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Due to the constant updating of regulatory standards on safety issues in electrical installations, limits are established for the maximum step potential that an installation can hold in a ground fault situation. In this paper, an upper bound to the maximum value of the step potentials arising in the soil surface when a fault takes place in a grounded electrical installation is estimated by means of a simple procedure. The direct measurement of the grounding electrode resistance together with some information about the soil resistivity and the knowledge of characteristic parameters of the electrode are used for the calculation of that upper bound. The procedure is tested at numerical simulation level by using different electrodes in several different scenarios corresponding to two-layered soils with different resistivity ratios. The dependency of the calculated upper bound with the electrode burial depth is also studied. Finally, a real case study is presented, and the results of the field measurements are shown as an example of the validity of the procedure., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest

Featured Application: This study presents a simple method for correcting field measurements of grounding resistance, allowing for a highly accurate value of this parameter to be obtained. The measurement of the grounding resistance of grounding grids in large installations as well as grounding electrodes in urban areas is addressed in this article. The resistance value is obtained using a three-pin array by measuring the fall-of-potential on the ground surface. The resistance measured by this method is adjusted to its true value using a correction factor that aligns the measured resistance with the actual value. The proposed measurement method obtains correct values of the grounding resistance even when the auxiliary and potential electrodes of the tree-pin array are close to the electrode to be measured. Thus, it can be applied to large electrodes as well as electrodes in urban areas. Several simulated examples are used to illustrate the method, and some real cases with field measurements are presented for a final validation of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calorimetric experiments in space of the current and of the next generation measure cosmic rays directly above TeV on satellites in low Earth orbit. A common issue of these detectors is the determination of the absolute energy scale for hadronic showers above TeV. In this work, we propose the use of the Moon–Earth spectrometer technique for the calibration of calorimeters in space. In brief, the presence of the Moon creates a detectable lack of particles in the detected cosmic ray arrival directions. The position of this depletion has an offset with respect to the Moon center due to the deflection effect of the geomagnetic field on the cosmic rays that depends on the energy and the charge of the particle. The developed simulation will explore if, with enough statistics, angular, and energy resolutions, this effect can be exploited for the energy scale calibration of calorimeters on satellites in orbit in Earth's proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the origin of the Middle East conflict and discusses the gradual evolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict from a historical perspective. The paper discusses the peace negotiations undertaken for the region during different periods and the contribution of the international community in reaching a compromise formula. The paper discusses the emergence and the role of Hamas and how it gained political legitimacy. The paper concludes with the views of Israel and India perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we integrate the conventional unsupervised machine learning algorithm—the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the Random Matrix Theory to propose a novel global economic policy uncertainty (GPEU) index that accommodates global economic policy fluctuations. An application of the Random Matrix Analysis illustrates the majority of the PCA components of EPU's mirror random patterns that lack substantial economic information, while the only exception—the dominant component—is non-random and serves as a fitting candidate for the GEPU index. Compared to the prevalent GEPU index, which amalgamates each economy's EPU weighted by its GDP value, the new index works equally well in identifying typical global events. Most notably, the new index eliminates the requirement of extra economic data, thereby avoiding potential endogeneity in empirical studies. To demonstrate this, we study the correlation between gold future volatility and GEPU using the GARCH-MIDAS model, and show that the newly proposed GEPU index outperforms the previous version. Additionally, we employ complex network methodologies to present a topological characterization of the GEPU indices. This research not only contributes to the advancement of unsupervised machine learning algorithms in the economic field but also proposes a robust and effective GEPU index that outperforms existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-ergodic extended (NEE) regime in physical and random matrix (RM) models has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Formally, NEE regime is characterized by its fractal wavefunctions and long-range spectral correlations such as number variance or spectral form factor. More recently, it's proposed