Search

The banking industry in the contemporary world has an exigency for Data Quality Management (DQM). Accurate and timely data not only offers a competitive advantage for banks but also empowers the corporate management to make informed and sound decisions. The importance of DQM thus lies in its ability to bolster strategic positioning while enhancing the decision-making processes. Empirical evidence reveals that there is a significant lacuna in this study area. Hence, the purpose of this concept paper is to explore the attributes and dimensions, and to ascertain how such dimensions' impact DQM. This paper while focusing on theory synthesis, was theorised and conceptualised with the Theory of Creative Destruction (TCD), the Theory of Social Constructivism (TSC) along with the DIKAR model and the Information System Success model. The paper proposes a positivist epistemology with a deductive approach. The proposed target population in the study consists of the members of the senior staff, IT staff and the regulators in the banking industry. The unit of analysis is the individual, and the proposed technique to collect data is the purposive judgmental sampling method. The paper finally discusses the envisaged theoretical, managerial and socio-economic implications along with the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in technology-based payment methods have prompted central banks all over the world to consider the possible advantages and hazards of issuing Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) in order to keep up with the current innovation trend. The Indian payment system is no exception to this fintech innovation trend. As a result, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) must begin considering related patterns and develop a phased implementation plan that progresses gradually through the pilot project. The present research is proposing a Pilot project on the issuance of retail e-rupee first. The research is primarily based on the normative method presenting a qualitative analysis of the creation of a digital rupee possibly like paper money and its smooth implementation. The study examines the potential effects of retail e-rupee implementation on the banking industry, monetary policy, technology architecture options, potential retail e-rupee applications, issuance methods, etc., as well as privacy issues. Thus, it will assist RBI in making policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Reserve Bank of India, not to be left behind, played its part in this transformational journey, by issuing regulations and recommendations on banking mechanization and computerization. Financial sector in general and banking industry in Particular is the largest spender and beneficiary from information technology. According to John Finnerty, "Financial Innovation involves the design, the development, and the implementation of innovative financial instruments and processes, and the formulation of creative solutions to problems in finance". The various innovations in banking and financial sector are ECS, RTGS, EFT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at studying the recycling of shredded currency waste of The Egyptian Central Bank, ECB, in the form of good-quality products. The techniques used include soaking with chemicals, screening to separate the detached ink particles from the soaking step, pulping at high temperature, screening to separate large nylon pieces and small ink particles, flotation to separate large ink particles and small pieces of nylon and bleaching as the final step to increase the whiteness of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper aims to craft a non-parametric composite value for the board quality of Indian banks where the weights can be assigned endogenously. Design/methodology/approach: The study employed a non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based novel extension known as the benefit of doubt approach. To measure the strength of the Indian bank corporate board in terms of board efficiency (BEF), the study used a mixed approach, i.e. first, the study calculates the percentile ranks of the five attributes that the study assumes are the characteristics of the strong board including board size, number of outside directors, frequency of meetings, non-duality leadership and board gender diversity. Thereafter, the study performs the benefit-to-doubt approach to finally measure the efficiency of the board. Findings: The findings of the study establish that the methodological framework present in the study to measure the strength of the board in terms of BEF has been a much superior method over the other weighted and non-weighted linear average methods. Practical implications: This methodology aids the shareholders, investors and regulatory bodies in rating the Indian banks based on their strength in terms of better monitoring boards and ensuring a smooth agent–owner relationship. Originality/value: The benefit of doubt approach has been a unique and novel methodology to craft the composite value for any multidimensional phenomenon. One of the major benefits of using this approach is that it assigns the weights endogenously to each dimension and thereafter collectively determines the efficiency of such a phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Continental Congress foray into printed money during the American Revolution was so disastrous that the United States printed no more money for nearly a century, the one exception being a brief period during the War of 1812. After that Congress chartered and unchartered its national bank twice. The American economy henceforth (1816–1836) was