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Background: Though women increasingly make up the majority of medical-school and other science graduates, they remain a minority in academic biomedical settings, where they are less likely to hold leadership positions or be awarded research funding. A major factor is the career breaks that women disproportionately take to see to familial duties. They experience a related, but overlooked, hurdle upon their return: they are often too old to be eligible for 'early-career researcher' grants and 'career-development' awards, which are stepping stones to leadership positions in many institutions and which determine the demographics of their hierarchies for decades to come. Though age limits are imposed to protect young applicants from more experienced seniors, they have an unintended side effect of excluding returning workers, still disproportionately women, from the running. Methods: In this joint effort by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, the Federation of European Microbiological Societies, the Infectious Disease Society of America, the International Society for Infectious Diseases and the Swiss Society for Infectious Diseases, we invited all European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases-affiliated medical societies and funding bodies to participate in a survey on current 'early-career' application restrictions and measures taken to provide protections for career breaks. Recommendations: The following simple consensus recommendations are geared to funding bodies, academic societies and other organizations for the fair handling of eligibility for early-career awards: 1. Apply a professional, not physiological, age limit to applicants. 2. State clearly in the award announcement that career breaks will be factored into applicants' evaluations such that: • Time absent is time extended: for every full-time equivalent of career break taken, the same full-time equivalent will be extended to the professional age limit. • Opportunity costs will also be taken into account: people who take career breaks risk additional opportunity costs, with work that they did before the career break often being forgotten or poorly documented, particularly in bibliometric accounting. Although there is no standardized metric to measure additional opportunity costs, organizations should (a) keep in mind their existence when judging applicants' submissions, and (b) note clearly in the award announcement that opportunity costs of career breaks are also taken into account. 3. State clearly that further considerations can be undertaken, using more individualized criteria that are specific to the applicant population and the award in question. The working group welcomes feedback so that these recommendations can be improved and updated as needed.

Electron-rich triarylphosphines, namely 4-(methoxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine (MMTPP) and tris(4-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMTPP), outperform commonly used triphenylphosphine (TPP) in catalyzing oxa-Michael additions. A matrix consisting of three differently strong Michael acceptors and four alcohols of varying acidity was used to assess the activity of the three catalysts. All test reactions were performed with 1 mol % catalyst loading, under solvent-free conditions and at room temperature. The results reveal a decisive superiority of TMTPP for converting poor and intermediate Michael acceptors such as acrylamide and acrylonitrile and for converting less acidic alcohols like isopropanol. With stronger Michael acceptors and more acidic alcohols, the impact of the more electron-rich catalysts is less pronounced. The experimental activity trend was rationalized by calculating the Michael acceptor affinities of all phosphine–Michael acceptor combinations. Besides this parameter, the acidity of the alcohol has a strong impact on the reaction speed. The oxidation stability of the phosphines was also evaluated and the most electron-rich TMTPP was found to be only slightly more sensitive to oxidation than TPP. Finally, the catalysts were employed in the oxa-Michael polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. With TMTPP polymers characterized by number average molar masses of about 1200 g/mol at room temperature are accessible. Polymerizations carried out at 80 °C resulted in macromolecules containing a considerable share of Rauhut–Currier-type repeat units and consequently lower molar masses were obtained.

Here I examine the potential for art-science collaborations to be the basis for deliberative discussions on research agendas and direction. Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) has become a science policy goal in synthetic biology and several other high-profile areas of scientific research. While art-science collaborations offer the potential to engage both publics and scientists and thus possess the potential to facilitate the desired “mutual responsiveness” (René von Schomberg) between researchers, institutional actors, publics and various stakeholders, there are potential challenges in effectively implementing collaborations as well as dangers in potentially instrumentalizing artistic work for science policy or innovation agendas when power differentials in collaborations remain unacknowledged. Art-science collaborations can be thought of as processes of exchange which require acknowledgement of and attention to artistic agendas (how can science be a conceptual and material resource for new aesthetics work) as well as identification of and attention to aesthetic dimensions of scientific research (how are aesthetics and affective framings a part of a specific epistemological resource for scientific research). I suggest the advantage of specifically identifying public engagement/science communication as a distinct aspect of such projects so that aesthetic, scientific or social science/philosophical research agendas are not subsumed to the assumption that the primary or only value of art-science collaborations is as a form of public engagement or science communication to mediate biological research community public relations. Likewise, there may be potential benefits of acknowledging an art-science-RRI triangle as stepping stone to a more reflexive research agenda within the STS/science communication/science policy community. Using BrisSynBio, an EPSRC/BBSRC-funded research centre in synthetic biology, I will discuss the framing for art-science collaborations and practical implementation and make remarks on what happened there. The empirical evidence reviewed here supports the model I propose but additionally, points to the need to broaden the conception of and possible purposes, or motivations for art, for example, in the case of cross-sectoral collaboration with community engaged art.

The seed-mediated method is a general procedure for the synthesis of gold nanorods (Au NRs), and reducing agents such as ascorbic acid (AA) and hydroquinone (HQ) are widely used for the growth process. Further, they are mild reducing agents; however, when AA is used, controlling the size of Au NRs with a higher aspect ratio (localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak, λLmax > 900 nm) is challenging because it results in a faster growth rate of Au NRs. In contrast, when HQ is used, Au NRs with a higher aspect ratio can be synthesized as it slows down the growth rate of the Au NRs and greatly enhanced the λLmax. However, the increase in λLmax is still needs not satisfactory due to the limited enhancement in the aspect ratio of Au NRs due to utilization of single reducing agent. The growth kinetics of the Au NRs can be modulated by controlling the reducing power of the reducing agents. In such scenario, judicious use of two reducing agents such as AA and HQ simultaneously can help us to design Au NRs of higher aspect ratio in a controlled manner due to the optimum growth rate resulting from the combined effect of both the reducing agents. In this study, we investigated the effect of the two reducing agents by controlling the volume ratios. When the growth solution contains both the reducing agents, the growth of Au NRs is first initiated by the fast reduction of Au3+ to Au+ due to stronger reducing power of the AA and when the AA in the growth solution is completely utilized, further growth of the Au NRs continues as a result of the HQ thereby resulting to high aspect ratio Au NRs. Consequently, the LSPR peak (λLmax > 1275 nm) can be tuned by controlling the volume ratios of the reducing agents.

At present, COVID-19 vaccines are widely available in the USA, but large proportions of the American populace remain unvaccinated. One possible source of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is a lack of trust in science. In this study, drawing from the large literature at the intersection of science and religion, we ask whether beliefs in an engaged God (the belief that God is involved in daily human affairs) predict mistrust of the COVID-19 vaccine and whether any observed association differs across race, gender, and education. Using nationally representative data from Wave 6 of the Baylor Religion Survey (2021), our results suggest that beliefs in an engaged God were associated with greater mistrust in the COVID-19 vaccine. This association was amplified for Hispanic and lower educated Americans. We argue that beliefs in an engaged God may promote a distrust of science, reduce motivation to get vaccinated, and derive comfort and strength by placing control over one's life in the hands of a loving, involved deity. We also situate our findings within an emerging body of work on the "dark side" of religion and reflect on their implications for understanding the broader religion/health connection.

