1109LT contained ubiquinone-10 as the major respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G + C content was 55.9 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain S1109LT is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pontibaca, for which the name Pontibaca salina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of is S1109LT (= KCTC 82411T = MCCC 1H00441T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macadamia nuts have high nutritional value and positive health attributes. Changes to the composition and availability of these compounds during roasting contribute to product quality. In this study, changes to the chemical composition of lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids) and other phytochemicals were analyzed, and a sensory evaluation was carried out of two major varieties of macadamia nuts planted in China, after roasting. Only small changes in fatty acid (FA) content and a slight decrease in total triglycerides (TAGs) were observed after roasting. The free fatty acid (FFA) content and the peroxide value were increased by roasting. The total available polyphenol content increased by 25.6% and the oxidative stability index of kernels increased by 21.6%. The sensory scores for taste and aroma were doubled by roasting. Overall, the sensory, nutritional quality, and oxidative stability of roasted macadamia nuts were greatly improved, compared with raw nuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic lipase activity and bile salt concentration are very low in infants. Therefore, infant formula (IF) preparation with structured lipids (SLs) containing essential fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) with easy absorption features has attracted great attention. In this work, the lipid composition and physiochemical properties of novel SLs enriched with medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs) and their incorporation into a powdered IF compared to commercial IFs were evaluated. The obtained results showed that the SL contains arachidonic (ARA), caprylic, and capric as major fatty acids (FAs). Further, the evaluation of commercial IFs oil showed that oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and lauric were the most abundant FAs. A novel SL possessed highest levels of MCFAs (36.33 ± 1.05%) at sn-1,3 positions and LCUFAs (65.91 ± 1.32%) at the sn-2 position especially ARA (42.82 ± 0.89%). A total of 45, 38, and 25 triacylglycerols molecular species were revealed in a novel SL and commercial IFs available in China and the USA, respectively. Thermoprofile revealed that all IFs oil samples melted below the body temperature. The formula produced with microencapsulated SL and the dry-mixing process showed better optical properties and oxidative stability having lower moisture content. The study has potential applications in the development of IF with improved properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strain HX-7-9T was isolated from the activated sludge collected from the outlet of the biochemical treatment facility of agricultural chemical plant in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, PR China. Strain HX-7-9T is Gram staining-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and flagellated. The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicate that strain HX-7-9T belongs to the genus Crenobacter, moderately related to Crenobacter luteus YIM-78141T (94.8% similarity). The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 67.5 mol%. Strain HX-7-9T was able to grow at 16–45 °C (optimum at 37 °C), at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum at pH 7.0) and with 0–1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 0). Predominant fatty acid constituents were C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). The respiratory ubiquinone was Q-8. The polar lipid profile is composed of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PME), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phospholipids (PL), glycolipid (GL) and aminophospholipid (APL). The ANI and dDDH values obtained between the genomes of HX-7-9T and C. luteus YIM-78141T were 79.8 and 19.1%, respectively. On the basis of data from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analysis, strain HX-7-9T represents a novel species of the genus Crenobacter, for which the name Crenobacter caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HX-7-9T (= KCTC 72654T = CCTCC AB 2019349T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One motile strain designated, YIM DR1026T was isolated from the roots of Psammosilene tunicoides collected from Gejiu, Yunnan province, China. The cells of strain YIM DR1026T were Gram-negative and short-rod shaped. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YIM DR1026T was a member of the genus Aureimonas and closely related to Aureimonas rubiginis (96.7%). DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain YIM 1026T and Aureimonas rubiginis BCRC 80440T was 38.2 ± 1.5%. The ANI value between YIM DR1026T and other Aureimonas members were below the cut-off level (95–96%) recommended as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) criterion for interspecies identity. Strain YIM DR1026T grew at 4–30 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 4.0–9.0 (optimum pH 6.0–7.0) and tolerated NaCl (w/v) up to 1% (optimum 0%). Q-10 was sole the respiratory ubiquinone present in YIM DR1026T. Polar lipids of strain YIM DR1026T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, unidentified aminolipid and unidentified polar lipid. The genomic G + C content was 64.6 mol%. The major fatty acids were C18:1ω7c, C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c). Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and genome comparison, strain YIM DR1026T represents a novel species of the genus Aureimonas, for which the name Aureimonas psammosilene sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM DR1026T (= KCTC 42691T = NBRC 112412T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-stain-negative, orange-colored bacterium, designated HX-22-17T, was isolated from activated sludge of an agricultural chemical plant in Maanshan, Anhui province, China (118° 52′ E 31° 68′ N). The strain was strictly aerobic, non-endospore forming, non-motile, and ellipse. Growth of the strain was observed at 16–42 °C (optimum between 25 and 30 °C) at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum at pH 7.0) and with 0–6.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 1.0%). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strain was most closely related to Rudanella lutea KACC 12603T (99.5% similarity). The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), iso-C15:0, and anteiso-C15:0. The major polar lipids included posphatidylethanolamine (PE), aminolipid (AL), and phospholipids (PL). The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 54.1 mol%. The ANI and dDDH values obtained between the genomes of HX-22-17T and R. lutea KACC 12603T were 89.3% and 39.3%, respectively. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic data clearly showed that strain HX-22-17T represents a novel species of the genus Rudanella, for which the name R. paleaurantiibacter sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HX-22-17T (=KCTC 72656T = CCTCC AB 2019347T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated HYT19T, was isolated from soil of Mountain Danxia in southern China. It showed the highest similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence (97.0%) and formed a monophyletic clade with Fibrisoma limi BUZ 3T. Strain HYT19T grew at 16–37 °C (optimum 28–30 °C) and at pH 6–7. The draft genome size of strain HYT19T was 7.8 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 54.0 mol%. The digital DDH and average nucleotide identity values between strain HYT19T and F. limi BUZ 3T were 28.8% and 85.1%, respectively. MK-7 was the sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids, unidentified phospholipid and unidentified lipid. The strain contained C16:1ω5c, iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c), C16:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and anteiso-C15:0 as the major fatty acids. On the basis of phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis, we propose a new species Fibrisoma montanum sp. nov. of genus Fibrisoma. The type strain is HYT19T (= CCTCC AB 2018342T = JCM 33105T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of ω-3 fatty acids as part of parenteral nutrition is associated with clinical benefits such as a reduced likelihood of infectious complications and shorter hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays. As healthcare resources are limited, pharmacoeconomic analyses have been performed, typically modeling studies, using cost and outcomes data to investigate the cost-effectiveness of parenteral nutrition regimens including ω-3 fatty acids from fish oil compared with standard parenteral nutrition without such ω-3 fatty acids. This review covers pharmacoeconomic studies encompassing Italian, French, German, and UK hospitals for ICU and non-ICU hospitalized patients, and for ICU patients in China. The results show that the use of parenteral nutrition including ω-3 fatty acids more than offsets any additional acquisition costs in all national scenarios investigated to date, indicating that parenteral nutrition including ω-3 fatty acids is a clinically and economically beneficial strategy compared with standard parenteral nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The metabolome is a collection of exogenous chemicals and metabolites from cellular processes that may reflect the body's response to environmental exposures. Studies of air pollution and metabolomics are limited. OBJECTIVES: To explore changes in the human metabolome before, during, and after the 2008 Beijing Olympics Games, when air pollution was high, low, and high, respectively. METHODS: Serum samples were collected before, during, and after the Olympics from 26 participants in an existing panel study. Gas and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry were used in metabolomics analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA, network analysis, and enrichment analysis methods were employed to identify metabolites and classes associated with air pollution changes. RESULTS: A total of 886 molecules were measured in our metabolomics analysis. Network partitioning identified four modules with 65 known metabolites that significantly changed across the three time points. All known molecules in the first module (n=33) were lipids (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid, stearic