often structurally short of coins, and without any national coinage Americans had to find substitute forms of currency to finance the burgeoning economy. The Supreme Court ruled that sovereign States and individuals could authorize both State and private banks to issue their own notes. In consequence, nearly all paper money in circulation was either State or private banknotes based on a limited reserve of gold. This generally proved insufficient to adequately fund major infrastructure projects. The federal government also had no institution for raising or transferring large amounts of money to fund these national improvements. Nonetheless, Hamilton's U.S. Bank, without the help of a national currency, was an institutional precursor for what would not take final form until 1913. There would be no Federal Reserve today without the Whig-Republican agenda institutionally incarnated in the First and Second U.S. Bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to provide a systematic literature review (SLR) on contemporary cardinal money mule issues. Design/methodology/approach: This paper reviews the most common money mule themes in perpetrating financial crime activities, especially its roles, recruitment and awareness. A systematic review protocol called preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols is adopted for this study. Findings: Money mules are used by organized criminal groups (OCG) or fraudster to launder illicit funds from outrageous criminal activities. They allow their accounts to be used for money laundering by OCG. The attacker, OCG or fraudsters would layer the stolen funds using money mule accounts. These money mules are recruited using various approaches, oftentimes deceived by opulent lifestyles to captivate the interest of potential money mules. Originality/value: This paper presents money mule awareness needed by accountant, bank employees and the society. It is an unprecedented SLR on money mule. This paper will be beneficial for future money mule researchers, enforcement agencies and practitioners in banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After over a decade of crisis, the ECB's functions have expanded considerably, which in turn altered its relationship with other institutions. In particular, when the ECB assumed the role of Banking Supervisor under the Single Supervisory Mechanisms, it was generally accepted that this role would require more accountability than its traditional role in monetary policy. Yet, accountability requires transparency. However, there is a dearth of studies on the transparency of European banking supervision, and the few that exist are usually single case studies. This leaves us without a point of comparison that would help us understand what constitutes a 'transparent banking supervisor'. Therefore, the aim of this article is to situate the transparency of the ECB within the wider literature on the transparency of banking supervisors. This allows us to pinpoint more precisely its strengths and shortcomings and the potential for reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Saudi government's refusal to introduce paper currency until 1956 against the backdrop of two developments: First, the composition of a number of treatises written by Muslim scholars in the late Ottoman and early Saudi Hijaz and Najd permitting use of the medium; second, the unsuccessful effort by several Muslim entrepreneurs to create formal banking facilities in the Hijaz between the 1920s and 1950s. Throughout these decades, as the Saudi regime repeatedly claimed that paper currency violated Islamic orthodoxy because it was a bearer of interest, these scholars argued forcefully for the medium's legitimacy by mobilizing the legal sources of their particular school of law (madhhab). This contrast reflects how the religious politics of the kingdom departed from both Ottoman precedents and other contemporary Islamic contexts in which paper currency was widely assimilated via the assent of Muslim legal scholars. The regime's tepid support for, or outright obstruction of, the creation of formal banking facilities that issued paper currency further exacerbated this divergence. In the end, because of such inconsistency it required technocratic institutions like the IMF and ARAMCO to introduce paper currency and a formal banking system into the kingdom from the mid-1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the nexus between the roots of modern capitalism and the rise of the first networks of pedestrian couriers known as scarsella , arguing that they both emerged simultaneously during the thirteenth century in the context of the Champagne fairs. This claim is based upon the premise that the essential feature of the commercial revolution of the Middle Ages—the rise of the sedentary merchant—would have been literally unthinkable without the establishment of reliable communication channels and the mastering of paper manufacturing in northern Italy. Paper represented a light and affordable medium that revolutionized business by enabling merchants to carry out not only long-distance communication but also extensive record-keeping. However, this study proposes that the earliest public postal operations in Europe were driven not by merchants' desire to conduct epistolary exchange but by the need of the commercial banks to execute long-distance money transfers through bills of exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I. INTRODUCTION In March 2013, the Department of Treasury mandated that all Social Security benefits be transmitted electronically. (1) Prior to the switch, about 1.5 million recipients, or seventeen percent [...]