In the last 15 years, about 300 breeds out of 6,000 belonging to different species of animals have been identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as extinct. Among the cattle breeds seriously threatened with extinction are the podolian cattle from different parts of Europe. These belong to a group of very old European breeds, having ancestors in Bos primigenius. By studying molecular markers, can be obtained information on the genetic structure of endangered cattle breeds and through identification of some sections of the genome that influence certain traits, can be assess the conservation value of genetic resources of animal origin. The aim of this paper is to identify the main molecular markers used in the analysis of endangered cattle breeds.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta as diversas etapas do processo editorial da Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. Ao longo desses 25 anos diferentes modos de processar o trabalho foram sendo superados e outros foram sendo introduzidos. Cada etapa dessa construção será aprofundada com o objetivo de discutir “o fazer” cotidiano de uma publicação acadêmica de tamanha envergadura e complexidade. A Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva aprofunda em cada edição um tema da área, tratando-o em sua transversalidade e complexidade. Essa tematização vai de 10 a 35 artigos, pois 35 artigos são publicados mensalmente (temáticos e temas livres), em sua maioria em português e inglês e espanhol, cumprindo as exigências de prazos das mais conceituadas bases de dados nacionais e internacionais de livre acesso. Nesse a fazer, um dos grandes problemas é o financiamento, pois é muito escasso - embora fundamental - o apoio das instituições de fomento. Abstract This paper presents the different stages of the editorial process of Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. Different processing work methods have been overcome over these 25 years, and others have been introduced. Each stage of this construction will be analyzed in-depth to discuss the “making” of an academic publication of such a large scale and complexity. The Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva delves into each issue a theme in the field, addressing its cross-sectionality and complexity. This thematization ranges from 10 to 35 papers. Thirty-five papers are published monthly (thematic and free subjects), mostly in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, fulfilling the most prestigious national and international open-access databases’ deadline requirements. In this making, one of the significant issues is funding because the crucial development institutions’ support is very scarce.

This paper proposes an analysis of the discursive dynamics of high-impact concepts in the humanities. These are concepts whose formation and development have a lasting and wide-ranging effect on research and our understanding of discursive reality in general. The notion of a conceptual practice, based on a normative conception of practice, is introduced, and practices are identified, on this perspective, according to the way their respective performances are held mutually accountable. This normative conception of practices is then combined with recent work from philosophy of science that characterizes concepts in terms of conceptual capacities that are productive, open-ended, and applicable beyond the original context they were developed in. It is shown that the formation of concepts can be identified by changes in how practitioners hold exercise of their conceptual capacities accountable when producing knowledge about a phenomenon. In a manner similar to the use of operational definitions in scientific practices, such concepts can also be used to intervene in various discourses within or outside the conceptual practice. Using the formation of the concepts “mechanism” and “performative” as examples, the paper shows how high-impact concepts reconfigure what is at issue and at stake in conceptual practices. As philosophy and other humanities disciplines are its domain of interest, it is a contribution to the methodology of the humanities.

Animal right is one of the most controversial issues in the contemporary world. A number of scholars have been discussing on whether the animals have rights like human beings or not. Through this debate, their opinions can be put into three groups; those who deny animal moral status, those who give some moral considerations to animals but deny them a fuller moral status, and those who extend rights to animals. This paper then gives a general overview on ‘Do Animals have Rights?’ It gives the meaning of the term “right” and explains whether the term right applies to animals too. It also portrays a drama whereby animals complain against sufferings imposed on them by human beings and a response given by a human being. It is also followed by philosophical debate on animal rights: pro and cons arguments. The Christian perspective is not left out. Finally, the paper ends with critical evaluations and conclusion. In evaluation of the debate on animal rights, the study found that, animals deserve to be treated well based on the argument that they have rights as animals. The main recommendation is that human beings should change their perception concerning animals by respecting animal.

Evidence has shown unambiguously that, in certain contexts, vitamin C is effective against the common cold. However, in mainstream medicine, the views on vitamin C and infections have been determined by eminence-based medicine rather than evidence-based medicine. The rejection of the demonstrated benefits of vitamin C is largely explained by three papers published in 1975—two published in JAMA and one in the American Journal of Medicine—all of which have been standard citations in textbooks of medicine and nutrition and in nutritional recommendations. Two of the papers were authored by Thomas Chalmers, an influential expert in clinical trials, and the third was authored by Paul Meier, a famous medical statistician. In this paper, we summarize several flaws in the three papers. In addition, we describe problems with two recent randomized trial reports published in JAMA which were presented in a way that misled readers. We also discuss shortcomings in three recent JAMA editorials on vitamin C. While most of our examples are from JAMA, it is not the only journal with apparent bias against vitamin C, but it illustrates the general views in mainstream medicine. We also consider potential explanations for the widespread bias against vitamin C.

Globally, meat inspection provides data for animal health surveillance. However, paper-based recording of data is often not reported through to higher authorities in sufficient detail. We trialled the use of an electronic meat inspection form in Kenyan slaughterhouses, in lieu of the currently used paper-based format. Meat inspectors in two ruminant slaughterhouses completed and submitted an electronic report for each animal slaughtered at their facility. The reports, which captured information on the animal demographics and any eventual condemnations, were stored in a central database and available in real-time. A stakeholder meeting was held towards the end of the study. Over the 2.75 year study period, 16,386 reports were submitted; a downward linear trend in the monthly submissions was noted. There was a week effect, whereby more reports were submitted on the market day. Of the slaughtered animals, 23% had at least a partial condemnation. The most frequently condemned organs were the liver, lungs and intestines; the primary reasons for condemnations were parasitic conditions. Lack of feedback and difficulty capturing animal origin information were the primary challenges highlighted. The study demonstrated that electronic data capture is feasible in such challenging environments, thereby improving the timeliness and resolution of the data collected.

Resumen: En este trabajo, se presentan los resultados originados de una investigación sobre el uso de la simulación de procesos de manufactura para ayudar a una empresa a tomar decisiones frente a cambios en sus modelos de producción. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una metodología que otras empresas puedan seguir para simular sus procesos productivos en busca de mejorarlos. La metodología empleada consistió en realizar el reconocimiento del proceso de producción de la empresa, después hacer la toma de datos del proceso por estudiar y, finalmente, realizar el modelamiento y la simulación tanto del sistema actual tipo push como de propuestas sugeridas tipo pull. Se encontró que con un modelo tipo pull, empleando subcontratación de algunas partes, es posible mejorar ostensiblemente el proceso productivo de la empresa. Una de las limitaciones en este tipo de trabajos es que se debe tenerse información suficiente del proceso. Además, el uso de resultados en la toma de decisiones implica indagar suficientemente las distintas posibilidades de los modelos. En este trabajo, se logró mostrar a la empresa diferentes posibilidades para realizar su proceso de manufactura y sus bondades en términos económicos y de eficiencia. Abstract: This paper reveals the results using simulations in manufacturing processes to foster decision-making processes in companies aimed at facing changing production models. This paper aims to present a simulation methodology for improving corporate production processes, which comprises examining current production process, collecting process data and modeling, and simulating both the current push system and the proposed pull system. The results determined that the pull model, supported by partial outsourcing, significantly improves the production process of the company. However, one of the limitations affecting this type of study is that sufficient information must be collected from the process. Additionally, using results for decision-making requires exhaustive exploration of the different model possibilities. Nevertheless, this work provided the company with different production process management options, along with their corresponding benefits in terms of economy and efficiency. Resumo: Neste trabalho se apresenta os resultados obtidos usando simulações em processos de manufatura para auxiliar uma empresa na tomada de decisões frente a mudanças em seus modelos de produção. Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma metodologia que outras empresas podem seguir para simular os seus processos de produção em busca de melhorias. A metodologia empregada consiste em realizar o reconhecimento do processo de produção na empresa, depois coletar os dados do processo por estudo e, por fim, realizar a modelagem e simulação tanto do sistema atual tipo push quanto das propostas sugeridas tipo pull. Os resultados indicaram que com um modelo tipo pull, incorporando terceirização de algumas partes, é possível melhorar ostensivamente o processo produtivo da empresa. Uma das liminações neste tipo de trabalho é que se deve ter informações suficientes do processo. Além disso, o uso de resultados na tomada de decisões implica questionar suficientemente as distintas possibilidades dos modelos. Neste trabalho foi possível mostrar a empresa diferentes possibilidades para a realização de seu processo de manufatura e seus benefícios em termos econômicos e de eficiência.

