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Clustering is a complex data mining tool, useful to identify similarities in large amount of data, the medical databases being highly suitable in this regard. Our paper aims to compare the efficacy of two well-known clustering methods, the n-means algorithm and the classical hierarchical algorithm, and to apply them in analyzing a medical-economic database on dietary habits, social economic status and oral health in a sample of 326 men, aged between 25 and 30, living in the urban area – in order to identify possible associations between dietary habits and income levels. We identified 4 clusters which correspond partially to the 4 income levels recorded in the investigated sample and reveal the associated dietary habits. The n-means clustering performed better than the Single Linkage hierarchical classification, being therefore highly suitable in the analysis of socio-economic and general health data.

Table of contents Foreword Executive summary 1 Key policy insights COVID-19 and rising costs of living are threatening growth and well-being High uncertainties have dented the pace of the recovery [...]

Table of contents Foreword Executive summary 1. Key policy insights 1.1. The economy is facing external headwinds 1.2. Financial stability risks should be monitored closely 1.3. Monetary policy has been [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Greece has rebounded from the COVID-19 crisis, generating strong employment growth. Government support measures, implementation of the Greece 2.0 Recovery and Resilience Package and the reforms of the past decade have been supporting the economy. However, headwinds from surging energy prices and uncertainty following Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine have slowed the recovery. Returning the budget to surplus, better targeting energy support measures and maintaining government revenues while broadening the tax base and improving its efficiency will help sustain the recovery and Greece's prospects of achieving an investment-grade sovereign debt rating. Maintaining the reform momentum, prioritising banks' health and addressing the long-standing barriers to private investment, can help maintain this momentum into the long term. This would also support Greece in contributing its share to address climate change, by achieving net zero emissions, while raising living standards. The changing climate is already disrupting livelihoods and well-being in Greece. A well-chosen mix of carbon pricing, public infrastructure investments, raising buildings' energy efficiency and moving transport into low-emission modes can achieve emission cuts cost-effectively, while making people better off with improved housing quality and mobility. Engaging all stakeholders, maintaining a consensus and supporting vulnerable households affected by the green economy transition will help ensure progress continues into the longer term. SPECIAL FEATURE: THE GREEN ECONOMY TRANSITION, Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

FOREWORD This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Table of contents Executive summary 1 Key Policy Insights The pandemic set back positive structural developments The policy response helped keep cases relatively low The economy rebounded from the initial [...]

Table of contents Executive summary 1 Key policy insights The COVID-19 crisis hit a weakening economy The recovery will be gradual but subject to risks The COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated [...]

Table of contents Executive Summary 1 Key Policy Insights The pandemic has accentuated some persistent structural challenges Mitigating the social and economic impact of the pandemic remains a priority Spain [...]

Table of contents Executive summary 1 Key policy insights 1.1. Investing to hasten the recovery and prepare for the challenges ahead 1.2. Germany has weathered the initial stages of the [...]

Table of contents Executive Summary 1 Key policy insights The pandemic caused an economic slump in the first half of 2020 The government provided a bridge to businesses and households [...]

Executive Summary 1 Key policy insights Recent macroeconomic developments and short-term prospects Safeguarding financial stability Ensuring fiscal sustainability Medium-term policy challenges References Annex 1. Progress on structural reform 2 Technological [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