The amount of generated municipal waste depends not only on the population but also on consumption patterns and economic welfare. The aim of this paper was to present the structure of generated waste over the years in the European Union, Poland, in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, and in Rzeszow. It has been assumed that the SARS-CoV- 2 pandemic, the political action of the government, and the higher standard of living of the society are the factors influencing the increase in the amount of waste generated by households and waste segregation. The paper analyses the waste management system using the official data collected and published by Statistics Poland -- the Local Data Bank (LBD) and Eurostat. The amount of municipal waste and waste collected selectively from households was probably affected to the greatest extent by local regulations. According to the data presented, a sharp increase in the amount of municipal waste, including bulk waste and bio-waste, was observed in 2013 and 2014, which may be related to the amendment in 2013 applicable in Poland of the Act on maintaining order and cleanliness in communes. Unfortunately in the Eurostat database, no accurate data on selectively collected municipal waste is available, and in LBD this data is available for different time spans depending on the administrative level. This makes it difficult to draw unequivocal conclusions on the amount of generated waste and forecast changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is a country's fiat currency that exists in a digital form. This digital currency becomes a liability on the balance sheet of a nation's central bank when it ceases to be a liability on the balance sheet of one of the nation's commercial banks and gets transferred to the central bank. Instead of printing paper money, the central bank can create CBDCs by opening electronic bank accounts at commercial banks that are backed by the full faith and credit of the nation's central bank. The goal of a CBDC is to provide the nation's government, businesses and consumers with a liquid and accessible currency that supplies privacy, transferability, convenience, and financial security. If CBDCs become highly popular, someday the world might operate with only one global CBDC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the time of digitization, the requirements of consumers are constantly increasing. Systematization of scientific sources and approaches and implemented surveys prove that new requirements impact the development of electronic innovations, which have also appeared in the banking sector. The digitization of provided banking services also represents innovations focusing on creating environmentally friendly innovations. Moreover, electronic banking has been used by clients of commercial banks for several years, as it represents easy access to finance, their overview, and other e-banking advantages. The opportunity to use the home environment is irreplaceable for many people. Wasting paper while providing banking operations in a brick-and-mortar branch or spending valuable time standing in a crowd of the bank's clients is an unacceptable idea for many people, especially in the situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper compares the electronic banking services of the three largest Slovak banks using the Kano model. The Kano model, through 5 categories of perceived quality by customers, expresses the relationship between their degree of satisfaction and quality attributes. These categories include one-dimensional, attractive, mandatory, reverse, and indifferent attributes of products creating quality. The individual categories of perceived quality change in accordance with the life cycle. They pass from indifferent through attractive, one-dimensional to the category of mandatory quality attributes. This paper focuses on selected types of provided services and innovations in electronic banking, drawing attention to the perception of risk by Slovak bank clients. The authors pointed out the differences among the services offered in individual banks provided within the portfolio of their services and the identification of customer requirements. The findings showed that the customers have not largely mastered the innovations, but they are nevertheless very important from the future perspective. The results of the research could be useful for bank managers to find the best way how to approach clients who approach innovations in banking with distrust and reluctance to adopt them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The free-banking history of Switzerland is subdivided into periods with unfettered competition (1826–1881), and strict banknote regulation (1881–1907). This paper suggests that the Federal Banknote Act of 1881 was introduced to remedy the fragmentation of the unfettered-competition period, during which private note-issuing banks were unable to issue standardised paper money. Although the corresponding minimum-reserve and mutual-acceptance rules led to a standardisation, they created new problems. For example, these regulatory interventions reduced the flexibility (or "elasticity") of the paper-money supply. It turned out that a central note-issuing bank is needed to supply adequate amounts of standardised banknotes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to synthesize the current literature and present a definition of future smart banking services known as "metaverse banking" as well as to discuss its future potential. Design/methodology/approach: This paper proposes a suitable definition for metaverse banking that includes the important elements of metaverse banking and sheds light on its impending potential from distinct aspects. Findings: Metaverse banking is a banking channel actualized through the integration of metaverse and online banking services, enabled by a mix of numerous advanced technologies, that provides customers with synchronous banking services accompanied with 3D experiences in a virtual world. There is a high likelihood in the future that metaverse banking is able to be marketed intensively yet effectively, and incur progressive demands, as well as progress significantly in terms of development. Practical implications: This study assists bank managers in understanding metaverse banking better and simultaneously makes them realize the metaverse banking' growth opportunity which can be pursued. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper to establish a definition for metaverse banking and expound on the upcoming potential of metaverse banking. There is a lack of related literature because this concept is relatively new. This study assists in enriching the concept and providing future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Identificar evidencia de la relevancia de la estructura de capital y de las principales estrategias bancarias para la maximización del valor en los bancos. Metodología: Se trata de una investigación empírica-analítica, descriptiva, con un enfoque cuantitativo. Los datos longitudinales se obtuvieron de la base de datos Economatica® entre el primer trimestre de 2008 y el cuarto trimestre de 2018. Se realizaron pruebas de regresión lineal con datos de panel (panel data). Principales resultados: Existe evidencia de la relevancia de la estructura de capital y la influencia de estrategias bancarias para la rentabilidad de los bancos medida con base en ROICAJUSTADO. Relevancia y originalidad: La actualidad, relevancia y la discusión crítica inevitable sobre el tema despiertan el interés del ámbito académico por la investigación dirigida al análisis crítico de la relevancia de la estructura de capital y las estrategias operativas para la maximización del valor. Contribuciones teóricas: Proporciona el inevitable debate académico sobre la relevancia de la estructura de capital y las principales estrategias bancarias para la maximización del valor en los principales bancos brasileños cotizados en la bolsa. Contribuciones sociales: Contribuye al processo de toma de decisiones de gestores, inversores, analistas financieros y organismos reguladores del sector al abordar la relevancia de la estructura de capital para los bancos, los riesgos y costos involucrados, los principales aspectos que incentivan niveles elevados de apalancamiento financiero y factores determinantes para la rentabilidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the controversy which emerged between the Bank of England and a number of external actors over various proposals to modify the printing of the Bank's paper-money during the Bank restriction period of 1797–1821. As a result of this controversy, the debate over the best method to prevent the forgery of the Bank's paper-money became increasingly technical and specialised over the Restriction period. I argue that, as a result of the growing technical nature of the controversy that emerged, the problem of the forgery of the Bank's paper-money became depoliticised – separated from the controversial political and social context that attended the widespread introduction of paper-money in early nineteenth-century British society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archives in financial institutions can often appear detached from reality, less relevant in reporting political facts and the documents mostly reveal redundant financial details. Yet financial institutions hold reliable primary information and their files contain insights of international historical relevance. Through the analysis of documents kept at the historical archive of the the Italian Bank for China (now in Archivio Storico UniCredit) it is possible to contextualize the bank's activity in the first half of the twentieth century in relation to historical facts of the first republic, China. In this article, the author unveils how the Banca Italiana per la Cina was involved in financial and political events concerning the Chinese and Italian governments. In the documents and correspondence written by the bank's management the facts are described with real perception of the situations. They reveal, using reliable sources, significant aspects regarding Sino-Italian relations during that historical period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing the exogenous scenario of the “New Rules on Asset Management” in April 2018, this paper tries to explore the impact of the contraction of Chinese shadow banking on corporate investment behavior. This paper finds that the regulation leads to a 18.3% decrease in capital expenditure for firms relying on shadow banking system prior to the shock. Then, this paper tests three underlying mechanisms, which include the decrease of corporate borrowing, the increase of corporate financing constraints and the reduction of debt maturity. This paper also provides the empirical evidence that the implementation of the “New Rules on Asset Management” optimizes the allocation of capital across firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the 1783 proposal to issue readymade notes to the Bank of England's private banking customers. Prior to 1783, I argue that there were two broad categories under which the Bank issued its notes into circulation: (1) notes which were issued to government in relation to the Bank's role as facilitator of the fiscal revenues of state, and (2) notes which were issued to its private banking customers. The readymade note was a form of paper money which the Bank had previously been issuing only to government and, unlike the notes which the Bank originally issued to its private banking customers, was made out in advance of its being issued into circulation. I argue that the transformation suggested in the 1783 proposal was made possible by the unique relationship which the Bank had always had with the government, and I will make three observations based on identifying how this transformation took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the issuance of Paper on Islamic Regtech published by a journal equipped with title and abstract identifiers is registered in Dimension.ai from 2019 to 2023 explored in this bibliometric study. The focus of the investigation is on the keyword and author's pattern. The data was examined from the 15 Dimension research article (https://dimension.ai). 