Türkiye ormancılığında odun dışı orman ürünlerine verilen önem özellikle 2000’li yıllarda artmıştır. Bu dönemde, Türkiye’de dört ayrı uluslararası odun dışı orman ürünleri toplantısı yapılmıştır. Ormancılık bilim dünyasının konuya yaklaşımını gösteren son üç toplantıda 282 bildiri sunulmuştur. Odun dışı orman ürünleri üretiminde yetki sahibi olan Orman Genel Müdürlüğü (OGM) ise, 2011 yılında Odun Dışı Ürün ve Hizmetler Dairesi Başkanlığı’nı kurmuş ve örgüt yapısını genişletmiştir. Bu dönemde hazırlanan Ulusal Ormancılık Programı ile OGM Stratejik planlarında odun dışı orman ürünlerine daima yer verilmiş, bu ürünlerin sürekliliği önemsenmiştir. OGM, önceleri odun dışı orman ürünlerinin üretim ve satışına odaklanmış düzenlemelerle çalışırken, 2013 ve 2016 yıllarında çıkardığı iki ayrı tebliğle bu ürünlerin “envanter ve planlanması” konusuna da yönelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın kapsam ve amacı; Türkiye’de yapılan uluslararası toplantılarda sunulan bildiriler ile OGM’nin geçerli yönetim anlayışını temsil eden tebliğ kapsamında; odun dışı orman ürünlerinin tür ve ürün bazında sürekliliğini sağlayabilecek yönetim teknikleri, planlama modelleri ve süreklilik izleme göstergeleri önerme, içerme durumlarını saptamaktır. Yapılan incelemede, bilimsel çalışmaların odun dışı orman ürünlerinin sürekliliğini sağlayacak planlama yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesine sınırlı destek verebildiği, uygulanan tebliğin içerdiği türe özgü bilgilerin çoklukla yıllık hasat alımını düzenleme ilkelerine odaklandığı saptanmıştır., Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) has gained importance in Turkey since 2000s. During this period, four international NWFPs meetings took place in Turkey and reflecting different approaches of forestry scientists, in the last three meetings showing the approach 282 papers were presented. General Directorate of Forestry (GDF), the authority on NWFPs, established the Department of Non-Wood Forest Products and Services in 2011 and expanded the structure of the organization. NWFPs and sustainability have been continuously placed in National Forestry Program and Strategic Plans of GDF and the sustainability of these products have been considered. While GDF has focused on production and sales of NWFPs formerly, it has expanded the regulations to “inventory” and “planning” of these products by arranging two new communiques in 2013 and 2016. The scope and purpose of this paper is to investigate the degree of inclusion and proposal of management techniques, planning models and monitoring indicators suitable for the sustainability of the species and products under the limitations of papers presented at last three international meetings held in Turkey and communique numbered 302. As a result of this review, it was determined that scientific studies could give limited support to the development of planning approaches for NWFPs, while the communique containing species specific information has mainly focused on explaining the principles to arrange annual harvesting.

Denizcilik taşımacılığında yakıt tüketimi, çevrekirliliği ve insan hatasından kaynaklanan deniz kazalarını azaltmak ve yeşiltaşımacılık sağlamak amacıyla insansız gemiler denizcilik sektörününgündemindedir. İnsansız gemilerin; gemi sahipleri, daha fazla enerjitasarrufu, seyir emniyeti ve çevre güvenliği açısından denizcilik sektörünebirçok yararı olacaktır. Ancak insansız gemilerin; siber saldırılar, iş kayıpları, gemi adamlarının becerilerine olumsuzetkileri, yüke ilişkin kazaların artması vb. yeni riskleri de beraberindegetireceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı uluslararası ticaretin geleceği insansızgemilerin güçlü ve zayıf taraflarını, fırsat ve tehditleri (GZFT) ortaya koymak, insansız gemilerinhukuki boyutlarını inceleyerek yapılması gereken hukuki ve teknik düzenlemelereilişkin önerilerde bulunmaktır. Çalışmada, dünyada insansız gemilere ilişkinçalışmalar, sorunlar veriskler incelenmiş, insansız gemilerin Güçlü ve ZayıfYönler, Fırsatlar ve Tehditler (GZFT) Analizi yapılmış, 1982 Uluslararası Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi,Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü Sözleşmeleri, diğer uluslararası denizciliksözleşmeleri ve ulusal mevzuatta insansız gemiler ile ilgili düzenlemelergözden geçirilmiş olup, söz konusu mevzuatta yapılması gereken düzenlemelereilişkin öneriler verilmiştir., Unmannedvessels are the maritime sector’s agenda to reduce environmental pollution,fuel consumption and marine accidents caused by human error and to providegreen shipping. The unmanned vessels have a number of benefits for the maritime sector fromthe points of shipowners in terms of more energy efficiency, safety of navigation and environment. However, unmanned vessels bringsome risks such as cyber attacks, job losses, negative effects concerning the skills of seafarers, and increase in the risk of cargorelated incidents. The objective ofthis paper is to put forward strengths and weaknesses, opportunities andthreats of unmanned vessels, to investigate legal aspects of unmanned ships andto give some suggestions related to legislative and technical regulationsconcerning unmanned ships. In this paper, the studies, problems and risks related to unmanned vessels in the world areinvestigated, Strengths and Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)Analysis has been conducted, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),1982, International Maritime Organization(IMO) Conventions and other international shipping conventions relatingunmanned vessels havebeen reviewed and some suggestions have beengiven on legal regulations of unmanned ships.