The U.S. Census Bureau is investigating nonrespondent subsampling strategies for use in the 2017 Economic Census. In previous research, we developed an optimized allocation procedure for subsampling nonrespondents that selects larger systematic samples in domains with lower initial response. This article expands on our previous research by exploring improvements to the optimal allocation method; we investigate refinements to the previous procedure that incorporate measures of respondent balance with respect to the original sample. The revised allocation procedures have simultaneous objectives of allocating high proportions of sample in domains that indicate potential nonresponse bias and of equalizing response rates across domains. We examine the effects of the alternative allocation approaches on Horvitz-Thompson estimates via a simulation study using data from the 2014 Annual Survey of Manufactures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Efficiency of Qualitative Data Clustering in Medical and Socio-Economic Surveys - Comparative Study" is an article that explores the use of clustering methods in analyzing medical and socio-economic data. The study compares the effectiveness of two clustering algorithms, the n-means algorithm and the classical hierarchical algorithm, in analyzing a database on dietary habits, socio-economic status, and oral health in a sample of men aged 25 to 30. The results indicate that the n-means clustering method outperformed the hierarchical classification method, making it suitable for analyzing socio-economic and general health data. The article also discusses the attributes of the two clustering algorithms and their application to real data, highlighting the advantages of certain methods for accurate analysis. Additionally, the article discusses the classification of data related to dietary habits and income levels, revealing correlations between income levels and dietary habits. The document suggests that further analysis of these associations can provide insights into the psychological, medical, and sociological reasons behind dietary habits. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The IMPACT survey aimed to elucidate the humanistic, clinical and economic burden of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) on individuals with OI, their families, caregivers and wider society. Research methodology, demographics and initial insights from the survey have been previously reported. The cost of illness (healthcare resource use, productivity loss, out-of-pocket spending) and drivers of the economic impact of OI are reported here. Methods: IMPACT was an international mixed-methods online survey in eight languages (fielded July–September 2021) targeting adults (aged ≥ 18 years) or adolescents (aged ≥ 12–17 years) with OI, caregivers with or without OI and other close relatives. Survey domains included demographics, socioeconomic factors, clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, quality of life and health economics. The health economic domain for adults, which included questions on healthcare resource use, productivity loss and out-of-pocket spending, was summarised. Regression and pairwise analyses were conducted to identify independent drivers and associations with respondent characteristics. Results: Overall, 1,440 adults with OI responded to the survey. Respondents were mostly female (70%) and from Europe (63%) with a median age of 43 years. Within a 12-month period, adults with OI reported visiting a wide range of healthcare professionals. Two-thirds (66%) of adults visited a hospital, and one-third (33%) visited the emergency department. The mean total number of diagnostic tests undergone by adults within these 12 months was 8.0. Adults had undergone a mean total of 11.8 surgeries up to the time point of the survey. The proportions of adults using queried consumables or services over 12 months ranged from 18–82%, depending on the type of consumable or service. Most adults (58%) were in paid employment, of which nearly one-third (29%) reported missing a workday. Of the queried expenses, the mean total out-of-pocket spending in 4 weeks was €191. Respondent characteristics such as female sex, more severe self-reported OI and the experience of fractures were often associated with increased economic burden. Conclusion: IMPACT provides novel insights into the substantial cost of illness associated with OI on individuals, healthcare systems and society at large. Future analyses will provide insights into country-specific economic impact, humanistic impact and the healthcare journey of individuals with OI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes a comprehensive approach to the issue of Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET), delving into the often overlooked role of social class disparities. By using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic model and data from the 2022 National Social Economic Survey (SUSENAS), it provides a robust exploration of the complex socioeconomic factors that shape the transition to adulthood among youth. This study contributes to understanding social stratification and its impact on NEET youth. The main finding underscores the protective role of social class against youth being NEET, revealing that adolescents from higher social class households are less likely to disengage from study or work compared to those from lower social classes. The analysis uncovers determinants of NEET youth, including, among others, being female, married, having higher education, and having a female-headed household. Meanwhile, protective factors of NEET youth include, among others, age, disability, residing in a household whose head is working, and residing in urban areas. Comparing estimation results across social classes reveals that individuals from the low social class have a significantly higher propensity to be NEET than those from the high social class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a big threat to prosperity in developing countries like Pakistan. Alleviating poverty needs concerted efforts including how to measure and analyze poverty. Therefore, this paper employs synthetic panel technique and uses repeated cross-sections household survey dataset (Household Integrated and Economic Survey (HIES)) of Pakistan for 2010–11 and 2015–16, to derive poverty bounds for Pakistan. The findings of the paper suggest that 17% of population still remains in poverty in 2015–16 as they were in 2010–11. They don't move in or out of poverty. In the same periods 19% population affected by poverty. The 2.5% poor's of 2010–11 moves out of poverty in 2015–16. This constitutes the first attempt to provide an insight into poverty dynamics in Pakistan using the available survey data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]