acid). The second module consisted primarily of dipeptides (n=24, e.g., isoleucylglycine) plus 8 metabolites from four other classes (e.g., hypoxanthine, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid). Most of the metabolites in Modules 3 (19 of 23) and 4 (5 of 5) were unknown. Enrichment analysis of module-identified metabolites indicted significantly overrepresented pathways, including long- and medium-chain fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 and n6), eicosanoids, lysolipid, dipeptides, fatty acid metabolism, and purine metabolism [(hypo) xanthine/inosine-containing pathways]. CONCLUSIONS: We identified two major metabolic signatures: one consisting of lipids, and a second that included dipeptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, taurine, and xanthine. Metabolites in both groups decreased during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, when air pollution was low, and increased after the Olympics, when air pollution returned to normal (high) levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The magnitude of postprandial lipemia is influenced not only by the amount but also the type of fat and carbohydrate consumed. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in postprandial glucose and lipid responses after a mixed meal containing low- or high-glycemic-index (GI) carbohydrate and three different types of fat varying in the degree of saturation in healthy subjects.Methods: A randomized, controlled, single-blinded crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy Chinese men. Subjects consumed in random order six experimental isocaloric meals that differed in carbohydrate and fat quality, and contained 40 g of either saturated fat (SFA, butter), monounsaturated fat (MUFA, olive oil) or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA, grapeseed oil), and 50 g of either low-GI (basmati rice) or high-GI (jasmine rice) carbohydrate. Glucose, insulin, c-peptide, triglycerides (TG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured over 4 h.Results: For all substrates evaluated, there were no significant interactions between fat and carbohydrate. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for TG was significantly lower after the SFA and PUFA meals compared with the MUFA meal, irrespective of GI. No significant difference was found for NEFA iAUC in all treatments. Glucose, insulin and c-peptide iAUCs were significantly lower after ingestion of low-GI than high-GI meals, independent of the type of fat.Conclusions: A carbohydrate-rich meal (of either low or high GI) that contains butter or grapeseed oil results in lower postprandial TG concentrations relative to olive oil in healthy Chinese males. Glucose, insulin and c-peptide responses, however, are directly dependent on the GI of the meal and not on the degree of saturation of dietary fat.The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02585427. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eocene Maoming oil shale was extracted and the precipitated asphaltene was subjected to stepwise pyrolysis carried out in seven temperature steps from 310 °C to 610 °C at 50 °C intervals. The pyrolyzate at 310 °C included n -alkanes and botryococcanes in a distribution similar to the extractable lipids. Long chain n -alkanols, fatty acids (FAs) and C 29 steroids were also relatively abundant. The pyrolyzate released at 360 °C was comparable with that at 310 °C, but had a relatively high content of a steradiene (C 29 Δ 3,5 -steradiene) and several C 29 unsaturated steroid ketones derived from the pyrolysis of sterols by loss of –OH and –H. FAs were not present in the pyrolyzate at 410 °C. Among the steroid ketones, the diones made a greater contribution, indicating that these ketones were formed as secondary products during the pyrolysis. A full suite of aliphatic hydrocarbons made its first appearance at 460 °C, but steroid ketones still dominated the pyrogram. Prist-1-ene, which is frequently detected in the pyrolysis of geological macromolecules, was only a minor component, as were four unknown isomers tentatively labelled as monounsaturated C 15 isoprenoid ketones. The pyrolyzates at 510 and 560 °C were dominated by n -alkene/ n -alkane doublets which had a bimodal distribution and carbon numbers up to C 37 (at 510 °C). Only trace amounts of n -alkene/ n -alkane doublets were produced from the 610 °C pyrolysis step. The results show that stepwise pyrolysis can be a fast overview tool for studying components of the asphaltene fraction and can provide useful information on the sources of organic matter (OM) in the oil shale, including polar molecules such as sterols, ketones, and fatty acids. An obvious advantage is the avoidance of complicated pre-treatments before detection using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The data confirm the importance of algal OM in the Maoming oil shale as well as the terrigenous plant contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae have attracted much more attentions to their roles in biofuel exploration recently. In this report, one oil-rich microalgal strain (TY02) was isolated from the lawn soil in a park, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, and the morphology and phylogeny characters of the strain was systematically analyzed. Observed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy, the