Klimagovernance beruht auf den Wissensressourcen der Erdwissenschaften, die mit der Etablierung des internationalen Klimaregimes von der Rahmenkonvention bis zum Pariser Übereinkommen eine Doppelrolle als wissenschaftlicher und als politischer Akteur angenommen haben. Die Rolle als politischer Akteur stützt sich auf die Fähigkeit zur Prognose von Risiken, zur Formulierung von Handlungsoptionen und zur Abschätzung von politischen Handlungsprogrammen hinsichtlich der Vermeidung prognostizierter Risiken. Der erste Abschnitt des Aufsatzes beschäftigt sich mit dem quantitativen Wachstum des neuen Akteurs und wie es ihm gelingt, seine politische Legitimität zu sichern. Damit das an die Politik adressierte Wissen der Klimafolgenforschung politisch rezipiert und in vermeidendes und/oder anpassendes Handeln umgesetzt werden kann, bedarf es allerdings einer politischen Übersetzungsleistung. Am Beispiel der Verhandlungen zum Übereinkommen von Paris zeigt daher der zweite Abschnitt, dass für den Erfolg dieser Verhandlungen ein ideelles Bündnis transnationaler zivilgesellschaftlicher und politischer Akteure den Weg bereitet hat (Generierung von Problembewusstsein, Ermittlung von Handlungsoptionen, Legitimation politischer Regelungen). Der Abschnitt des Artikels gibt drei Beispiele für das zunehmende Machtpotential der Klimaforschung: Deutung der sich wandelnden Klimaverhältnisse, Folgenabschätzung politischer Gegenmaßnahmen, Klimaforschung als integraler Bestandteil eines EU-Systems der transformierenden Planungsgovernance. Fazit: Die Etablierung globaler Klimagovernance befördert in diesem Politikfeld Tendenzen der Verwissenschaftlichung, des Machtgewinns wissenschaftlich-technischer Eliten und der Institutionalisierung eines Planungsapparates zur Steuerung des Klimawandels., At all levels of political action, climate governance is based on the knowledge resources of the Earth sciences. With the establishment of the international climate regime – from the Framework Convention to the Paris Agreement – Earth scientists have come to assume the dual role of scientific and political actors. The role of political actor is based on the Earth sciences’ ability to project risks, formulate policy options, and assess policy action programs to avoid predicted risks. The first section of the paper deals with the quantitative growth of these new political actors and how they have succeeded in securing their political legitimacy. To ensure that climate impact research is understood and converted into avoidance and /or adaptive strategies, political translation is required. Using the example of the negotiations leading up to the Paris Agreement, the second section of the paper suggests that an ideal alliance of transnational civil society and political actors paved the way for success (i.e. generation of problem awareness, identification of options for action, and legitimacy of political regulations). The third section of the paper outlines three examples which show the increasing power of climate experts: (1) interpretation and political framing of changing climate conditions, (2) assessing policy responses, and (3) climate research as an integral part of an EU system of transformative governance. The establishment of global climate governance leads to scientification, to a powerful scientific-technical expertocracy, and to the institutionalisation of a complex planning apparatus for the control of climate change.

Enzymes are the cornerstone of modern biotechnology. Achromopeptidase (ACP) is a well-known enzyme that hydrolyzes a number of proteins, notably proteins on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria. It is therefore used for sample preparation in nucleic acid tests. However, ACP inhibits DNA amplification which makes its integration difficult. Heat is commonly used to inactivate ACP, but it can be challenging to integrate heating into point-of-care devices. Here, we use recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) together with ACP, and show that when ACP is immobilized on nitrocellulose paper, it retains its enzymatic function and can easily and rapidly be activated using agitation. The nitrocellulose-bound ACP does, however, not leak into the solution, preventing the need for deactivation through heat or by other means. Nitrocellulose-bound ACP thus opens new possibilities for paper-based Point-of-Care (POC) devices.

Cattle were the predominant domestic animal in the Iron Age and Roman Netherlands, yet their management is still incompletely understood. Some aspects of cattle management, such as birth season and the provision of fodder, have received little or no attention so far. This paper is the first to investigate these aspects for the Iron Age and Roman Netherlands, through a case study of the site of Houten-Castellum. The rural settlement of Houten-Castellum was inhabited from the Middle Iron Age to the Middle Roman period, allowing a comparison between the Iron Age and Roman period. Excavations at this site have yielded a large, well-preserved animal bone assemblage. This paper investigates cattle husbandry by using an integrated approach, combining a multi-isotope analysis (oxygen, carbon and strontium) with archaeozoological and archaeobotanical results from Houten-Castellum and comparing the results with archaeobotanical evidence for fodder and evidence for dairy use for the Iron Age and Roman Netherlands in general. While our data set is small and results must therefore be interpreted cautiously, there is convincing evidence for an extended birth season in the Middle Iron Age, as well as the use of fodder.

A Corrigendum on Primary Production, an Index of Climate Change in the Ocean: Satellite-Based Estimates over Two Decades.-- Special Issue Feature Paper Special Issue on Ocean Remote Sensing.-- 13 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables by Kulk, Gemma; Platt, Trevor; Dingle, James; Jackson, Thomas; Jönsson, Bror F.; Bouman, Heather A.; Babin, Marcel; Brewin, Robert; Doblin, Martina; Estrada, Marta; Figueiras, F. G.; Furuya, Ken; González, Natalia; Gudfinnsson, Hafsteinn G.; Gudmundsson, Kristinn; Huang, Bangqin; Isada, Tomonori; Kovač, Žarko; Lutz, Vivian A.; Marañón, Emilio; Raman, Mini; Richardson, Katherine; Rozema, Patrick D.; Poll, Willem H. van de; Segura, Valeria; Tilstone, Gavin H.; Uitz, Julia; Dongen-Vogels, Virginie van; Yoshikawa, Takashi; Sathyendranath, Shubha. (2021).Remote Sensing 12(5): 826 (2020). doi: 10.3390/rs12050826.-- pecial Issue Feature Paper Special Issue on Ocean Remote Sensing.-- 13 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, Since the article “Primary Production, an Index of Climate Change in the Ocean: Satellite-Based Estimates over Two Decades” by Kulk et al. [1] was published, we discovered an error in the code of the primary production model, which crept in when the code was updated from the original version described by Platt and Sathyendranath (1988), Sathyendranath et al. (1995) and Longhurst et al. (1995) ([2,31,52] in [1]). The main error in the code led to a time interval for the integration of daily water-column primary production that was shorter than it should have been. As a consequence, daily surface irradiance and hence primary production were systematically underestimated by 20–25% for the entire time series. We also discovered that the Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) products of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that were used to scale the daily light cycle were rounded down for 2003–2019 (MODIS years), which led to an additional but small underestimation of daily surface irradiance. In addition to addressing these errors, we have included a merged time series of the PAR product to remove inter-sensor biases (as described in the corrected text of Appendix B; see below). The main corrections increased our estimate of global annual primary production on average by +23.9% between 1998 and 2018, while the correction of the rounding error in the PAR products increased global annual primary production between 2003 and 2018 by +0.9%. Inclusion of the merged PAR product in the primary production model caused a −0.25% decrease in global annual primary production between 1998 and 2002 and a +0.08% increase between 2003 and 2010 (relative to the aforementioned +23.9% increase for the entire time series). Our estimate of global annual primary production between 1998 and 2018 now is 48.7 to 52.5 Gt C y−1 instead of the published estimate of 38.8 to 42.1 Gt C y−1. Although this is a substantial increase in the estimate of primary production, the results of the sensitivity analysis in which the photosynthesis versus irradiance parameters were varied by ±1 standard deviation and, importantly, the observed trends in regional and global annual primary production are largely unchanged. We therefore consider the outcomes of the study still valid after the corrections. We also note that our corrected estimate of global annual primary production is still within the range of earlier reports (32.0–70.7 Gt C y−1 [5,104] in [1]). The corrected paragraphs, tables and figures appear below. All references mentioned below can be found in the original article [1]. The corrections affect a number of results, but the nature of the corrections is largely the same: the magnitude of primary production has increased significantly everywhere, whereas the trends have been affected only marginally, and the major conclusions remain unchanged, except for the magnitude of marine primary production. The authors apologise for any inconvenience caused. The original article has been updated, This research was funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) Living Planet Fellowship programme (PICCOLO, G.K.), the Simons Foundation grant Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES, number 549947, S.S.) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council National Capability funding for the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT, G.H.T.). This paper is a contribution to the Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) and Biological Pump and Carbon Exchange Processes (BICEP) projects of ESA. Additional support from the National Centre for Earth Observations (UK) is also gratefully acknowledge, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