that this regime can be conveniently revealed through the eigenvalue spectra by means of singular-value-decomposition (SVD), whose results display a super-Poissonian behavior that reflects the minibands structure of NEE regime. In this work, we employ SVD to a number of RM models, and show it not only qualitatively reveals the NEE regime, but also quantitatively locates the ergodic-NEE transition point. With SVD, we further suggest the NEE regime in a new RM model–the sparse RM model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a soil ammonia‐oxidizing bacterial (AOB) strain on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) regrowth. Potted Italian ryegrass was used as test material. We isolated and screened an AOB strain from the soil for use in inoculation of other soils to increase nitrification. The sequence of the two isolated and screened AOB strains (S2_8_1 and S2_7_25) were 100% similar to that of Ensifer sesbaniae and Acinetobacter pittii. The nitrification inhibitor 3,4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) was also added to the soil to inhibit nitrification. The experimental design involving the inoculation of the soils with the AOB strain included seven treatments: (1) regrowth without any additives, (2) regrowth with blank enrichment medium added to the soil, (3) regrowth with S2_8_1 strain inoculation, (4) regrowth with S2_7_25 strain inoculation, (5) regrowth with DMPP added to the soil, (6) regrowth with DMPP added to the soil and with S2_8_1 strain inoculation, and (7) regrowth with DMPP added to the soil and with S2_7_25 strain inoculation. Compared with regrowth treatment without any additives, the regrowth treatment with S2_8_1 and S2_7_25 inoculations significantly increased leaf biomass by 23.5–48.6%, the leaf net photosynthetic rate by 27.9–48.5%, the rhizosphere soil nitrification rate by 43.0–144.2%, leaf cytokinin concentrations by 23.7–24.9%, and xylem sap cytokinin concentrations by 32.5–43.2%. The increase of nitrate nitrogen content in rhizosphere soil induced by S2_8_1 and S2_7_25 promoted the transfers of cytokinin from roots to leaves, resulting in the increase of cytokinin concentration in leaves. This increase in leaf cytokinin concentrations improved Italian ryegrass regrowth. However, the S2_8_1 and S2_7_25‐induced increases in the nonrhizosphere soil nitrification rate were not closely related to Italian ryegrass regrowth. The tested AOB strains have considerable potential to increase Italian ryegrass regrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The proposed model can be applied to the assessment of the electrical parameters of non-perfect conducting grounding electrodes that are partially affected by corrosion. The calculation of the grounding resistance of electrodes built with partially oxidized non-perfect conductors is addressed in this paper. A model based on circuit analysis to account for internal resistance is used, while the oxidation or partial coating of the conductor surface is modeled using the concept of the equivalent radius of the coated electrode. From the proposed model, the values of the electrical parameters of the grounding electrodes, such as the grounding resistance and the step and touch potentials, are calculated for real electrodes affected by coating or corrosion and compared with those values under ideal conditions. The results show significant differences in certain configurations that may compromise the safety margins established by current regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separation between average and fluctuation parts in state density in many-particle quantum systems with k-body interactions, modelled by the k-body embedded Gaussian orthogonal random matrices (EGOE(k)), is demonstrated using the method of normal mode decomposition of the spectra and verified using power spectrum analysis, for both fermions and bosons. The smoothed state density is represented by the q-normal distribution ( f qN ) (with corrections) which is the weight function for q-Hermite polynomials. As the rank of interaction k increases, the fluctuations set in with smaller order of corrections in the smooth state density. They are found to be of GOE type, for all k values, for both fermion and boson systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the continuous expansion of the scale, capacity, and coverage of the modern transmission network, the role of the power system in the national economy is increasingly prominent, and the disconnection of the power system will have a huge impact on society and people's lives. Due to the long transport distance and wide coverage of transmission lines, natural conditions and human factors have caused great difficulties in line operation and maintenance. How to effectively improve the operation and maintenance of transmission lines to ensure the stability and safety of the power grid has become a common problem for the power industry and scientific researchers to discuss. In recent years, the information society has stepped into the era of big data, and big data has developed rapidly, becoming a hot area favored by academia and industry, and is widely used. Through big data analysis, potential operation rules can be discovered from a large amount of grid information, providing maintenance personnel with corresponding maintenance decision support. Using big data technology for transmission line fault analysis can effectively reduce accident processing time and avoid accident expansion. Therefore, this