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In recent years, the exploration of the therapeutic potential of Salvia has gained considerable attention, leading to a growing number of scientific studies emphasizing its pharmacological properties. Despite this, therapeutic applications of Salvia remain underexploited, requiring further investigation. Iran is a major center for sage diversity in Asia, boasting 60 Salvia species, 17 of which are unique to the area. This study aimed to comprehensively explore and compare the extracts of 102 Salvia samples belonging to 20 distinct Salvia species from Iran, providing a deeper understanding of their specific polyphenol content and, consequently, their antioxidant capabilities and potential therapeutic uses. All samples were analyzed to determine the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannin, photosynthetic pigments, and ascorbic acid, along with their antioxidant activity. These data were then combined with the forty distinct chemical fingerprints identified by ultrafast high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis was employed to find correlations and differences among the huge number of data obtained and to identify Salvia species with similar phytochemical and/or antioxidant properties. The results show that each Salvia species is characterized by a distinct class of polyphenols recognized for their antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties. Overall, our findings reveal the potential of some Salvia species for targeted therapeutic applications and provide a rational basis for the development of Salvia-derived nutraceuticals, ultimately improving the prospects for the use of Salvia in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The wound healing process, restoring the functionality of the damaged tissue, can be accelerated by various compounds. The recent experimental analysis highlights the beneficial effects of phytochemicals in improving skin regeneration and wound healing. In traditional medicine, one of the widespread plants used for treating different injuries or skin afflictions is Galium aparine L. (GA). Besides, previously reported chemical compounds of GA suggested its therapeutic effects for the wound healing process, yet its regulatory effects on the cellular and molecular stages of the wound healing process have not been investigated. Methods: In the present study, the phytochemical profile of the GA extract was analyzed using HPTLC fingerprinting, and further scientific evaluation of its phytochemicals was done. The wound-healing effects of GA extract were explored at the cellular and molecular levels while accounting for cell toxicity. The wound closure enhancing effect, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity were assessed. Results: The HPTLC fingerprinting of the GA extract proved its previously reported phytochemical profile including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, plant acids, ergot alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, sterols, salicin, lipophilic compounds, saponins, iridoids, and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. Antimicrobial assessment, of the extract, indicated the more susceptibility of S. aureus to the inhibitory effects of GA rather than E. coli and S. epidermidis. DPPH test results revealed the antioxidant property of GA extract, which was comparable to ascorbic acid. The results of the viability assay showed no cytotoxicity effects on human umbilical endothelial cell (HUVEC) and normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell lines treated with different concentrations of whole plant extract and cell viability increased in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the scratch assay showed improved cell migration and wound closure. Conclusions: This study shows the anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro wound healing wound-healing effects of GA hydroalcoholic extract, which aligns with its use in traditional medicine. No cytotoxicity effects were shown. The results from this study can be the basis for further investigations such as animal models and phytochemical studies. Further evaluation of its effects on mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the wound healing processes such as angiogenesis and cell proliferation can provide novel insights into the potential therapeutic effects of the GA extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Consecutive droughts and quantitative and qualitative reduction of surface and underground water resources have caused an increase in greenhouse and hydroponic cultivation for most garden crops, including strawberries, in Iran. On the other hand, most of the inputs of greenhouse crops in Iran are imported. To possibility of replacing vermicompost with peat moss under hydroponic cultivation, an experiment was done in a split plot based on randomized complete blocks design in three replications in Isfahan (Iran) Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2019. The main treatment was substrate at four levels included different levels of vermicompost (30 and 50%) and peat moss (30 and 50%) in combination with perlite and sub-treatment were Selva and Camarosa cultivars. Results: The results showed that Camarosa cultivar and Selva cultivar in (perlite/ peat moss 50:50) and Selva cultivar in (perlite / vermicompost 70:30) had maximum yield. Leaf number and chlorophyll index were maximum in Camarosa cultivar in peat moss substrates. Strawberry cultivars had the highest root fresh weight, the content of vitamin C and total soluble solids (TSS) in substrates containing vermicompost. Camarosa cultivar in (perlite / peat moss50:50) and Selva cultivar in (perlite /vermicompost 50:50) had maximum root dry weight. Also, the highest number of inflorescences was related to substrates containing peat moss and (perlite /vermicompost 70:30). Maximum amount of fresh and dry weight of shoots were observed in (perlite/ peat moss70:30). Selva cultivar had more inflorescences (16.5%) than Camarosa cultivar and Camarosa cultivar produced more fresh and dry weight of shoots (16.5%, 23.01%) than Selva cultivar. Conclusion: Expriment results highlighted the importance of considering both main and sub-treatments in agricultural research, as they interacted to influence various growth and yield parameters. 50% vermicompost treatment combined with perlite had a positive impact on plant growth and in quality index such as vitamin C content and TSS was highest. while the choice of cultivar affected different aspects of plant development. Selva cultivar was known to be more tolerant to salinity caused by vermicompost. Vermicompost is local and more economical, also salt resistant cultivars are recommended in a controlled (30%) amount of vermicompost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnancy striae, which are highly prevalent, cause significant cosmetic concerns for most women and pose challenges regarding its prevention and treatment. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of vitamin C cream on pregnancy striae in primiparous women. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on 60 primiparous women with a gestational age of 18-20 weeks who were referred to Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital in Tehran City, Iran, from July 2022 to January 2023. The subjects were recruited by continuous sampling and then assigned to the intervention (n=30) and placebo (n=30) groups using blocked randomization with the Sealed Envelope online software. The intervention group used the creams twice a day for 4 months on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts, and buttocks. The control group used the placebo cream in the same way as the intervention group. The severity and number of striae were assessed using the Atwal striae gravidarum (SG) score. The assessments were performed before the intervention and also in the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 16th weeks after the start of the intervention. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (relative frequency and Mean±SD) and inferential statistics (the chi-square test and independent t-test) using SPSS software, version 16. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of personal and midwifery characteristics (P>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the incidence of pregnancy striae at all follow-up times. The use of vitamin C cream had a significant effect in reducing the number and severity of pregnancy striae (P<0.001). Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing pregnancy striae and its affordability, safety, and acceptability for pregnant women, it can be recommended for the prevention of pregnancy striae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Verbascum, belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, has a significant center of diversity in Iran. Two of its species, V. erianthum and V. stachydiforme, originate in the Iranian-Turanian region, but no studies have been conducted on the induction of their hairy roots. This genus is a valuable source of biologically active compounds such as iridoid glycosides and flavonoids. Hairy root culture is a suitable technique for the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Three different studies were conducted to optimize the induction and establishment of hairy roots. In the first experiment, the influence of explant type (leaf and hypocotyl), six infection methods, and co-culture time (48 and 72 h) on the efficiency of hairy root induction was investigated. The results showed that the highest hairy root induction (68.18%) was observed in the leaf explants inoculated by direct infection with three wounds within 72 h co-culture time. In the second experiment, the effect of four Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (ATCC 15834, A4, A7, and A13) and leaf age (14, 21, and 28 days) on transformation efficiency and some morphological traits examined in both species were studied. The high transformation efficiency of hairy root (80.55%) was detected in the 21-day-old leaf explant of V. erianthum species that was inoculated with the A13 strain. The transformed hairy root colons were confirmed by PCR using rolB gene-specific primers. To optimize hairy root growth and avoid tissue browning, hairy roots were cultured in various media containing different antioxidants and improver agents (including ascorbic acid, citric acid, and NAA). The results showed that the highest fresh growth index (20.42) and the lowest tissue browning (9%) as well as total phenol (8.51 mg GA/g DW), and total flavonoid content (4.42 mg QUE/g DW) were obtained in medium B5 with 1.5 mg/l NAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, which is usually caused by the most common premalignant lesion of oral leukoplakia (OL). For changes of dysplasia and malignancy, the level of antioxidants in the blood and tissue of patients changes significantly, which may be effective in early diagnosis of malignancies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) in the blood of patients with OSCC and OL. Material & Methods: This study is a case-control study and was conducted on 75 blood samples of patients with OSCC and OL referred to the Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam. Enzymatic antioxidants [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, vitamin E) were evaluated in the blood of patients. The data obtained from this study were evaluated by ANOVA test and the significance level (P<0.5) was considered. Results: The results showed that the mean age in the HC group was similar in both sexes, while in the OL group, the age of women was 4 years younger, and in the OSCC group, the age of women was 2 years older than men. CAT, as an antioxidant indicator, significantly increased in the OL group compared to the HC group and OSCC group (P < 0.000). Also, CAT and SOD activity in OSCC serum samples significantly decreased compared to the HC group (P < 0.000). GPx also showed a significant decrease in both OL and OSCC groups compared to the HC group (P < 0.000). The results related to the non-enzymatic antioxidant factors, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid, significantly decreased in both OL and OSCC groups compared to the HC group (beta-carotene (P < 0.000), vitamin E (P < 0.000), and ascorbic acid (P < 0.000)). Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study show that the level of enzymatic antioxidants and beta-carotene in is not related to the degree of dysplasia of oral leukoplakia, therefore, it is not possible to predict the probability of occurrence of malignant oral lesions based on the measurement of the level of antioxidants in patients with OL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is one of the medicinal plants of Anacardiaceae family and widely used as a spice in Iran and Arab countries. Rhus coriaria var. zebaria is a small tree or large shrub, wildly growing in Iraq and described as a new variety with special characteristics. These increase the importance of studying sumac in these areas. Here, the phytochemical variations and the antibacterial activity of 50 accessions of this variety from five different climatic conditions was evaluated in order to identify the best accession to use and the best area for its cultivation. This is the most comprehensive study on this plant. Essential oil compounds were identified using GC–MS method and according to the results, Z, E-2,13-octadecadien, caryophyllene oxide, 2,4-decadienal, E-caryophyllene and nonanoic acid were among the main compounds. Also, the variety is a rich source of minerals including K, Ca, Mg, Na, P, and N. Sumac fruit extract from Akre Xerds had the highest anthocyanin and the lowest amount was from Kavilca region. The radical scavenging effect of extract from Dostic area in the concentration of 400 µg/mL is closer to the effect of ascorbic acid. The largest inhibition was