'Islamic Regtech' is a search keyword. On February 23, 2023, the search used to make a collection of study data was updated. The bibliometric map was found using a descriptive statistical approach and bibliometric analysis using a VOS viewer. The quantity of paper on Islamic Regtech, as well as the growth of Islamic digital regulations, has increased dramatically in recent years. This topic is covered by a number of journals, one of the best is Ethical Concerns in Artificial Intelligence (AI): The Role of Regtech and Islamic Finance. Research, Disruption, and Islamic Financial Institution are the most commonly used terms. This study provides an overview of the most popular keywords and writers in the publication with the topic of Islamic Regtech, with the hope that it can be useful information for academics who work in this field. Thus, this concept will potentially be further developed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paying activity, regardless of its form, is part of a separate chapter, which we consider to be very interesting, because it always leads to something constructive, because it always leads to something constructive, because it induces satisfying some needs, finalizing some steps, have found the solution but also (sometimes) the redemption of mistakes. Every man or business representative, when making a payment has some particular feelings, because the feeling of resource shrinking appears, and the human being is sensitive by nature to such facts. At the same time, payments are very serious, and the higher the amounts spent, the more they reach the most distant places on the planet, the more it involve the intervention of several different factors of management, financial accounting, banking, taxesauthorities, IT, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NAB today welcomed the interim issues paper on banker remuneration and incentives released by Stephen Sedgwick on behalf of the Australian Bankers' Association (ABA). Lynda Dean, NAB Executive General Manager, [...]

The importance of artificial intelligence in the banking industry is reflected in the speed at which financial institutions are adopting and implementing AI solutions to improve their services and adapt to new market demands. The aim of this research is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the involvement of artificial intelligence in the banking sector to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research to guide future directions and support the sustainable development of this rapidly expanding field. Another important objective is to identify research gaps and underexplored areas in the field of artificial intelligence in banking. The methodology used is a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer, analysing 1089 papers from the Web of Science database. The results of the study provide relevant information for banking professionals but also for policy makers. Thus, the study highlights key areas where banks are using artificial intelligence to gain competitive advantage, thereby guiding practitioners in strategic decision making. Moreover, by identifying emerging trends and patterns in AI adoption, the study helps banking practitioners with foresight, enabling them to anticipate and prepare for future developments in the field. In terms of governmental implications, the study can contribute to the development of more nuanced regulatory frameworks that effectively balance the promotion of AI innovation with the protection of ethical standards and consumer protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent systems on Paper currency recognition and verification are inevitable for modern banking services. These systems are used in Auto-seller machines, vending machines etc. Extracting sufficient and reliable monetary characteristics are essential for accuracy and performance of such systems. This paper proposes a new intelligent system for paper currency recognition. Pakistani paper currency has been considered, as a case study, for intelligent recognition. This paper identifies, introduces, and extracts robust features from Pakistani banknotes. After extracting these features, the paper proposes to use three layers feed-forward Backpropagation Neural Network (BPN) for intelligent classification. The proposed technique and system are simple and comparatively less time consuming which makes it suitable for real-time applications. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique, experiments have been conducted on 175 Pakistani banknotes. The results indicate that system has 100% recognition ability on properly captured images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preliminary settlement with National Australia Bank Ltd. was reached late Friday, under which the bank will pay A$50 million ($38 million) over 12 attempts to break the country's securities [...]