lipid bodies were observed clearly. After extracting the total lipid by the chloroform-methanol method, the fatty acid content and composition of the lipid bodies in the strain were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that the total lipid content of TY02 was 33.27 ± 1.13%. Among the total seven kinds of fatty acids identified in TY02, the major constituents were C16 and C18 fatty acids, taking up to 88.15%. Moreover, the predominant fatty acids were hexadecanoic acid (C16:0), 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2) and 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3). Based on the molecular markers of 18S rDNA, rbcL and ITS genes, phylogenetic trees and ITS2 secondary structure analysis all showed that the strain closed to Parachlorella kessleri. All results might bring a new view that some microalgae with potential values can be used as raw material for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) is the most prevalent aquaculture species in China. The sexual precocity in this species has received considerable attention in recent years because more and more individuals matured at a small size, which devalues the commercial production. In this study, we developed deep-coverage transcriptomic sequencing data for the ovaries of sexually precocious and normal sexually mature M. nipponense using next-generation RNA sequencing technology and attempted to provide the first insight into the molecular regulatory mechanism of sexual precocity in this species. Results: A total of 63,336 unigenes were produced from the ovarian cDNA libraries of sexually precocious and normal sexually mature M. nipponense using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Through BLASTX searches against the NR, STRING, Pfam, Swissprot and KEGG databases, 15,134 unigenes were annotated, accounting for 23.89% of the total unigenes. 5,195 and 3,227 matched unigenes were categorized by GO and COG analysis respectively. 15,908 unigenes were consequently mapped into 332 KEGG pathways, and many reproduction-related pathways and genes were identified. Moreover, 26,008 SSRs were identified from 18,133 unigenes. 80,529 and 80,516 SNPs were yielded from ovarian libraries of sexually precocious and normal sexually mature prawn, respectively, and 29,851 potential SNPs between these two groups were also predicted. After comparing the ovarian libraries of sexually precocious and normal sexually mature prawn, 549 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 9 key DEGs that may be related to sexual precocity of M. nipponense were identified. 20 DEGs were selected for validation by quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) and 19 DEGs show consistent expression between QPCR and RNAseq-based differential expression analysis datasets. Conclusion: This is the first report on the large-scale RNA sequencing of ovaries of sexually precocious and normal sexually mature M. nipponense. The annotated transcriptome data will provide fundamental support for future research into the reproduction biology of M. nipponense. The large number of candidate SNPs and SSRs detected in this study could be used as genetic markers for population genetics and functional genomics in this species. More importantly, many DEGs, especially nine key DEGs between sexually precocious and normal sexually mature prawns were identified, which will dramatically improve understanding of molecular regulatory mechanism of sexual precocity of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature is an important stress factor for warm-water marine mollusks. It is well known that lipids play an important role in the resistance of low temperature stress in mollusks. The noble scallop Chlamys nobilis is an important economic warm-water bivalve. It has been cultured in the waters of southern China since the 1980s. However, C. nobilis often experiences regional mass mortality in winter. In the present study, the variation of lipids and fatty acids in C. nobilis were studied in differentiated temperatures (water temperature was gradually decreased from 27 °C to 15, 13 and 11 °C). The results demonstrated that lipid peroxidation increased at low temperatures, gills were damaged at 13 and 11 °C, and the condition index decreased only at 11 °C. Moreover, the level of triglycerides and total cholesterol in digestive glands increased significantly at 15 and 13 °C, and the triglycerides in adductor muscles also increased significantly at low temperatures. Furthermore, the level of ∑n-6 PUFA in digestive glands and adductor muscles increased significantly, the level of ∑n-3 PUFA and EPA + DHA in adductor muscles increased significantly, whereas the level of ∑n-3 PUFA and EPA + DHA in digestive glands decreased significantly at 13 and 11 °C. This is the first report on the variations of lipids and fatty acids in mollusks under chronic low temperature stress. The present results also showed that both lipids and PUFA played important roles in animal resistance to low temperature stress, which can provide guidance for improving low temperature tolerance of bivalves. • Low temperature induce gill damage and lipids peroxidation in noble scallop. • Triglycerides and cholesterol of digestive gland increased at low temperature. • Triglycerides and cholesterol decreased at near