found in the sumac extracted oil of Xasto Zhere area against S. aureus in compared with penicillin and amoxicillin and enrofloxacin antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoporosis, a prevalent bone malady, is prevalent in Iran. Several studies have represented the role of dietary antioxidants on osteoporosis. The dietary antioxidant index (DAI) is a valid and reliable index, which indicates a comprehensive view of dietary antioxidant capacity. This study aimed to survey the relationship of the DAI with the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Iran. This research aimed to examine the association between the DAI and the risk of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 440 postmenopausal women (220 cases and 220 controls) were enrolled. The dietary intake of contributors was evaluated using a 147-item food frequency questionnaire. To estimate the DAI, the amount of six antioxidant micronutrients such as Vitamins A, C, and E, selenium, manganese, and zinc was standardized. Then, the DAI was estimated by collecting the standardized consumption of these antioxidant micronutrients. Results: Our findings represented the participants in the first (crude odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-2.85, P = 0.013) and second (crude OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.01-2.55, P = 0.043) tertiles of the DAI scores had significantly higher odds of osteoporosis compared to those in the third one; while after modifying for confounding factors, this significant reverse relationship was observed just between women in the first and third tertiles of the DAI scores (adjusted OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.34-3.18, P = 0.015). Conclusion: The consequence of this study suggested that adherence to a diet rich in antioxidant compounds may have protective effects against osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginitis in childbearing women. Despite the availability of various treatments, recurrence rates are high. This study investigated the effects and side effects of vitamin C vaginal tablets in patients with Gardnerella vaginalis infection based on Amsel criteria and the culture. Methods: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 48 non-pregnant women aged 15-40 years referred to Alawi Hospital in Ardabil Province, Iran. After the diagnosis of G. vaginalis infection based on Amsel criteria and culture methods, the patients were randomly assigned to receive either intravaginal 250 mg vitamin C (intervention group, n=24) or 250 mg metronidazole tablets (control group, n=24) for eight nights. The patients were evaluated 10 ± 2 and 30 ± 2 days before and after the treatment. Results: Culture and Amsel criteria showed significant improvement in both groups during the first and fourth weeks of treatment. However, the intervention group that received vitamin C showed a more substantial improvement (P<0.002, P<0.001). Intravaginal vitamin tablets were more effective than metronidazole tablets in treating G. vaginalis infection. Furthermore, vitamin C tablets improved the abnormal growth of vaginal microflora and reduced the abnormally high pH of the vagina. This treatment effectively prevented the recurrence of G. vaginalis infection for one month. Conclusion: Vitamin C vaginal tablets showed to be a promising alternative treatment for G. vaginalis infection, but further research is needed to confirm these findings and address potential limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potatoes are a staple food with high antioxidant properties that can positively affect population health. The beneficial effects of potatoes have been attributed to tuber quality. However, the tuber quality related researches at genetic levels are very few. Sexual hybridization is a powerful strategy for producing new and valuable genotypes with high quality. In this study, 42 breeding potato genotypes in Iran were selected based on appearance characteristics such as shape, size, color, eyes of tubers, and tuber yield and marketability. The tubers were evaluated for their nutritional value and properties, viz. phenolic content, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, sugars, proteins, and antioxidant activity. Potato tubers with white flesh and colored skin had significantly higher levels of ascorbic acid and total sugar. The result showed that higher phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, protein concentration, and antioxidant activity were noted in yellow-fleshed. Burren (yellow-fleshed) tubers had more antioxidant capacity in comparison to genotypes and cultivars, which did not differ significantly with genotypes 58, 68, 67 (light yellow), 26, 22, and 12 (white). The highest correlation coefficients in antioxidant compounds were related to total phenol content and FRAP, suggesting that phenolics might be crucial predictors of antioxidant activities. The concentration of antioxidant compounds in the breeding genotypes was higher than in some commercial cultivars, and higher antioxidant compounds content and activity were detected in yellow-fleshed cultivars. Based on current results, understanding the relationship between antioxidant compounds and the antioxidant activity of potatoes could be very helpful in potato breeding projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the application of Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy as a noninvasive technique combined with chemometric methods has been widely noted for quality evaluation of agricultural products. Mulberry (Morus alba var. nigra L.) is a native fruit of Iran and there is limited information about its quality characteristics. The present study aims at assessing a nondestructive optical method for determining the internal quality of mulberry juice. To do so, first, FT‐IR spectra were acquired in the spectral range 1000–8333 nm. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the principal components (PCs) which were given as inputs to three predictive models (support vector regression (SVR), partial least square (PLS), and artificial neural network (ANN)) to predict the internal parameters of the mulberry juice. The performance of predictive models showed that SVR got better results for the prediction of ascorbic acid (R2 =.84, RMSE = 0.29), acidity (R2 =.71, RMSE = 0.0004), phenol (R2 =.35, RMSE = 0.19), total anthocyanin (R2 =.93, RMSE = 5.85), and browning (R2 =.89, RMSE = 0.062) compared to PLS and ANN. However, the ANN predicted the parameters TSS (R2 =.98, RMSE = 0.003) and pH (R2 =.99, RMSE = 0.0009) better than the other two models. The results indicated that a good prediction performance was obtained using the FT‐IR technique along with SVR and this method could be easily adapted to detect the quality parameters of mulberry juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Deficiencies of micronutrients increase the risk of various infections in HIV-infected patients. Zinc deficiency in HIV-infected