ContextThe increase in the population aging has brought more significant concern about how proper care will be provided to the elderly in the future. Thus, the development of technological solutions for the health domain has gained more prominence. Joining this scenario to the growing use of mobile devices for daily activities, several mobile applications focused on the elderly healthcare have been developed with healthcare and software engineer professionals involved. However, there is no survey to help both professionals to take decisions on the target of application, elderly profile, empirical validation techniques, among others. Thus, the following question arises: how have mobile applications for elderly healthcare been addressed in the literature in the past years?ObjectiveTo identify the state of the art in the literature concerned with the development of mobile applications for elderly healthcare, considering healthcare and software Engineering viewpoints.MethodWe performed a systematic mapping conducted by health and software engineering researchers to provide an interdisciplinary investigation of the papers that address mobile applications for elderly healthcare, summarizing the data collected under the following classification: target of application, older adult profile, spatial-temporal distribution, techniques for empirical validation and type of software engineering research.ResultsWe found a total of 2533 papers and, after applying our eligibility criteria, we got 149. We observed aspects related to the digital health initiative type, using the classification proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the elderly profile prioritized by the application, the spatial-temporal distribution of the studies, the empirical validation type, and the research contribution of each analyzed paper to the software engineering area.ConclusionsRegarding the WHO classification, we noticed that two categories were more frequently found, Clients and Data Services, and that none of the mobile apps were classified in the Health System Manager category. The data extraction result also reveals that most of the applications found in the literature focused on the independent elderly. Moreover, we observed that most of the studies were proposals of solutions for elderly health and the validation process of these solutions generally consisted of controlled experiments and usability evaluations. At last, the research focused on mobile applications for elderly healthcare has been performed mostly by developed countries.

This paper presents a discussion of the contribution of muslim scientists to the development of modern science. It is well known that in the golden ages of Islam many scientists are very competent in their respective fields emerging. They succeeded in emerging as philosophers and scientists capable of filling various fields of science, such as medicine, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and so forth others. Their scholarship is valuable especially for the development of science in the future. So precious their scholarship and what they dedicated, so not infrequently the scientists who come later dub them as the father of science in their respective fields. However, not all of them will be discussed in this paper, but only the triumvirate of muslim scientists, namely Ibn Rushd, Ibn al-Haytham, dan Jabir ibn Hayyan. Their contribution is so great to the development of modern science and is recognized by scientists both in the East, and especially in the West.Abstrak: Tulisan ini menyuguhkan pembahasan mengenai kontribusi ilmuwan-ilmuwan muslim bagi perkembangan sains modern. Sudah jamak diketahui bahwa pada zaman keemasan Islam banyak bermunculan ilmuwan yang sangat kompeten di bidangnya masing-masing. Mereka berhasil tampil sebagai filosof dan saintis yang mengisi berbagai bidang keilmuwan, seperti kedokteran, matematika, kimia, fisika dan sebagainya. Keilmuwan mereka sangat berharga terutama bagi perkembangan sains pada masa-masa berikutnya. Begitu berharganya keilmuwan dan apa yang dipersembahkan oleh mereka, sehingga tidak jarang para ilmuwan yang datang belakangan menjuluki mereka sebagai bapak sains di bidangnya masing-masing. Namun, tidak semua dari mereka akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini, melainkan hanya triumvirat ilmuwan muslim, yakni Ibn Rushd, Ibn al-Haytham, dan Jabir ibn Hayyan. Kontribusi ketiganya begitu besar bagi perkembangan sains modern dan diakui kalangan saintis, baik di Timur dan khususnya di Barat.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo indagar la singular forma de sociabilidad intelectual que el pensador argentino José Ingenieros puso en práctica con sus hechos, y sobre la cual asimismo re exionó discursivamente en sus escritos. La metodo- logía que utilizaremos para llevarlo a cabo será el análisis de textos del propio autor, así como de diversos comentaristas sobre su obra. Así, arribaremos a la conclusión de que dicha forma de sociabilidad se sustentó en un modo particular de intervenir simultáneamente tanto en la esfera cientí ca como en la política y en la cultural.Palabras clave: José Ingenieros - intelectual - ciencia - cultura - política Abstract is paper has the goal of analysing the speci c form of intellectual sociability that the Argentinean thinker José Ingenieros put in practice through his acts, and upon which he re ected in his writings. We will methodologically do so by examining the author’s own papers, together with various secondary literature on his works. In this way, we will arrive to the conclusion that his form of sociability was founded on a particular way of simultaneously intervening in the scienti c sphere as much as in the cultural and the political ones. Key words: José Ingenieros - intellectual - science - culture - politics. Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a forma singular de sociabilidade intelectual que o pensador argentino José Ingenieros implementou com seus fatos, e em que discursivamente também é re etida em seus escritos. a meto- dología que vai usar para realizá-lo será a análise de texto do autor, bem como vários comentadores de sua obra. Assim, chegamos à conclusão de que esta forma de sociabilidade foi baseada em uma forma particular de intervenção simulta- neamente, tanto no âmbito cientí co e na política e cultural. Palavras chaves: José Ingenieros, intelectual - ciência - cultura – políticaCómo referenciar este artículo: Fraga, E. (2017). José Ingenieros, intelectual. Entre la ciencia, la cultura y la política. Pensamiento Americano, 10(18), 65-78.

