84 results
Search Results
2. The Relationship between Climate Action and Poverty Reduction.
- Author
-
Lankes, Hans Peter, Macquarie, Rob, Soubeyran, Éléonore, and Stern, Nicholas
- Subjects
POVERTY reduction ,CLIMATE change mitigation ,CLIMATE change adaptation ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,CLIMATE change ,MARKET failure - Abstract
There is growing awareness that actions by policymakers and international organizations to reduce poverty, and those to mitigate and adapt to climate change, are inextricably linked and interwoven. This paper examines relevant academic and policy literature and evidence on this relationship and explores the potential for a new form of development that simultaneously mitigates climate change, manages its impacts , and improves the wellbeing of people in poverty. First, as a key foundation, it outlines the backdrop in basic moral philosophy, noting that climate action and poverty reduction can be motivated both by a core principle based on the right to development and by the conventional consequentialism that is standard in economics. Second, it reviews assessments of the current and potential future impacts of weakly managed climate change on the wellbeing of those in poverty, paying attention to unequal effects, including by gender. Third, it examines arguments and literature on the economic impacts of climate action and policies and how those affect the wellbeing of people in poverty, highlighting the importance of market failures, technological change, systemic dynamics of transition, and distributional effects of mitigation and adaptation. Finally, the paper surveys the current state of knowledge and understanding of how climate action and poverty reduction can be integrated in policy design, indicating where further research can contribute to a transition that succeeds in both objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Short-term nutrition and growth indicators in 6-month- to 6-year-old children are improved following implementation of a multidisciplinary community-based programme in a chronic conflict setting
- Author
-
Karapet Davtyan, Himanshu A Gupte, Hambardzum Simonyan, Aelita Sargsyan, and Arin A. Balalian
- Subjects
Male ,Child growth ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Nutritional Status ,Growth ,Health Promotion ,Multidisciplinary intervention ,Interdisciplinary research ,Malnutrition in children ,Logistic regression ,Child Nutrition Disorders ,Odds ,Child Development ,Multidisciplinary approach ,Intervention (counseling) ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Prevalence ,Medicine ,Cycle of poverty ,Humans ,Community Health Services ,Child ,Evaluation ,Wasting ,Poverty ,Growth Disorders ,Interventions ,Human evolution ,Stunting ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Malnutrition ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant ,Anemia ,Armenia ,medicine.disease ,Diet ,Breast Feeding ,Logistic Models ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Demography ,Research Paper - Abstract
Objective:We investigated short- and long-term indicators of malnutrition and diet before and after the community-based ‘Breaking the Cycle of Poverty’ multidisciplinary intervention.Design:A historically and geographically controlled study using data collected in 2013 and 2016. We compared the prevalence of short-term indicators (anaemia, breast-feeding duration and minimum dietary diversity) and long-term indicators (stunting and wasting) in exposed communities at two time points. We then compared these factors in geographic areas exposed or not exposed to intervention. We conducted logistic regression analyses on the 2016 sample to measure associations between living in intervention communities and child growth indicators.Setting:Berd region, a chronic conflict zone near the north-eastern border of Armenia and Azerbaijan.Participants:Children aged 6 months to 6 years.Results:Analyses included data from 2013 comprising 382 children, and data from 2016 comprising 348 children living in communities where the programme was implemented, and 635 children from unexposed communities. Anaemia prevalence in exposed communities was significantly lower in 2016 v. 2013 (10·9 v. 19·1 %, P < 0·01). Minimum dietary diversity (79·0 v. 68·1 %, P < 0·001) and breast-feeding duration (13·0 v. 11·5 months, P < 0·002) were significantly improved in exposed communities. Prevalences of stunting (11·5 v. 10·2 %, P = 0·57) and wasting (4·8 v. 2·0 %, P = 0·07) were not significantly different. Odds of anaemia were significantly lower (OR = 0·24, 95 % CI 0·16, 0·36) in intervention communities.Conclusions:Exposure to a community-based multidisciplinary intervention reduced the rate of anaemia and improved dietary indicators.