patients maybe associated with decreased CD4 cell counts. Objectives: In this regard, the present study investigated the association between serum zinc levels, macro/micronutrient intake, and CD4 counts in HIV patients. Methods: The research population of this study included 194 adult HIV patients aged 18 to 70 years referred to Shiraz Behavioral Diseases Center, Shiraz, Iran. The CD4 cell counts were extracted from patients' records. Serum zinc level was measured using atomic absorption method. Univariate and multivariate comparison of macro/micronutrient and food items with CD4 cells was performed using linear regression and SPSS20, and P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Fifty-seven percent were male, and the mean age and SD of total participants was 43.76 ± 9.06 years. The association between serum zinc levels and CD4 serum count is close to the significance level (P = 0.05), but the dietary zinc intake was not significantly correlated with serum CD4 counts (P = 0.26). Vegetable intake (P< 0.001) and fruits (P = 0.01) as well as absorption of vitamin A (P = 0.002), vitamin C (P < 0.001), beta-carotene (P = 0.002), folate (P = 0.05), and fiber (P = 0.01) from diet showed a direct and significant association with serum CD4 levels in HIV patients. Consumption of hydrogenated oils (P = 0.04) showed a significant inverse association with serum CD4 levels in these patients. Conclusions: Evaluation of serum micro/macronutrients can play an essential role in the development of appropriate dietary and supplement guidelines provided by the healthcare system for HIV-infected patients, and it can influence the decision- and policy-making regarding the control of non-pharmacological management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that adherence to dietary patterns rich in plant-based foods may reduce the odds of osteoarthritis; however, limited data are available on the association of consumption of diets rich in phytochemicals and odds of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). In this case–control study conducted in Iran, we aimed to investigate whether a higher dietary phytochemical index (DPI) is associated with decreased odds of having KOA. A total of 124 cases aged 20–60 years diagnosed with bilateral primary KOA according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria and 124 controls frequency-matched on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were included in the study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect information on dietary intakes. To calculate DPI scores, the dietary energy derived from foods rich in phytochemicals (kcal) was divided by the participant's total daily energy intake (kcal). Patients with KOA had lower intakes of dietary fiber (P = 0.004), vitamin A (P = 0.007), vitamin C (P = 0.001), and folate (P = 0.021) compared to controls. In the crude model, individuals in the third tertile of DPI had 65% lower odds of having KOA compared to those in the first tertile (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.67, P-trend = 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, including age, sex, physical activity, smoking, and supplement use, this inverse association remained significant (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.73, P-trend = 0.004). After further adjustment for BMI, this inverse association between DPI and odds of KOA also remained significant (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.69, P-trend = 0.003). These findings suggest that adherence to a phytochemical-rich diet, as indicated by the increasing DPI score, is associated with lower odds of KOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important problems in the field of cultivation and production of garden products, especially oranges, is the irrigation of the plant and its amount. Iran has many challenges in growing and producing orange fruit due to its diverse climate and being located in a dry region. Based on, in the present study, the effect of water stress and storage time of the product in cold storage (fruits of Thomson Novell cultivar after harvest in cold storage at 5 ° C and 85% humidity for 90 days and Valencia oranges at 20 ° C for Stored for 30 days) on chemical properties (antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid content), physical (weight, width, length, volume, volume, weight and weight of the extract), color characteristics and sensory properties were evaluated. The physical changes of Thomson and Valencia oranges in the samples without water stress on the first day were not significantly different, although minor reduction in storage time. According to the results, the highest weight loss, extract weight, antioxidant, ascorbic acid and volume of orange varieties during storage were in samples under dehydration stress. The color components include brightness, a * and b * decreased in Thomson orange samples under water stress and during storage, but the Valencia orange but did not significant difference was observed. Sensory properties of bad taste and bitterness were higher in oranges under water stress and scored lower in terms of sensory evaluators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caprifig is a valuable candidate for fig breeding programs as it typically grows naturally under nonoptimal conditions. The present study was carried out to evaluate the biochemical/morphological characteristics of 18 caprifig cultivars indigenous to the Darab region/southern Iran with 4 replications in a completely randomized block design. From each cultivar, healthy uniform leaf samples and spring fruits were taken and analyzed. Our results showed that 'Naneghasem' had the highest leaf atocopherol and polyphenol concentration. The highest leaf ascorbic acid concentration was obtained from the Gol Khengi cultivar (17.03 µg g1 fresh weight). Also, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins were significantly different among the studied cultivars. Various cultivars had different absorption potentials for essential elements as macro and micronutrients concentration in the leaves were statistically different in various caprifigs; 'Naneghasem' had the highest Ca (4.46 mg g1 dry weight) and Fe (67.71 mg kg1 dry weight) concentration and the highest leaf K concentration (22.46 mg g1 dry weight) was observed in 'Mahali Layzengan'. In conclusion, 'Naneghasem' was evaluated as a cultivar which seems to be more morphologicallyand biochemicallydistant from other studied caprifig varieties and probably more adaptable/tolerant to environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seedless barberry fruit is native small fruit in Iran. To examine the impact of various drying methods and storage on the biochemical attributes (Vitamin C, Anthocyanin, Phenol, pH, TA), color index (a*, b*, L*, ab, and Chroma), drying time, and fruit microstructure (by SEM) of seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris var. asperma), and effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff), specific energy consumption (SEC), energy efficiency (EE) of the dryers, this experiment was performed. Drying treatments include microwave (100, 170, and 270 W), oven (60 and 70 °C), cabinet (50 and 70 °C), shade, sun, and fresh samples (control) and storage 6 months after drying (in polyethylene packaging and at a temperature of 5–10 °C). Results showed minimum and maximum drying times (50 min and 696 h), were related to microwave (270 W) and shade methods, respectively. The highest color values were observed in fruits treated with control, shade and sun treatments and the lowest values were observed in cabinet (70 °C) methods. According to the SEM results, microwave significantly affected surface structure of the dried sample compared to others. The findings indicated that the use of artificial drying methods than natural methods (sun and shade) cause a more significant reduction in color indexes, while vitamin C, soluble solids, and anthocyanin were significantly maintained at a high level. Storage reduced anthocyanin content of fruits almost 12%. Moreover, it was discovered EE and SEC values varied in the range of 1.16–25.26% and 12.20–1182 MJ/kg, respectively. Deff values were higher in microwave 270 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post -harvest techniques of medicinal plants such as drying, is very important in their production cycle. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different drying methods on some phytochemical traits of Chuchak in the spring of 2020 based on the completely randomized design with three replications. The chuchak samples were collected in the vegetative stage from the gardens of Noor city, Iran. The drying treatments were shade -drying at room temperature (25 ±3°C), sun -drying, oven -drying (45, 55 and 65°C), vacuum oven -drying (45, 55 and 65°C), microwave -drying (200, 500 and 800 watts), and fresh samples. The studied traits were moisture content based on fresh and dry weight, drying time and speed, ascorbic acid content, protein content, total carbohydrate content, total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The results of the variance analysis showed the significant effect of drying methods on all studied properties of the samples (P ≤0.01). The mean comparison showed that the minimum drying time and the maximum speed drying were related to the microwave (800watts). The highest amount of ascorbic acid (385.72 µg/mg), protein (19.72%), total phenol (47.19 mg GA per 1 g dry matter), total flavonoids (50.96 mg quercetin per 1 g dry matter) as well as antioxidant activity (76.02%) was observed in the fresh plant and then in the oven -drying (55°C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous multiple-choice food-based food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were not validated against weighed dietary records (WDRs) in Iran. This study investigated the validity and reproducibility of a multiple-choice semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) in adults living in central Iran. Patients with diabetes and their spouses were asked to complete 3 SQ-FFQs by interview, and nine 3-day WDRs, over 9 months. They provided 2 blood samples to assess serum calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin C levels. The Pearson and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to assess reproducibility and validity. The degree of misclassification was explored using a contingency table of quartiles which compare the information between third FFQ and WDRs. The method of triads was incorporated to assess validity coefficients between estimated intakes using third FFQ, WDRs, and biochemical markers and assumed true intakes. A total of 180 participants aged 48.9 ± 8.4 years completed the study. Compared to WDRs, FFQs overestimated all nutrient intakes except for iron. The median intraclass correlation between FFQs was 0.56. The median de-attenuated, age, sex, and education adjusted partial correlation coefficients for validity were 0.17 and 0.26 for FFQ1-WDRs and FFQ3-WDRs, respectively. The FFQ3 validity coefficients for vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and zinc were 0.13, 0.62, 0.89, and 0.66, respectively, using the triads method. The median exact agreement and complete disagreement between FFQ3 and WDRs were 33% and 6%, respectively. The SQ-FFQ seems to be an acceptable tool to assess the long-term dietary intake for future large-scale studies in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the effects of humic acid concentration, its application methods as well as nitrogen ratios on the morphological, yield and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cv. Paros, during 2014–2015 in Ardabil Province, Iran. The study has been conducted within the framework of a double split plot randomized complete block design with three replications and density of 10 plants per replications. Different nitrogen levels (50, 100 and 150 kg ha−1) were examined in the main plots while application methods of humic acid (foliar and soil) and its different concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 6 kg ha−1) were considered in the subplots and sub-sub plots, respectively. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the interaction effects of different concentrations of nitrogen, humic acid and its application methods are significant on most of the measured variables at 5% probability level. Mean comparisons showed that the highest values for the leaf area, fruit yield, chlorophyll a, carotenoids and titratable acidity are associated with the combined treatments of nitrogen and humic acid with concentrations of 100 kg ha−1 and 4 kg ha−1, respectively. In three-way interactions, the highest shoot and root biomass and total chlorophyll content were obtained from the application of 100 kg ha−1nitrogen and 4 kg ha−1 foliar humic acid, while the highest nitrogen and protein contents of leaf and root were achieved upon applying 2 kg ha−1 foliar humic acid and 150 kg ha−1 nitrogen. Moreover, the highest amounts of ascorbic acid and total soluble solids were found at a concentration level of 100 kg ha−1 nitrogen along with applying 2 and 6 kg ha−1 foliar and soil humic acids, respectively. Finally, the best results of most of the studied traits were observed at 100 kg ha−1 nitrogen and 4 kg ha−1 foliar humic acid application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the cross-sectional association between dietary intakes of antioxidants and fibre and depressive symptoms among Iranian adolescent girls. Design: A cross-sectional population-based study. Setting: Primary schools in two different cities located in northeastern Iran (Mashhad and Sabzevar). Participants: A total of 988 adolescent girls aged 12–18 years were included in the study. Results: Subjects with no or minimal depression symptoms had significantly higher dietary intakes of α-carotene (P = 0·01), β-carotene (P = 0·006), lutein (P = 0·03) and vitamin C (P = 0·04) when compared with subjects with mild-to-severe depression symptoms. Soluble dietary fibre and insoluble dietary fibre intakes were also significantly higher in healthy adolescents compared with those with depression symptoms (P < 0·001). In multivariate-adjusted model 2, the OR (95 % CI) of depressive symptoms were 0·61 (95 % CI 0·37, 1·01), 0·42 (95 % CI 0·26, 0·69), 0·50 (95 % CI 0·31, 0·79), 0·71 (95 % CI 0·44, 1·15), 0·51 (95 % CI 0·32, 0·82) and 0·42 (95 % CI 0·25, 0·68) for the highest v. lowest quartile of vitamin C, β-carotene, α-carotene, lutein, soluble dietary fibre and insoluble dietary fibre cereal intakes, respectively. Conclusions: Dietary intake of some antioxidants and dietary fibre intake was inversely associated with depression symptoms among Iranian adolescent girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease and is one of the most costly medical conditions that imposed families with catastrophic health expenditures. There is an increasing trend in using alternative medicines including, dietary supplements, herbs, vitamins, and minerals. To date, the association between dietary as well as herbal supplements and QoL in MS patients is under researched; thus, this study aimed to assess the association between the self-reported supplement used and QoL between MS patients.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with MS referring to Shahid Kazemi Pharmacy, based in the city of Tehran, Iran, as a national pharmacy providing specialized pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical care to patients. The Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQoL-54) tools was performed to evaluate MS patients QoL.Results: A total number of 382 patients with MS participated in this study. They include 89 (23.3%) men and 293 (76.7%) women, aged 40 ± 10.9 years old. The overall score of the MSQoL-54 questionnaire was 41.58 out of 100. Physical health composite (PHC) and mental health composite (MHC) were 69.60 and 62.99 from 100, respectively. This study revealed that 76.4% of patients used at least one vitamin daily; 92.4% of patients do not receive any herbal product. Vitamin D is the most widely used supplement, followed by calcium, while vitamin C is the least consumed. No correlation was observed regarding supplement use and overall QoL, PHC, or MHC. There were no significant differences between QoL's dimensions score in patients who used supplements. The results showed that increasing the number of supplements used did not relate to overall QoL, PHC, or MHC. In addition, there was not any correlation between the duration used of supplements and QoL's dimensions score in MS patients (p-value> 0.05).Conclusions: The dietary supplement appears to be popular among MS patients. The study results showed that the number of supplementations and their long-term use in patients with MS were not associated with higher QoL. Similarly, the herbal supplements have failed to improve QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting crop yield and foliar application of phytoprotectants is an important management strategy for increasing crop resistance to drought stress. This research was conducted at Rice Research Station of Tonekabon, Iran, in 2018 by using a split-plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Main plots were irrigation regimes [common irrigation (control), and irrigation withold from tillering stage (45 days after transplanting)] and subplots were foliar application of phytoprotectants (control, selenium, silicon, ascorbic acid, salicylic acid). The results showed that irrigation withold from tillering stage caused a 29.3% reduction in grain yield in the absence of foliar application. Drought stress decreased plant height, tiller number and 1000-grain weight by 15.5, 14.95 and 3.34%, respectively. Drought stress increased proline content by 115%. Also, in the irrigation withold from tillering stage, foliar application with selenium, silicon, ascorbic acid, and salicylic acid led to increase in floret fertility percentage and 1000-grain weight, thereby increasing the grain yield up to 32.6, 31.9, 35.3 and 33.3%, respectively, compared to no foliar application (control). In general, the results of this study showed that foliar application of phytoprotectants can reduce the adverse effects of drought stress and improve the grain yield of rice under drought stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The green space of parks with its vegetation population of trees and shrubs plays a key role in air purification and the absorption of air pollutions, thereby contributing to the alleviation of environmental pollutions. The present factorial experiment was carried out in urban parks with 18 treatments. The leaf samples of 18 ornamental species were collected in two sites [(1) the margin and (2) the downtown] of Rasht city in north of Iran. Then, they were subjected to the measurement of leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll content, leaf extract pH, and ascorbic acid content to evaluate their air pollution tolerance index (APTI). The tolerance of the species was assessed by two methods: the comparison of their APTI with the average APTI of all species and the use of a constant APTI as a standard. The results showed that the species differed in their tolerance in different sites. Among the studied 18 species, Yucca filamentosa and Berberis thunbergii were identified as air pollution-tolerant species, so they are recommended for the use in parks. Yucca had an APTI of 78.24 and Berberis had an APTI of 67.56. The lowest APTI was obtained from Fraxinus excesio and Ligustrum texanum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Piyarom' dates are one of the most important commercial date cultivars grown in Iran but fruit quality and postharvest losses can be a problem. Thinning and the use of bunch covers were examined to improve the date fruit quality. Three different levels of fruit thinning were applied (without thinning, removal of one third of total strands from terminal tips during pollination and removal of one third of terminal tips of central strands in early kimri). In addition, the effects of bunch covers were assessed with the use of polyethylene bunch covers that were applied in the early stages of Khalal. The results showed that bunch covering reduced the lightness of the fruit but increased bunch weight, fruit length, total antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds compared to the control. Thinning during pollination increased the weight of the fruit compared to the control. The thinning during Kimri stage increased the percentage of Tamar and ascorbic acid content. These results show that the use of covers play a positive role in increasing quality and bunch weight and thinning at both pollination and Kimri ripening stage is recommended to produce high quality 'Piyarom' dates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry is small fleshy fruit, with high values of biochemical