The paper analyses the innovative internal blinds, which allow to use the solar energy, received through a window for a heating, more efficiently and to ensure a greater air velocity due to the convection. Blinds are constructed that one side is covered with material, which absorbs the solar energy and the other side is reflective. Thus, there is an ability to control an amount of absorbed solar radiation and air supply temperature between the window and the blinds. In addition, the construction of the air to provide locating elements. The elements for air deflection are additionally foreseen in the construction. Due to the natural circulation cold air falls between the blinds and the window, then warms up and rises to the top. The paper presents an empirical and theoretical assessment of an operation of the blinds. In addition, the analysis of the experimental researches of an air flow intensity and a dependency of temperature increase from external (climatic) conditions is performed. Santrauka Straipsnyje analizuojamos inovatyvios vidinės žaliuzės, kurios leidžia efektyviau panaudoti per langą gautą saulės energiją patalpoms šildyti bei didesniam oro judrumui dėl konvekcijos užtikrinti. Žaliuzės sukonstruotos taip, kad viena jų pusė padengta saulės energiją absorbuojančia medžiaga, o kita pusė yra atspindinti. Taip atsiranda galimybė reguliuoti absorbuojamos saulės spinduliuotės kiekį bei tarp lango ir žaliuzių cirkuliuojančio oro temperatūrą. Papildomai konstrukcijoje numatyti orą nukreipiantys elementai. Šaltas oras natūralios cirkuliacijos būdu patenka tarp žaliuzių ir lango, ten sušyla ir kyla į viršų. Straipsnyje pateikiamas žaliuzių veikimo empirinis ir teorinis įvertinimas. Be to, atliekama eksperimentinių tyrimų analizė, kurios metu vertinamas sukuriamas oro srauto intensyvumas ir temperatūros kitimo priklausomybė nuo išorinių (klimatinių) sąlygų. Reikšminiai žodžiai:vidinės žaliuzės, saulės energijos absorbavimas, patalpų šildymas, temperatūros prieaugis, natūrali konvekcija, oro judrumas, faktinis efektyvumas.

Author(s): Daya, Michelle; Rafaels, Nicholas; Brunetti, Tonya M; Chavan, Sameer; Levin, Albert M; Shetty, Aniket; Gignoux, Christopher R; Boorgula, Meher Preethi; Wojcik, Genevieve; Campbell, Monica; Vergara, Candelaria; Torgerson, Dara G; Ortega, Victor E; Doumatey, Ayo; Johnston, Henry Richard; Acevedo, Nathalie; Araujo, Maria Ilma; Avila, Pedro C; Belbin, Gillian; Bleecker, Eugene; Bustamante, Carlos; Caraballo, Luis; Cruz, Alvaro; Dunston, Georgia M; Eng, Celeste; Faruque, Mezbah U; Ferguson, Trevor S; Figueiredo, Camila; Ford, Jean G; Gan, Weiniu; Gourraud, Pierre-Antoine; Hansel, Nadia N; Hernandez, Ryan D; Herrera-Paz, Edwin Francisco; Jimenez, Silvia; Kenny, Eimear E; Knight-Madden, Jennifer; Kumar, Rajesh; Lange, Leslie A; Lange, Ethan M; Lizee, Antoine; Maul, Pissamai; Maul, Trevor; Mayorga, Alvaro; Meyers, Deborah; Nicolae, Dan L; O'Connor, Timothy D; Oliveira, Ricardo Riccio; Olopade, Christopher O; Olopade, Olufunmilayo; Qin, Zhaohui S; Rotimi, Charles; Vince, Nicolas; Watson, Harold; Wilks, Rainford J; Wilson, James G; Salzberg, Steven; Ober, Carole; Burchard, Esteban G; Williams, L Keoki; Beaty, Terri H; Taub, Margaret A; Ruczinski, Ingo; Mathias, Rasika A; Barnes, Kathleen C; CAAPA | Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Introducao: O presente artigo versa sobre as contribuicoes do Professor Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza a Revista de Educacao Fisica , publicacao oficial do Centro de Capacitacao Fisica do Exercito (CCFEx). Objetivo: O objetivo principal foi o de recuperar a informacao quanto a producao academica e tecnica do Professor Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza que compoe o acervo da Revista de Educacao Fisica . Metodos: O presente texto caracteriza-se como pesquisa historica, que empregou duas tecnicas distintas: a analise documental e a analise de assunto. Para a busca e recuperacao de informacao foram utilizadas tres fontes: o Curriculo Lattes , o site da Revista de Educacao Fisica e a Biblioteca Jayr Jordao Ramos, da Escola de Educacao Fisica do Exercito. O periodo de busca e recuperacao dos textos ocorreu entre 15 de outubro e 10 de dezembro de 2018. Resultados: Foram identificados e recuperados 22 trabalhos, publicados entre 1995 e 2018, sendo 19 artigos completos e tres resumos. No que tange a extracao dos assuntos, os resultados apontam: a) O assunto Olimpismo e Jogos Olimpicos obteve a maior prevalencia, com sete trabalhos (31,81%); b) Os assuntos Administracao e Gestao Esportiva / Comunicacao, midia e publicidade no esporte / Violencia no esporte apresentaram os mesmos valores, com tres trabalhos cada (13,63%), posicionando-se em segundo lugar; c) O assunto Etica no esporte foi o terceiro com maior incidencia, com dois trabalhos (9,10%); e d) E quatro trabalhos em assuntos diversos (4,55%). No que condiz a participacao tecnica, o Professor Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza integrou, entre os anos 1998 e 2016, o Corpo Consultivo da Revista . Conclusao: A maneira de sintese, e possivel afirmar, com base na pesquisa realizada, que o tempo total de contribuicao cientifica do Professor Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza prolongou-se por mais de 20 anos (1995 a 2018), o que demonstra uma colaboracao iterada, relevante e bastante fecunda para a Revista de Educacao Fisica . Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza: contributions to the J ournal of Physical Education Introduction: The present article deals with the contributions of Professor Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza to the Journal of Physical Education, official publication of the Army Center for Physical Training. Objective: The main aim was to recover the academic and technical production of Professor Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza in the Journal of Physical Education. Methods: The present text is characterized as a historical research, which employed two distinct techniques: documentary analysis and subject analysis. For the search and retrieval of information, three sources were used: the Curriculum Lattes, the Journal of Physical Education Website and the Library Jayr Jordao Ramos of the Brazilian Army School of Physical Education. The period of search and retrieval of texts occurred between October 15 and December 10, 2018. Results: Twenty-two papers were found, published between 1995 and 2018: 19 papers and 3 abstracts distributed as follows: a) Seven works (31.81%) on Olympism and Olympic Games; b) On Administration and sports management / Communication, media and advertising in sports / Violence in sports there were three works published on each one (13.63%); c)Ethics in sport was the third highest incidence, with two studies (9.10%); and d) And four papers on distinct issues (4.55%). As regards technical participation, between 1998 and 2016, Professor Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza was part of the journal's Advisory Body. Conclusion: As a synthesis, it is possible to state, based on the research carried out, that the total time of scientific contribution of Professor Jose Mauricio Capinussu de Souza lasted more than 20 years (1995 to 2018), which demonstrates an iterated, relevant and very fruitful collaboration for the Journal of Physical Education.

This paper is an attempt to broaden economic discourse by importing insights into human behavior not just from psychology, but also from sociology and anthropology. Whereas the concept of the decision-maker in standard economics is the rational actor and, in early work in behavioral economics, the quasi-rational actor influenced by the context of the moment of decision-making, in some recent work in behavioral economics the decision-maker could be called the enculturated actor. This actor's preferences, perception, and cognition are subject to two deep social influences: (a) the social contexts to which he has become exposed and, especially, accustomed; and (b) the cultural mental models—including categories, identities, narratives, and worldviews—that he uses to process information. The paper traces how these factors shape individual behavior through the endogenous determination of preferences and the lenses through which individuals see the world—their perception and interpretation of situations. The paper offers a tentative taxonomy of the social determinants of behavior and describes the results of controlled and natural experiments that only a broader view of these determinants can plausibly explain. The perspective suggests more realistic models of human behavior for explaining outcomes and designing policies.