- Published
- 2019
4. What Are the Impacts of Syrian Refugees on Host Community Welfare in Turkey? : A Subnational Poverty Analysis
- Author
-
Azevedo, Joao Pedro, Yang, Judy S., and Inan, Osman Kaan
- Subjects
LOCAL POPULATION ,CITIES ,MIGRANT ,IMMIGRANTS ,BORDER REGIONS ,UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES ,POPULATION GROUPS ,DESIGN ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES ,HIGH POVERTY ,DEPENDENT VARIABLE ,POOR ,REFUGEE POPULATIONS ,POPULATION ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,MIGRANTS ,INCOME ,NUMBER OF CHILDREN ,CIVIL WAR ,WOMEN ,REFUGEE CAMPS ,POVERTY RATES ,LARGE NUMBERS OF REFUGEES ,POVERTY ,FEMALE ,POPULATIONS ,GROWTH ,OCCUPATION ,WAR ,FAMILY SIZE ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,REGIONAL DIFFERENCES ,NATIVE POPULATION ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,FORCED MIGRATION ,NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY PROFILE ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,EXTENDED FAMILY ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,PROGRESS ,LABOR MARKET ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,ELDERLY ,POPULATION ESTIMATES ,HOUSEHOLD ,CONSUMPTION ,SERVICES ,COUNTRY OF ORIGIN ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,DEPENDENCY RATIOS ,MEASURING POVERTY ,WELFARE QUINTILES ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,MARKET ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,LEVEL OF EDUCATION ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,NATIONAL POPULATION ,DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ,SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ,TARGETING ,GEOGRAPHIC REGION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,EMPIRICAL MODEL ,POVERTY MAPPING ,HOUSEHOLD ASSETS ,CITIZENS ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,POVERTY STATUS ,INCOME POVERTY ,REMITTANCES ,POLICIES ,POLICY ,REGIONS ,REGIONAL POPULATION ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,COMMUNITY ,URBAN CENTERS ,DATA SETS ,SAFETY ,POPULATION TRENDS ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,HOUSEHOLDS ,RESPECT ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,PROJECT ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,NEGATIVE IMPACT ,REGIONAL AGGREGATION ,MIGRATION ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,WORKING POPULATION ,INFLUX OF REFUGEES ,DEPENDENCY RATIO ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,NATIVES ,SHELTER ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,DATA AVAILABILITY ,CONFLICT ,HOMES ,MARITAL STATUS ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,EDUCATED WORKERS ,RURAL ,POVERTY LINE ,REFUGEE ,LABOR FORCE ,TEMPORARY PROTECTION ,IMMIGRATION ,REFUGEES ,REGIONAL CONTROLS ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,LONG RUN ,COMPARISON GROUP ,GENDER ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES ,MEDITERRANEAN REGION ,POVERTY RATE ,COMMUNITIES - Abstract
In recent years, Turkey has been host to more than two million Syrians seeking refuge. Initially concentrated in the southeastern regions, these refugees now reside throughout the country. There are many questions from policy makers regarding the impact of the population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection on the host community. This paper examines the impact of migrants on regional host communities from a poverty perspective. The paper does not find any negative impacts on poverty for the host community from the increasing population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection as of 2013, despite the high poverty rates experienced among the recent migrants.
- Published
- 2016
5. Factors Associated with Stunting among Pre-school Children in Southern Highlands of Tanzania
- Author
-
George Mutembei Mutwiri, Debarati Guha-Sapir, Tefera Darge Delbiso, Regine Kopplow, Chiara Altare, and UCL - SSS/IRSS - Institut de recherche santé et société
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Pediatrics ,Cross-sectional study ,Breastfeeding ,Growth ,Tanzania ,Food Supply ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,diet diversity ,Prevalence ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Growth Disorders ,Stunting ,Family Characteristics ,stunting ,Original Papers ,Maternal support ,Infectious Diseases ,Family planning ,Child, Preschool ,Community Health ,Female ,medicine.medical_specialty ,growth ,Mothers ,Nutritional Status ,03 medical and health sciences ,Thinness ,maternal support ,medicine ,Humans ,Poverty ,child care ,Pregnancy ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,business.industry ,Public health ,Infant ,Odds ratio ,medicine.disease ,Child care ,Health Surveys ,Confidence interval ,Diet ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Diet diversity ,business ,Breast feeding ,Demography - Abstract
Background: Stunting is a major public health problem in Africa and is associated with poor child survival and development. We investigate factors associated to child stunting in three Tanzanian regions. Methods: A cross-sectional two-stage cluster sampling survey was conducted among children aged 6-59 months. The sample included 1360 children aged 6-23 months and 1904 children aged 24-59 months. Descriptive statistics and binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. Results: Our main results are: in the younger group, stunting was associated with male sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.17; confidence interval [CI]: 1.52-3.09), maternal absence (AOR: 1.93; CI: 1.21-3.07) and household diet diversity (AOR: 0.61; CI: 0.41-0.92). Among older children, stunting was associated with male sex (AOR: 1.28; CI: 1.00-1.64), age of 4 and 5 (AOR: 0.71; CI: 0.54-0.95; AOR: 0.60; CI: 0.44-0.83), access to improved water source (AOR: 0.70; CI: 0.52-0.93) and to a functioning water station (AOR: 0.63; CI: 0.40–0.98) and mother breastfeeding (AOR: 1.97; CI: 1.18-3.29). Conclusions: Interventions that increase household wealth and improve water and sanitation conditions should be implemented to reduce stunting. Family planning activities and programmes supporting mothers during pregnancy and lactation can positively affect both newborns and older siblings.
