1. Recent advances on gadolinium-based nano-photocatalysts for environmental remediation and clean energy production: Properties, fabrication, defect engineering and toxicity.
- Author
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Harini, G., Balasurya, S., and Khan, S. Sudheer
- Subjects
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ENVIRONMENTAL remediation , *CLEAN energy , *GREEN business , *PHOTOCATALYSTS , *WATER purification , *PHOSPHORESCENCE - Abstract
In recent years, gadolinium (Gd)-based photocatalysts have been gaining attention for their exquisite properties and have been exploited as potential photocatalyst for environmental remediation. This review provides a comprehensive review on the photocatalytic activity of Gd-based nano-materials and their extensive application in environmental water treatment. Furthermore, this review describes the synthesis methods, optimization parameters, modification techniques, multifarious utilization, and anti-stokes upconversion properties of Gd nanomaterials. In addition, the drawbacks of Gd-based nanomaterials were discussed and have been addressed with modification techniques. Photocatalytic application of Gd-based nanoparticles (NPs), nanocomposite (NCs)/heterojunctions, dopants, and upconversion NPs has been discussed in detail. This review especially focuses on the influence of trivalent Gd dopant on the physical, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of the most exploited host semiconductor photocatalysts. Furthermore, other photocatalytic applications of Gd NPs including hydrogen evolution, CO 2 reduction, and heavy metal removal have also been discussed. Toxicity studies on various forms of Gd have been evaluated to extend its application to industrial scale. Overall, this review sheds light on the recent developments in Gd-based nanomaterial in terms of its application in pollutant removal, advantages, and toxicity aspects. [Display omitted] • Discussed on recent progress in Gd-based nanomaterials for photocatalysis. • A comprehensive perspective to the rational design and fabrication of Gd based nanomaterials were summarized. • Influence of trivalent Gd dopant on host semiconductors has been elaborated. • Toxicity of Gd based materials has been discussed. • Knowledge gap, future perspective and challenges has been elaborated for effective application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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