In this paper we examine the transformation of big data in the banking industry, where data has become a major asset. The advent of big data analytics is bringing about a major shift in how banks operate, interact with customers and make strategic decisions. The article first examines big data, focusing on its key features: volume, velocity, and diversity, then its impact on banking operations and then provides a comprehensive analysis of the origins of big data in its banking sector of the industry, including marketing history, customers and communications, social media engagement, and others. In addition to contributing to the banking industry's vast database, the paper outlines the many ways banks are using big data, from improving risk management to improving customer services to fraud by identifying activities and increasing operational efficiency. Finally, the article addresses big data challenges for banking, such as data privacy and security issues, and provides case studies to illustrate the tangible benefits that banks gain by embracing big data analytics acknowledge its value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that influence the image of banks in the Polish banking sector among members of Generation Z (Gen Zers) and assess the strength of their impact. Design/methodology/approach: The methods used to achieve this purpose included a literature review and a diagnostic survey with an original questionnaire. The study employed PAPI and CAWI techniques and targeted Gen Zers with accounts at commercial and/or cooperative banks in Poland. Findings: The study identified the determinants influencing the image of banks and assessed their impact on how Gen Zers perceive banks in Poland. The findings indicate that the factors with the greatest impact on the image of banks in the Polish banking sector are security, convenience and accessibility, and technologies and innovations. Research limitations/implications: Since the research part of the paper is based on a survey study, the findings are somewhat superficial. A significant limitation preventing these findings from being generalized globally is the scope of the study, which was conducted solely among customers of the Polish banking sector. Therefore, it would be beneficial to expand the research by conducting a qualitative study, and by including it customers of banks from other countries. Practical implications: By understanding the impact of the determinants influencing the perception of banks in the Polish banking sector among Gen Zers, those responsible for managing the bank's image will be better equipped to understand the needs and expectations of the youngest generation of banking service users. This, in turn, should lead to more effective management of the bank's image among a generation that currently makes up almost one-fourth of the Polish population. Originality/value: The paper is primarily aimed at individuals in managerial positions in commercial and cooperative banks within the Polish banking sector, as well as bank image specialists. The ranking of the determinants influencing the image of banks among Gen Zers, presented in the paper, partially fills the research gap by revealing the real needs and expectations of the youngest generation of bank customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study provides a bibliometric analysis of bank efficiency and competition over the past years (from 1993 to 2022) to (1) discover the past and current state of knowledge on bank competition and efficiency, (2) identify leading and authoritative journals and scholars who made significant contributions to the distribution of knowledge and impact, (3) identify nations that made a significant contribution and impact to the literature and (4) identify the structure of collaboration that exists between scholars in the areas of bank competition and efficiency and key thematic areas. Design/methodology/approach: A total number of 868 documents made up of articles, reviews, book chapters, book and conference papers from the Scopus database were gathered. This study used a bibliometric analytic approach. Findings: The number of documents on bank competitiveness and efficiency has increased significantly, as have their total publications, citations and national output. Additionally, the most esteemed and prestigious academic journals of eminent academics who have had a significant impact on the dissemination of knowledge on bank efficiency and competition literature champion papers on banking efficiency and competition. In terms of citation performance and collaborative efforts, the United States tops the developed countries, led by China, which is also the most productive. Additionally, single-country publications predominate in the literature, with China ranking first among the top five countries with corresponding authors. While the Lerner index, H-statistic, concentration index and market power were used to measure bank competitive behaviour, the data envelopment analysis approach predominates efficiency estimation techniques that are linked to cost, profit or revenue, scale, technical and productivity indexes. Originality/value: This study is one of the first to offer bibliometric evidence of both bank competition and efficiency. It also offers proof of the distribution of knowledge and intellectual structure of the concepts and concerns in bank competition and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic and international risk shocks have greatly increased the demand for systemic risk management in China. This paper estimates China's multi-layer financial network based on multiple financial relationships among banks, assets, and firms, using China's banking system data in 2021. An improved PageRank algorithm is proposed to identify systemically important banks and other economic sectors, and a stress test is conducted. This study finds that China's multi-layer financial network is sparse, and the distribution of transactions across financial markets is uneven. Regulatory authorities should support economic recovery and adjust the money supply, while banks should differentiate competition and manage risks better. Based on the PageRank index, this paper assesses the systemic importance of large commercial banks from the perspective of network structure, emphasizing the role of banks' transaction behavior and market participation. Different industries and asset classes are also assessed, suggesting that increased attention should be paid to industry risks and regulatory oversight of bank investments. Finally, stress tests confirm that the improved PageRank algorithm is applicable within the multi-layer financial network, reinforcing the need for prudential supervision of the banking system and revealing that the degree of transaction concentration will affect the systemic importance of financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]