While the humanities and the sciences have a closely connected history, there are no general histories that bring the two fields together on an equal footing. This paper argues that there is a level at which some humanistic and scientific disciplines can be brought under a common denominator and compared. This is at the level of underlying methods, especially at the level of formalisms and rule systems used by different disciplines. The essay formally compares linguistics and computer science by noting that the same grammar formalism was used in the 1950s for describing both human and. programming languages. Additionally, it examines the influence of philology on molecular biology, and vice versa, by recognizing that the tree-formalism and rule system used for text reconstruction was also employed in DNA genetics. It also shows that rule systems for source criticism in history are used in forensic science, evidence-based medicine, and jurisprudence. This paper thus opens up a new comparative approach within which the histories of the humanities and the sciences can be examined on a common level.

Author(s): Siddiqi, Farah H; Menzies, Fiona M; Lopez, Ana; Stamatakou, Eleanna; Karabiyik, Cansu; Ureshino, Rodrigo; Ricketts, Thomas; Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria; Esteban, Miguel Angel; Lai, Liangxue; Tortorella, Micky D; Luo, Zhiwei; Liu, Hao; Metzakopian, Emmanouil; Fernandes, Hugo JR; Bassett, Andrew; Karran, Eric; Miller, Bruce L; Fleming, Angeleen; Rubinsztein, David C | Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

The intentional damage to local Cultural Heritage sites carried out in recent months by the Islamic State have received wide coverage from the media worldwide. Earth Observation data provide important information to assess this damage in such non-accessible areas, and automated image processing techniques will be needed to speed up the analysis if a fast response is desired. This paper shows the first results of applying fast and robust change detection techniques to sensitive areas, based on the extraction of textural information and robust differences of brightness values related to pre- and post-disaster satellite images. A map highlighting potentially damaged buildings is derived, which could help experts at timely assessing the damages to the Cultural Heritage sites of interest. Encouraging results are obtained for two archaeological sites in Syria and Iraq. The intentional damage to local Cultural Heritage sites carried out in recent months by the Islamic State have received wide coverage from the media worldwide. Earth Observation data provide important information to assess this damage in such non-accessible areas, and automated image processing techniques will be needed to speed up the analysis if a fast response is desired. This paper shows the first results of applying fast and robust change detection techniques to sensitive areas, based on the extraction of textural information and robust differences of brightness values related to pre- and post-disaster satellite images. A map highlighting potentially damaged buildings is derived, which could help experts at timely assessing the damages to the Cultural Heritage sites of interest. Encouraging results are obtained for two archaeological sites in Syria and Iraq.

URL article : http://beo.revues.org/4692; International audience; The origin of ambergris, an intestinal pathologic secretion of the sperm-whale, used in perfumes and medieval pharmacology, had been long debated among Arab scholars. The paper exposes the various hypotheses related to this origin, and its textual transmission during medieval times. These traditions show a good example of complex relations between good and bad odors, connected to the different colors of ambergris (black, grey, white) and to its animal (whale or fish-dung), mineral or vegetal origin; L'origine de l'ambre gris, une sécrétion intestinale pathologique du cachalot utilisée en parfumerie et dans la pharmacopée médiévale, a longtemps été débattue par les auteurs arabes. L'article expose les différentes hypothèses relatives à cette origine, ainsi que leur transmission pendant la période médiévale. Ces traditions donnent un exemple frappant des rapports entre bonnes et mauvaises odeurs, en relation avec la couleur de l'ambre, noir, gris ou blanc, et son origine animale (excrément de baleine ou de poisson), minérale ou végétale. Mots‑clés : ambre, ambre gris, baleine, cachalot, odeurs, histoire de la zoologie Abstract: The origin of ambergris, an intestinal pathologic secretion of the sperm‑whale, used in perfumes and medieval pharmacology, had been long debated among Arab scholars. The paper exposes the various hypotheses related to this origin, and its textual transmission during medieval times. These traditions show a good example of complex relations between good and bad odors, connected to the different colors of ambergris (black, grey, white) and to its animal (whale or fish-dung), mineral or vegetal origin.

The present master thesis is an article-based dissertation, comprising two individual research papers and an introductory essay. Both papers correspond to a shared set of overarching aims: 1. To investigate the composition and state of archaeological epistemology, focusing on comparability and integration between sub-fields of the archaeological discipline. 2. To better understand the potential impact of the science/humanities-divide upon archaeological practice in publishing and applied epistemology in research strategies. These aims are mostly examined separately in the two papers. When put together, the main ambition is to provide a deeper understanding of the relation between the structure and properties of archaeological epistemology and diverse practice (within archaeology and in interdisciplinary cooperation), as influenced by the science/humanities-divide. "Measuring incommensurability: A bibliometric inquiry into what papers are presented in archaeological journals (2009-13), and the epistemic consequences" This paper presents the results of bibliometric analyzes conducted on a data set consisting of 926 archaeological papers. The data comprises all original research papers published in six top ranking archaeological journals in the period 2009-2013. The included journals are taken to represent different sub-fields in archaeology: Historical, anthropological, social, scientific, environmental and general archaeology. The aim is to map general features of archaeological publishing. Significant differences are identified amongst the journals on an array of parameters, covering journal statistics, citation network, thematic distribution, the application of methods and the direction of relevance to other sub-fields. Furthermore, the paper engages in an extended discussion over the epistemological consequences of the bibliometric results, focusing on disciplinary fragmentation, incommensurability, vagueness and the purported significance of the science/humanities-divide. "Identifying key factors affecting the two cultures -relation of archaeology – Outlining a common epistemological platform for archaeology and archaeometry" In relating to the debate over the nature of archaeology along the science/humanities-spectrum, this paper seeks to understand some epistemological challenges arising from integrating scientific methodologies with archaeology. The main objective is to evaluate what epistemological platform might integrate archaeology and archaeometry in interdisciplinary research projects, and how such a platform might provide productive interdisciplinary research strategies. Four epistemic factors at individual levels are examined, consisting of 1) communication, 2) specialization, 3) explanatory ideals and 4) uncertainty levels and types. A model of interdisciplinary research strategies is put forth in order to cope with these epistemic challenges. The opposing results of stable isotope analysis and faunal remains regarding diet during the Mesolithic/Neolithic-transition are presented as a case study, identifying general epistemological factors affecting the application of scientific methodologies in archaeology.

