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Sinop is one of the chestnut growing regions of Turkey. The pollen of Castanea sativa is consisting of the main source of honeybee. In the present study were investigated to phenolic composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial efficiency of methanolic extracts of C. sativa pollen grains collected from 9 different populations during inflorescence period (July, 2013). The extracts were screened for their antimicrobial activities against to the 8 bacteria and 3 yeast species by using disc-diffusion procedure. The pollen extracts displayed more effective against to Gram-positive bacteria rather than Gram-negative, the extracts had also moderate anti-yeast activity. In vitro the antioxidant activity based on the 1,1-diphenly-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was evaluated for all the extracts, and it was found that the extracts had good Phenolic compound, Antimicrobial activity antioxidant activity in the range of the IC50 = 0.093-19.5 mg mL-1. The total phenolic contents of Antioxidant activity Sinop the extracts were determined between 64.02 ± 0.26 mg GAE g-1 and 103.8 ± 6.72 mg GAE g-1. In addition, we determined a negative linear correlation (r= - 0.59) between the total phenolic content and IC50 values. In this sense, our findings confirmed that the methanolic pollen extracts had good antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the result of the study suggested that Castanea sativa Mill. pollen grains can be a good natural product source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, cabbage is the most economically important member of the genus Brassica. Samsun, located in the Black Sea Region is the greatest cabbage producing area in Turkey. Surveys were done to determine the distribution of viruses in cabbage cultivated areas in 2012-2014. According to the results of field observations, characteristic virus symptoms were observed on some cabbage plants. The average percentages of symptoms-affected plants were recorded as 2-20% in the visited fields. A total of 535 leaf samples were collected from cabbage fields and tested for the presence of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), and Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) by double-antibody sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using virus-specific polyclonal antiserum. The ELISA results revealed that 8.1% and 6.9% of these samples were infected with TuMV and CaMV, respectively. The TuMV +CaMV mixed infection ratio was 2.1%. However, CMV, TYMV, and BWYV were not detected. This is the first comprehensive study of viruses on Brassica crops in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, the most important centre for cabbage production in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a total of 1360 specimens of Eriphia verrucosa were collected from the South Black Sea region of Turkey between February 2012 and January 2013 to determine their biological and reproductive characteristics. The overall sex ratio of all individuals was calculated as 1:0.42 (M/F). The mean carapace width was determined as 6.76, 5.57, and 5.62 cm for males, nonovigerous, and ovigerous females, respectively. The minimum and maximum weight was recorded as 4.07 and 301.4 g for both sexes. The highest correlation between morphological characteristics was determined for carapace length and crab weight in nonovigerous females (R² = 0.973; N = 317). The percentage of ovigerous females was 6.25% and they were observed only between May 2012 and August 2012. The mean fecundity was calculated as 89,129 ± 8005 eggs. The egg diameter ranged from 499.0 to 701.7 μm with a mean value of 546.36 ± 18.62 μm for stage I, 606.92 ± 15.92 μm for stage II, and 570.96 ± 9.22 μm for stage III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of study is determined of growty performances and changes of morphological characteristics of horse chesnut seedlings at different light and moisture conditions at the nursery stage. This research carried out greenhouse conditions in the Gökçebey Forest Nursey Directorate. In this context the same growing material (1/3san+1/3clay+1/3natural organic humic material) was created in the greenhouse field. The 4 different light (30%, 50%, 60% and 80%) and moisture (40%, 60%, 80% and 90%) conditions were attempted on seedlings of horse chestnut in the grenhouse conditions. the light of the results obtained from the research that a rapid growth of chestnut horse with the particularly responded quickly to changing light conditions, but can be continued until the response is determined about 80% intensity. On the other hand it reacts to changing humidity conditions against a chestnut horse, but was determined to show high growth in terms of numerical values, such as in this case, the light intensity. As well as root growth that the light intensity the resulting changes despite the rapidly increased to accommodate the growth that occurred and that this increase starts pause of approximately 70% light intensity, root length despite the changes in the moisture content was determined to continue to grow to about 90% moisture content. In this context light intensity of increased approximately 70% and performed upbringing process of horse chestnut trees in the moisture content up to 80%. However, both the bud growth, required for growth and development of fruit grown in 50% light 60% moisture content and their powerful and adaptations may be useful for the production of high horse chestnut trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]