contents. The essential effects of strawberry in human health have been approved due to significant amount of its vitamin C, antioxidant, phenolic compounds and anthocyanin. Wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.), from Rosaceae family, grows wildly in some north regions of Iran and have been traditionally used for food and medicinal purposes. In this study, five wild strawberry populations from Gilan province in the north of Iran, were used to investigate the value of chemical traits including; total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C and bioactive content; antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin and total phenolic content. Among these five populations, Masoleh population showed the highest value of assessing factors while Ardeh population had the lowest. The total phenolic content was statistically correlated to the antioxidant activity (r = + 0.99; p < 0.05) and total anthocyanin content (r = +0.93; p < 0.05). Correlation matrix of biochemical contents showed that the climate condition (altitude, longitude, latitude) of collected fruits can be related to the biochemical quantity. According to the results, high concentration of the antioxidant activity was presented in the Iranian wild strawberries. Current study suggests that environmental factors can change the antioxidant capacity and biochemical compositions of wild strawberry. To sum it up, wild strawberry populations of Iran can be considered as a good source for breeding program, plus it may be introduced as a fruit with great value for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study will evaluate the main hypothesis that supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E significantly improves the severity and mortality rate in ICU patients with COVID-19.Trial Design: This study is a randomized, single-blinded, two-arm (1:1 ratio) parallel group clinical trial.Participants: We are conducting this study in patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units at the Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex in Tehran, Iran. The inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) aged between 20 and 60 years, (2) both male and female patients with COVID-19, (3) clinical or definitive diagnosis (using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test), (4) patients have not participated in other clinical trials, and (5) no renal or hepatic abnormalities. The exclusion criteria are as follows: (1) patients with specific and rare viral diseases such as HIV and (2) patients who have been undergoing chemotherapy for the past month.Intervention and Comparator: Duration of intervention: 7 days from randomization Intervention in the treatment group: Vitamin A 25,000 IU daily Vitamin D 600,000 IU once during study Vitamin E 300 IU twice daily Vitamin C is taken four times per day B vitamins are taken as a daily Soluvit [which included thiamine nitrate 3.1 mg, sodium riboflavin phosphate 4.9 mg (corresponding to vitamin B2 3.6 mg), nicotinamide 40 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride 4.9 mg (corresponding to vitamin B6 4.0 mg), sodium pantothenate 16.5 mg (corresponding to pantothenic acid 15 mg), sodium ascorbate 113 mg (corresponding to vitamin C 100 mg), biotin 60 μg, folic acid 400 μg, and cyanocobalamin 5 μg] The control group will not receive any supplements or placebo. All supplements are made in Iran except for Soluvit (from Fresenius Kabi, New Zealand).Main Outcomes: 1. Weight, height, and BMI 2. Severity of pulmonary involvement according to CT scan 3. Respiratory support (invasive or non-invasive) 4. Percentage of oxygen saturation (SpO2 level) 5. Serum levels of WBC, CRP, ESR, IL6, IFN-G, and TNF-α 6. The patient's body temperature 7. The presence or absence of involvement of organs other than the lungs (e.g., heart, liver, kidneys) 8. Duration of hospitalization 9. Mortality rate RANDOMIZATION: At baseline, eligible patients were randomly assigned to a 1:1 ratio to one of two groups: intervention and control. Block randomization is used based on the gender of patients.Blinding (masking): Patients are unaware of being placed in the intervention or control groups after signing consent. All treatment staff will be aware of which group each of the patients is in due to the specific conditions of the ICU and the absence of placebo for the control group.Numbers To Be Randomized (sample Size): The researchers plan to include 60 patients in total, with 30 patients in each group.Trial Status: This is the first version of the protocol which started on April 2, 2020. Recruitment began April 2, 2020, and is expected to be complete by July 4, 2020.Trial Registration: The Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20200319046819N1 . Registered on April 4, 2020 FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol (Fig. 1, Table 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Among the plants with multiple healing properties and a long and common history of use in Iranian traditional medicine, is dog-rose plant with the scientific name of “Rosa canina” that belongs to the Rosaceae family. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of Rosa canina in treatment of different body organs and tissues and emphasizes its therapeutic mechanism. Methods & Materials This is a review study. About 176 papers published from 2010 to 2018 were extracted from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Ovid, MagIran, and SID databases using related keywords and entered into study. Ethical Considerations Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors. Results Different studies had indicated the importance of Rosa canina as a medicinal plant protecting liver, lowering glucose and lipid levels, and having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The highest flavonoid activity in the Rosaceae family is related to Rosa canina. The use of herbal extracts in the treatment of common diseases, such as diabetes, fatty liver, urinary tract and Alzheimer's, has been recommended. Conclusion High qualitative and quantitative diversity of effective ingredients, ease of access, absence of adverse effects of consumption and endemic nature of Rosa canina plant make it necessary to use it for the control and treatment of common human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Saliva is the first body fluid that is exposed to the free radicals found in cigarette smoke. Antioxidant substances in saliva, such as vitamin C, play an important role in the defense mechanism against free radicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin C on the total antioxidant capacity of saliva in smokers. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 healthy male smokers who referred to the dental clinic in Rafsanjan in 2017. Individuals were randomly divided into three groups. The first and second groups received 500 and 1000 mg of vitamin C boiling tablets for three weeks. The third group did not receive any vitamin C supplements. The total antioxidant capacity of saliva was measured using an antioxidant kit and an ELISA reader. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparisons test. Results: The results showed that the mean total antioxidant capacity of saliva after the intervention was found statistically significant among groups (P<0.001). However, the mean total antioxidant capacity of saliva did not differ in the groups receiving 500 and 1000 mg of vitamin C (P=0.420). Conclusion: The results showed that taking vitamin C increased the total antioxidant capacity of saliva in smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are limited data on the role of nutrient patterns in development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of the study is to document the relationship between nutrient patterns and PCOS. Methods: In this study, 281 incident PCOS women and 472 controls were interviewed through the endocrine clinics between February 2013 and March 2015 in Tehran, Iran. Usual dietary intakes were obtained using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis was conducted on the basis of 32 nutrients. Unconditional logistic regression was performed to ascertain odds ratios. The p<0.05 was considered for significance level. Results: In principal component analysis two nutrient patterns emerged. Factor 1 had high loadings for riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, thiamin, magnesium, pantothenic acid, cobalamin, vitamin C, folate, vitamin D, total fiber, selenium, phosphorus, vitamin E, manganese, vitamin K, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, potassium and vegetable protein. Factor 2 characterized by high loadings for carbohydrate, animal protein, fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid, sodium, biotin, copper, iron, fluoride, zinc, and calcium. After adjusting for potential confounders, the risk of PCOS was significantly higher in the highest tertile of factor 2 (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.69-3.21). Conversely, being in the highest tertile of factor 1 was associated with a lower risk of PCOS (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.21-0.82). Conclusion: Our results provide a possible new insight into the interactions between nutrient intakes and PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), as a way to assess the dietary intake in comparison with other methods, is easier to analyze and takes less time and is less costly. Our aim in this study was to develop and validate an FFQ for estimating the intakes of selected antioxidants in elderly Iranian people. Materials and Methods: A total of 185 elderly people were randomly selected. Three-day food records were completed by the subjects and collected every 2 months and dietary intake levels of zinc, selenium, carotenes and vitamins C and E were estimated. Based on the food records data, geographic location, and age, an FFQ was designed to estimate antioxidant intakes during 1 year. In addition, for controlling energy intake, 2-day food records were also collected with the food frequency questionnaire. To assess the reliability, 40 individuals were asked to complete the FFQ twice with an interval of 3 months in between. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the two FFQs for antioxidant C, antioxidant E, carotene, selenium, and zinc were 0.62, 0.47, 0.51, 0.54, and 0.58, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients between the FFQ and the food records, after controlling energy for vitamin C, vitamin E, carotene, selenium, and zinc, were 0.46, 0.48, 0.38, 0.55, and 0.47 respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, considering the fact that the FFQ was designed for the elderly and the special conditions (patience, memory, etc.) and vulnerability of this age group, the questionnaire is relatively valid and reliable to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E and C are well‑known antioxidant vitamins. Oxidative stress is common in chronic kidney diseases. We evaluated 43 dialysis subjects prospectively in a cross‑sectional survey. Serum vitamin E concentration was checked in all subjects; 37 cases underwent blood sampling for measurement of serum vitamin C. The enrolled subjects consisted of 12 (27.9%) peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 25 (58.1%) hemodialysis (HD) patients. Six (13.9%) patients were switched from PD to HD or vice versa. Serum concentration of vitamin E was normal, low and high in 9 (20.9%), 31 (72%) and 3 (7.1%) patients, respectively. There were no significant differences regarding age, gender, modality and duration of dialysis, and characteristics of dialysis sessions, mean serum blood urea nitrogen, and albumin levels between vitamin E deficient cases with those with normal serum vitamin E concentration (P > 0.05 for all). The serum vitamin C levels were low in 5 (13.5%) and normal in 32 (86.5%) patients. vitamin C deficiency was more prevalent in HD versus continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients (P = 0.128). Mean serum vitamin C concentration was higher in patients who were supplemented by vitamin C compared with those who didn't receive the vitamin supplement (P = 0.043). Vitamin E deficiency was a prevalent finding and supplementary vitamin C 30-60 mg/day was sufficient to prevent deficiency. Regular assessments of serum vitamin E level may be needed in dialysis centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Improvement of endothelial dysfunction could prevent or delay the occurrence of the atherosclerosis process in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). It is suggested that Vitamin C could improve endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we investigated whether administration of Vitamin C as a water-soluble antioxidant could be effective in this regard among patients with KD. Materials and Methods: In this case control analytic-experimental study, children aged 3-18 years with KD, and a group of healthy children evaluated. Vitamin C (250 mg/daily) administrated for the two studied groups for 1 month. Endothelial function evaluated by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and intima-media thickness (IMT) measurement using vascular Doppler ultrasonography, before and after trial. Results: In this study, 16 patients with KD and 19 normal children were studied. At baseline mean of IMT and FMD was not different in the two studied groups (P > 0.05). After Vitamin C administration IMT decreased significantly in two studied groups (from 27.06 ± 6.27 to 21.56 ± 3.77 in KD group and from 27.66 ± 5.66 to 23.33 ± 3.66 in control group [P < 0.05]). FMD increased in two studied groups, but the difference was significant in the control group (from 6.84 ± 2.51 to 7.03 ± 2.87 in KD group and from 6.53 ± 2.36 to 7.82 ± 2.14 in the control group). Conclusion: Vitamin C might improve the endothelial function of patients with KD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]