lethal low temperature (11 °C). • Low temperature stress increase the EPA + DHA in adductor muscle. • Low temperature stress decrease the EPA + DHA in digestive gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion explosion of ordinary diesel is a global environmental problem. Green microalgae, which do not cause eutrophication, are a raw material that can be used to clean biodiesel. To increase lipid productivity, this study used a nitrogen deficient & mixotrophic (+Glucose) culture of lipid-producing microalgae Parachlorella kessleri TY from Shanxi Province, China. To examine the growth of P. kessleri TY, we measured dry weight, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence intensity under different culture conditions, in addition to the contents of neutral lipids, total lipids, and fatty acids, to examine its lipid accumulation ability. Cells were cultured in autotrophic, nitrogen deficient, mixotrophic (+Glucose), and nitrogen deficient & mixotrophic (+Glucose) conditions for 7 days. We found the growth of P. kessleri TY under nitrogen deficient & mixotrophic conditions was higher than that under the autotrophic and nitrogen deficient conditions, but lower than that under the mixotrophic (+Glucose) conditions. However, its lipid accumulation ability was significantly higher than that of control cultures. In conclusion, P. kessleri TY cultured under nitrogen-deficient and mixotrophic (+Glucose) conditions has significant lipid production capacity. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the use of microalgae as a raw material in the production of biodiesel, and promote the application of P. kessleri TY in large-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The noble scallop Chlamys nobilis is one of the most important cultured shellfish in Southern China, known for its rich total carotenoids (TCC) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, carotenoid and lipid nutritional quality of C. nobilis are greatly affected by many factors, including season, sex, and color of C. nobilis. Therefore, this study aims to assess the TCC and lipid nutritional quality of tissues of male and female, golden and brown scallops. The results of the this study revealed that golden scallops generally have much higher TCC, total lipid content (TLC) and PUFA than brown scallops, while female scallops generally have higher TCC, but lower TLC and PUFA than male scallops. In conclusion, golden scallops are more nutritious than brown scallops. Female golden scallops may be more attractive to consumers interested in high natural antioxidant (TCC), while male golden scallops may be more popular for consumers interested in high quality lipids (TLC and PUFA). These data will help consumers determine the best dietary choices based on their nutritional interests. • Golden scallops are more nutritious than brown scallops. • Female golden scallops may be more attractive to consumers interested in high natural antioxidant (carotenoids). • Male golden scallops may be more popular for consumers interested in high quality lipids (TLC and PUFA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies in teleost have demonstrated the adaptive strategy to maintain hepatic lipid homeostasis within certain limit. The excess of fat-intake could induce abnormal lipid deposition in liver but not adipose tissue. However, the molecular mechanism between the impaired lipid homeostasis and the aggravated lipid deposition in liver has not been elucidated well in fish. Methods: Four isonitrogenous diets with different fat levels (2, 7, 12 and 17%) were formulated, named L2, L7, L12 and L17 respectively, and fed Chinese perch (44.50 ± 0.25 g) to apparent satiation for five weeks. Growth index, triglyceride concentrations and expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism were measured. Results: The maximal growth performance and food intake were observed in L12 group. The lipid content in liver and serum were comparable in L2, L7 and L12 groups, while they were increased significantly in L17 group. Histology analysis also demonstrated that mass lipid droplets emerged in hepatocyte and then induced hepatic steatosis in L17 group. Compared to L2 group, the lipolytic genes related to fatty acids (FAs) transport (lpl & hl) and FAs β-oxidation (cpt1 & cs) were increased in L7 and L12 group. Relative mRNA levels of the gluconeogenesis (pc, pepck & g6pase) were also increased, in contrast, the lipogenic genes (srebp1, accα & fas) were decreased. Compared to L12 group, L17 group had higher mRNA levels of the FAs transport and the lipogenesis. But the lipolytic genes related to FAs β-oxidation were steady and the mRNA levels of gluconeogenesis were down-regulated instead. Conclusions: Within certain limit, the increase of dietary fat in L7 and L12 group was propitious to reduce the consumption of protein and improve growth performance in Chinese perch. It was due to the homeostasis of hepatic triglyceride (TG) pool and serum glucose through promoting the FAs β-oxidation and gluconeogenesis respectively. Both the increase of lipogenesis and the absence of FAs β-oxidation in L17 group could trigger the esterification of FAs, indeed, the inhibition of gluconeogenesis could also aggravate triglyceride accumulation in liver and induce hepatic steatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]