Los procesos de confinamiento social provocados por la crisis de salud mundial (COVID-19), han obligado a los docentes a asumir nuevas competencias investigativas que le permitan mejorar los indicadores de ciencia y aportar a la cultura de investigación en la era digital para la región latinoamericana. Este artículo analiza la cultura investigativa de los docentes latinoamericanos de 20 países, en la era digital y su relación con la producción de documentos científicos indexados en Journal Citation Report (JCR) entre 1996 y 2019. Se aplicó un cuestionario (con criterios de validez y confiabilidad) con escala tipo Likert a 2.215 docentes derivados de cinco eventos científicos internacionales. Los principales resultados dan cuenta que el 78% de los docentes tienen menos de 15 años de experiencia docente con edades que no superan los 44 años y un nivel académico del 38,9% de pregrado. Estos, a su vez, en un 62,5% respondieron que nunca han publicado en revistas indexadas, además desconociendo la aplicación adecuada de los paradigmas y diseños de investigación. Por otra parte, el 23,86% de las citaciones totales son auto citas. Por tanto, los resultados reflejan una relación significativa entre la cultura investigativa del docente y la producción científica latinoamericana. Finalmente, los docentes latinoamericanos se han visto en circunstancias económicas, políticas y sociales que afectan las buenas prácticas de investigación y publicación científica dejando entre ver una brecha de formación sobre competencias investigativas en la nueva era digital, The processes of social confinement caused by the global health crisis (COVID-19), have forced professors to assume new research competencies that allow them to improve science indicators and contribute to the research culture in the digital era for the Latin American region. This article analyzes the research culture of Latin American professors in 20 countries in the digital era, and their relationship with the production of scientific papers indexed in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) between 1996 and 2019. A questionnaire (with validity and reliability criteria) with a Likert-type scale was applied to 2,215 professors selected from five international scientific events. The main results show that 78% of the professors have less than 15 years of teaching experience, with ages under 44 years of age and 38.9% of them with an undergraduate academic level, 62.5% of whom responded that they have never published in indexed journals, and that they do not know the proper application of paradigms and research designs. On the other hand, 23.86% of the total citations are self-citations. Therefore, the results reflect a significant relationship between the research culture of professors and Latin American scientific production. Finally, Latin American professors have found themselves in economic, political and social circumstances that affect good research and scientific publication practices, leaving a training gap in research competencies in the new digital era

Existen diferentes enfoques que dan cuenta de la importancia de la relación entre el crecimiento económico y la implementación de programas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CTI) en el marco del diseño, la ejecución y la evaluación de políticas públicas. Por lo anterior, este trabajo aborda dicha relación desde el concepto, la metodología, la normativa y la implementación de la política de CTI de Colombia, resaltando el aporte del Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA) a la construcción de programas de CTI en el país. Aquí se muestran las contribuciones de la estrategia SENNOVA, creada por el SENA, como respuesta institucional a la normatividad de ciencia y tecnología nacional y la organización en la inversión de recursos. Finalmente, se concluye que SENNOVA es un agente multiplicador de la apropiación tecnológica, social y colectiva, al transferir el conocimiento generado en los proyectos de diferentes líneas programáticas de CTI a los procesos de formación profesional y al sector productivo, contribuyendo así con la disminución de las brechas tecnológicas existentes en el país. #Innovación Different approaches remarkthe importance of the relationship between economic growth andthe implementation ofscience, technology,and innovation programs withinthe designand evaluationofpublic policies. Therefore, this paper addresses said relationship from the concept, methodology, regulations, and implementationprocessof Colombian policy regarding science, technology, and innovation,highlightingthe contribution made by the National Apprenticeship Service (SENA)to the development of related programs. Thecontributions made by the SENNOVA strategy, created by SENA,as an institutional response to national regulations onscience and technology and the allocation of resourcesare also reported in this work. Weconcluded that SENNOVA is a multiplying agent of technological, social, and collective appropriationgiven its role in transferring the knowledge generated in the projects from different programmatic lines of science, technology, and innovation toprofessional training and the productive sector, thus contributing to the reduction of technological gaps in the country.

EnglishAlthough science and biotechnoscience are meant to protect lives, they can also pose risks to survival. We fear them at the same time that we reap their benefits, possibly because here in Brazil and all over the world we are living through a sombre period assailed by the uncertainties of “the biopolitics of death”, or what we call “necropolitics”. This paper performs a critical review of the current literature in an attempt to reflect on the relationship between science, biotechnoscience, biopolitics and bioethics. This will hopefully contribute to a clear perception of the effects of a “science without conscience”, and of the need to build biotechnoscience in response to social demands in times of COVID-19. portuguesA ciencia e a biotecnociencia que, a principio, protegem as vidas, tambem pode gerar riscos as suas sobrevivencias. Ao mesmo tempo em que desejamos as benesses de ambas, tambem as tememos, talvez pelo fato de que no Brasil e no mundo, vivemos tempos sombrios, marcados pelas incertezas de uma “biopolitica da morte” ou “necropolitica”. A revisao critica de literatura aqui proposta, tem como escopo refletir sobre a relacao entre a ciencia, a biotecnociencia, a biopolitica e a bioetica, contribuindo para uma percepcao clara, tanto dos efeitos de uma “ciencia sem consciencia”, como da necessidade de construcao de uma biotecnociencia, que atenda as demandas sociais em tempos de COVID-19.

espanolEl trabajo parte de la determinacion con un estudio diagnostico, de las insuficiencias que presentan los estudiantes de Tecnico Medio en Electricidad, en el desarrollo de la cultura energetica, que afecta su formacion integral debido a que en el diseno curricular de las asignaturas tecnicas de la especialidad de Electricidad no aparece como contenidos los aspectos referidos a la cultura energetica. Como via de solucion al problema se propone un programa de estudio para el tratamiento a la cultura energetica en los estudiantes de Tecnico Medio en Electricidad, a traves del proceso pedagogico profesional que se desarrolla en la Escuela Politecnica de Cuba. El problema social de la ciencia que se plantea en este trabajo tiene gran connotacion social, pues su solucion permite formar cualidades de la personalidad del tecnico medio en electricidad vinculadas a una adecuada relacion sujeto – objeto, que le permite adaptarse al escenario formativo donde se desarrolla y transforma para satisfacer las necesidades sociales a partir de su relacion con el medio, lo que se concreta en la relacion sujeto – objeto con la educacion energetica de los estudiantes. Este resultado se sustenta en los principios y regularidades que caracterizan a la Pedagogia de la Educacion Tecnica y Profesional. EnglishThis paper is based on the determination, with a diagnostic study, of the insufficiencies presented by the students of intermediate Technician in Electricity, in the development of the energetic culture, which affects their integral training because in the curriculum design of the technical subjects of the specialty of Electricity it does not appear as content the aspects related to energy culture. As a solution to the problem, a study program is proposed for the treatment of energy culture in the students of intermediate Technician in Electricity, through the professional-pedagogical process developed in the Polytechnic School of Cuba. The social problem of science that arises in this work has great social connotation since its solution allows forming qualities of the personality of the intermediate technician in electricity linked to an adequate subject-object relationship, which allows it to adapt to the formative scenario where it develops and transforms to satisfy the social needs from its relationship with the environment, which is concrete in the subject-object relationship with the students’ energetic education. This result is sustained by the principles and regularities that characterize the Pedagogy of Technical and Professional Education.

In the paper the costs of Polish county hospitals in 2015–2018 are studied using behavioral cost function. The set of variables combines hospitals’ characteristics which may determine their level of costs, such as the form of ownership, bed turnover rate, number of patient-days and share of beds in emergency department with environment characteristics which may influence both outsourcing costs and patients’ health. In 2017 the system of basic hospital service provision (hospital network) was introduced in Poland. Dummy variables included in the model represent the category of hospital in the system. The results show that the costs may be described using fixed effect panel model. Positive impact of percentage of emergency department patients transferred to other departments and of wages is found. Higher ratio of residents and interns to doctors is found to decrease costs. Dummy variable for the period after the introduction of hospital network assumed a negative sign with costs, but the parameter remained insignificant.