paper combines the underground transmission line fault of power grid with the fuzzy KNN algorithm model to apply the underground transmission line state intelligent monitoring system and conducts the study of real-time data collection and fault diagnosis analysis of the underground transmission line fault of power grid, and this paper conducts the transmission line fault analysis experiment, which fully confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm model proposed in the paper and concludes that the data analysis model proposed in this paper. The proposed data analysis model has good innovation and practical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tower foundations have been used as grounding electrodes to reduce the area of the grounding devices. However, it is difficult to calculate the grounding resistance due to the complex structure of the reinforced concrete foundation. A method for calculating grounding resistance of reinforced concrete foundations is proposed in this paper. The method equates the complex foundation structure into a cylindrical conductor and then calculates the grounding resistance with the help of the method of moments, which simplifies establishment of the simulation model and reduces the extensive computation. In addition, the applicability of the equal cross-sectional area method and the equal cross-sectional perimeter method is analyzed. It shows that both methods are applicable only when the concrete resistivity is close to the soil resistivity. The equal cross-sectional area method is applicable when the concrete resistivity is within twice the soil resistivity, while the equal cross-sectional perimeter method is applicable when the concrete resistivity is approximately same or less than the resistivity of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Obesidade, Nutrição e Emagrecimento is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O presente artigo é resultado do Projeto de Pesquisa Poética, Ética e Estética na Pedagogia Teatral de Jacques Copeau – financiado pelo PROBIC/UDESC – que se propõe a pesquisar os textos de Jacques Copeau ainda não disponíveis em Língua Portuguesa, através das traduções do orientador Prof. Dr. José Ronaldo Faleiro e de outros autores que discutem a sua obra. O objetivo deste artigo é possibilitar maiores esclarecimentos sobre a vida e a obra de Jacques Copeau.

Designing an effective grounding system for AC substations needs predetermination of ground resistance and ground potential distribution caused by fault current's presence in the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to have a suitable grounding grid structure in the soil properties in which the grid is buried. Though the soil composition where the grounding grid is located is typically non-homogeneous, the soil is often presumed to be homogeneous due to the complexities of grounding system analysis in non-homogeneous soil. This assumption will lead to inaccuracies in the computation of ground resistance and ground potentials. Although extensive research has been done on non-homogeneous soil structure, comprehensive literature on grounding system performance in non-homogeneous soil is yet to be reviewed. Thus, this paper reviews the effect of non-homogeneous soil on the grounding system, with different soil characteristics in horizontal and vertical two-layer soil structure and the horizontal three-layer soil structure. In addition, the effect of design parameters on the grounding performance in non-homogeneous soil conditions for non-transient fault conditions is also studied. The significance of this study is that it provides a comprehensive review of grounding performance as grounding design changes and their effects as soil layers and their corresponding features change. This knowledge will be useful in developing safe grounding designs in non-homogeneous soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical analyses of the spectral distributions of rotational bands in 51 deformed prolate even–even nuclei in the 152 ≤ A ≤ 250 mass region R 4 1 + / 2 1 + ≥ 3.00 are examined in terms of nearest neighbor spacing distributions. Specifically, the focus is on data for 0+, 2+, and 4+ energy levels of the ground, gamma, and beta bands. The chaotic behavior of the gamma band, especially the position of the 2 γ + band-head compared to other levels and bands, is clear. The levels are analyzed within the framework of two models, namely, a SU(3)-partial dynamical symmetry Hamiltonian and a SU(3) two-coupled quasi-dynamical symmetry Hamiltonian, with results that are further analyzed using random matrix theory. The partial and quasi dynamics both yield outcomes that are in reasonable agreement with the known experimental results. However, due to the degeneracy of the beta and gamma bands within the simplest SU(3) picture, the theory cannot be used to describe the fluctuation properties of excited bands. By changing relative weights of the different terms in the partial and quasi dynamical Hamiltonians, results are obtained that show more GOE-like statistics in the partial dynamical formalism as the strength of the pairing term is increased. Also, in the quasi-dynamical symmetry limit, more correlations are found because of the stronger couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the analysis results of the effectiveness limitation of the step voltage by forming an electric field on the ground surface. For shaping the electric field, a method consisting of screens