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The targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality have been rapidly promoted in China since they were put forward. This arti⁃ cle systematically analyzes the challenges and opportunities faced by China to achieve these targets and discusses the areas and direc⁃ tions in which China can take actions. The analysis suggests that at this stage, China' s realization of the carbon peak and neutrality tar⁃ gets faces challenges such as high pressure concerning carbon emission reduction, tight time, high cost, insufficient technical reserves, unbalanced development, high cost of getting rid of the 'carbon lock-in', immature carbon pricing mechanism and complex interest ad⁃ justment. Meanwhile, the carbon peak and neutrality targets have created a green recovery opportunity for the low-carbon transformation of new infrastructure and traditional industries after the COVID-19 pandemic, extended the scope of ecological civilization and provid⁃ ed a systematic solution for its difficult problems. In the future, China should continue to make efforts in promoting scientific and tech⁃ nological progress, give full play to the role of carbon market and expanding green investment, boost the innovation drivers, strengthen green financial development, and deepen the construction of a community of shared future for mankind by adhering to the concept of win-win cooperation, mastering the voice of competition, and participating in global governance and cooperation from all aspects and multiple angles, so as to ensure the effective realization of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]