placed around the point of the earth current flow was used. The analysis was performed using an example of an MV/LV substation grounding system. This research was conducted applying a mathematical model of the grounding system and screens by means of the finite element method. The influence of metal, insulating screens and surface material on the step/touch voltage values for the considered grounding system was estimated. Most of the methods described can be applied in practice. In the opinion of the authors, the method of using screens made of insulating and conductive materials has not been sufficiently described in the literature. Moreover, in the available literature there is no in-depth analysis of the described electric field shaping methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative analysis of different earthing designs' performances, with particular interest on the use of earthing enhancing compound (EEC) for a selected earthing design of 500 kV transmission towers in a rocky soil, using the SESCAD tool of the Current distribution, electromagnetic field grounding and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) software. The simulation included the interpretation of soil profile and comparison between designs A, B and C, which are currently used for the 500 kV tower footing resistance (TFR) improvement. Results showed each design had reduced the TFR by 66%, 54.7% and 63.2% for the towers T42, T48 and T50, respectively. In some cases, further improvement of TFR is required, especially in the rocky area where the soil resistivity (SR) value is of more than 500 Ω⋅m. In this case, EEC was used in Design C, encasing both the vertical and horizontal electrodes, and it reduced the TFR further by 16% to 20%. The characteristics of the soil and earthing arrangement design play an important role in achieving a low TFR value, which is directly proportional to the backflashover occurrence and thus to the transmission line performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The model proposed in the paper can be applied to any electrode to assess the impact of its internal resistance on the main parameters that define a grounding system. The paper presents a model to include the internal resistance of the grounding electrodes in the calculation of its electrical features. The semi-analytical expressions for the calculation of the grounding resistance arising from the model are used to study the feasibility of the driven-rod method for the estimation of the soil resistivity profile since, unlike other methods, the internal resistance of the conductors can be of great influence for a correct estimate. From the grounding resistance profile an inverse problem based on the minimization of the quadratic differences between the resistance measured and that calculated from the model is posed. Several synthetic examples are used to assess the limitations of the method in conditions close to real situations. Finally, some real cases involving data measured in the field are analyzed. Whether in synthetic examples or in real soils it is found that the spatial frequency of the driven-rod resistance sampling is a determinant factor in order to study the feasibility of the driven–rod method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of adjacent grounding systems under lightning currents which is responsible for many safety problems to human beings and damages to devices is very important. In this study, the behaviours of such grounding grids under lightning conditions which are not well documented in the literature are analysed using the multi‐conductor transmission line method in a two‐layer soil model. To achieve this goal, the expressions related to the study of a single grounding grid extracted from the recent study of the authors are developed to be appropriate to the analysis of adjacent grounding systems under lightning currents. Also, through the representation of the connectivity matrix, the analysis of the adjacent grounding grids with any size and degree of complexity is facilitated. Furthermore, the behaviours of the adjacent grounding grids under different lightning and soil characteristics are examined and some conclusions are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to periodic stimuli are commonly used in brain computer interfaces for their favorable properties such as high target identification accuracy, less training time, and low surrounding target interference. Conventional periodic stimuli can lead to subjective visual fatigue due to continuous and high contrast stimulation. In this study, we compared quasi-periodic and chaotic complex stimuli to common periodic stimuli for use with VEP-based brain computer interfaces (BCIs). Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and coherence methods were used to evaluate the performance of the three stimulus groups. Subjective fatigue caused by the presented stimuli was evaluated by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Using CCA with the M2 template approach, target identification accuracy was highest for the chaotic stimuli (M = 86.8, SE = 1.8) compared to the quasi-periodic (M = 78.1, SE = 2.6, p = 0.008) and periodic (M = 64.3, SE = 1.9, p = 0.0001) stimulus groups. The evaluation of fatigue rates revealed that the chaotic stimuli caused less fatigue compared to the quasi-periodic (p = 0.001) and periodic (p = 0.0001) stimulus groups. In addition, the quasi-periodic stimuli led to lower fatigue rates compared to the periodic stimuli (p = 0.011). We conclude that the target identification results were better for the chaotic group compared to the other two stimulus groups with CCA. In addition, the chaotic stimuli led to a less subjective visual fatigue compared to the periodic and quasi-periodic stimuli and can be suitable for designing new comfortable VEP-based BCIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimator of the grounding resistance of large extension electrodes from the total length and geometric properties of the electrode is proposed in this work. The approximation is valid for electrodes buried in a soil that can be assumed as homogeneous and it will be verified that the resistance estimation improves as electrode size increases. Both the burial depth and the radius of the conductors, within certain practical limits, have little effect on the value of the grounding resistance. The shape and size of the electrode are defined by a geometric index that measures the degree of compaction of the conductors that make it up, which has the greatest weight in the final value of the resistance. The expression obtained to quantify the estimate of the grounding resistance is tested in several numerical examples and in a currently operating grounding electrode, obtaining in all cases an estimated value of the resistance reasonably close to the true value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar como os pensamentos e princípios teatrais defendidos pelo diretor, autor e ator francês Jacques Copeau chegaram ao Brasil, através do também diretor e autor brasileiro Alfredo Mesquita. Este ansiava por uma renovação do ator e do teatro brasileiro. Para isso, funda, em São Paulo, a Escola de Arte Dramática que passa a ter como base os ensinamentos de Jacques Copeau, um dos grandes reformadores do Teatro Francês. Este, por sua vez, havia fundado em paris uma Escola para atores, o Vieux Colombier. Para a realização desta pesquisa foram lidos textos escritos por Copeau, muitos traduzidos pelo Prof. Dr. José Ronaldo Faleiro, e discussões sobre o trabalho da Escola de Arte Dramática de Alfredo Mesquita e sua contribuição no moderno teatro brasileiro. Assim, foram levantados pontos de aproximação e afastamento entre Jacques Copeau e Alfredo Mesquita na prática das duas Escolas.

The grounding electrode buried in soil is prone to corrosion affected by soil and leakage current. The surface of corroded grounding electrodes is wrapped with corrosion product, which affects the normal current dissipation process and weakens the grounding performance. The accurate analysis of the grounding performance with corrosion layer can lay a solid theoretical basis for the safety of the power system. In this study, the corrosion layer is regarded as a layer of conductive medium between the electrode and soil. The leakage current along the electrode and the charge on the interface are analysed by coupling point matching method with boundary element method. Finally, the leakage current, grounding resistance, ground potential rise (GPR) and the step voltage of the two typical electrodes with corrosion layer are investigated. The results show that the corrosion layer causes the reduction of the leakage current at the end of the electrode and the enhancement of the leakage current in the middle location. Furthermore, the corrosion layer causes the increase of the grounding resistance and GPR, and the decrease of the step voltage. In addition, the influence of the reduced radius on the grounding performance is much smaller than that of the corrosion layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educação is the property of Jose Luis Bizelli, editor of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Code modulated Visual Evoked Potentials (c-VEP) based BCI studies usually employ m-sequences as a modulating codes for their broadband spectrum and correlation property. However, subjective fatigue of the presented codes has been a problem. In this study, we introduce chaotic codes containing broadband spectrum and similar correlation property. We examined whether the introduced chaotic codes could be decoded from EEG signals and also compared the subjective fatigue level with m-sequence codes in normal subjects. We generated chaotic code from one-dimensional logistic map and used it with conventional 31-bit m-sequence code. In a c-VEP based study in normal subjects (n = 44, 21 females) we presented these codes visually and recorded EEG signals from the corresponding codes for their four lagged versions. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and spatiotemporal beamforming (STB) methods were used for target identification and comparison of responses. Additionally, we compared the subjective self-declared fatigue using VAS caused by presented m-sequence and chaotic codes. The introduced chaotic code was decoded from EEG responses with CCA and STB methods. The maximum total accuracy values of 93.6 ± 11.9% and 94 ± 14.4% were achieved with STB method for chaotic and m-sequence codes for all subjects respectively. The achieved accuracies in all subjects were not significantly different in m-sequence and chaotic codes. There was significant reduction in subjective fatigue caused by chaotic codes compared to the m-sequence codes. Both m-sequence and chaotic codes were similar in their accuracies as evaluated by CCA and STB methods. The chaotic codes significantly reduced subjective fatigue compared to the m-sequence codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]