- Published
- 2016
6. Development Economics as Taught in Developing Countries
- Author
-
Mckenzie, David and Paffhausen, Anna Luisa
- Subjects
RETURNS TO SCALE ,MARGINAL PRODUCT ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,POOR COUNTRIES ,WAGE DIFFERENTIALS ,DEGREES ,POLICY MAKERS ,UNDERGRADUATES ,GRADUATE LEVEL ,CONVERGENCE HYPOTHESIS ,ECONOMICS ASSOCIATIONS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,MACROECONOMICS ,POLICY OPTIONS ,WORKERS ,UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION ,SCIENCE ,UNDERGRADUATE COURSES ,POVERTY RATES ,INCENTIVES ,COURSE SYLLABI ,MASTERS LEVEL ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,GROWTH THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,LEARNING OBJECTIVES ,GROWTH ,COLLEGE ,TRADE POLICY ,RAPID GROWTH ,FACULTIES ,PER-CAPITA INCOME ,DEVELOPMENT REPORT ,STUDENTS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,MARKETS ,ECONOMICS RESEARCH ,DEVELOPMENT ,EDUCATION STATISTICS ,SCHOOLS ,FAILURES ,MASTERS DEGREES ,RURAL AREAS ,NATIONAL INCOME ,INCOMPLETE MARKETS ,ANALYTICAL METHODS ,PRODUCTION ,GRADUATE ,RESEARCH OUTPUT ,EMPIRICAL WORK ,ELASTICITY ,LITERACY ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,GDP PER CAPITA ,THEORY ,ECONOMIC LITERATURE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,COURSE CONTENT ,MEASURING POVERTY ,TRADE ,ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION ,TERTIARY EDUCATION ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,LITERATURE ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AGRICULTURE ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,RESEARCH FINDINGS ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,RESEARCH ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,TEXTBOOKS ,FACULTY ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,BASIC KNOWLEDGE ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,CAPITAL ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,OPEN ACCESS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,VALUE ,PAPERS ,COUNTRY LEVEL ,GROWTH WITHOUT DEVELOPMENT ,INDUSTRIAL POLICY ,EXAM QUESTIONS ,BENCHMARK ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,STUDENT ,DATA SETS ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,RESEARCH CENTERS ,POVERTY TRAPS ,RESEARCHERS ,FACULTY MEMBERS ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,TEACHING ,PUBLIC POLICY ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,LEARNING ,CREDIT ,POLICY RESEARCH ,UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL ,STUDENT LEARNING ,SYLLABI ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,ENROLLMENT RATIO ,INDEX NUMBERS ,MARKET FAILURES ,SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION ,MICRO DATA ,EDUCATION LEVEL ,LABOR MARKETS ,UNIVERSITIES ,GROWTH MODEL ,UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE PROGRAM ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ,DATA AVAILABILITY ,ECONOMICS ,CAPITA INCOMES ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,IMPERFECT COMPETITION ,INCREASING RETURNS ,INSTITUTES ,INPUTS ,CAPITA INCOME ,LABOR FORCE ,PROFESSORS ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,RICH COUNTRIES ,UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ,SCHOOL ,URBAN AREAS ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,UNIVERSITY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICIES - Abstract
This paper uses a combination of survey questions to instructors and data collected from course syllabi and examinations to examine how the subject of development economics is taught at the undergraduate and masters levels in developing countries, and benchmark this against undergraduate classes in the United States. The study finds that there is considerable heterogeneity in what is considered development economics: there is a narrow core of only a small set of topics such as growth theory, poverty and inequality, human capital, and institutions taught in at least half the classes, with substantial variation in other topics covered. In developing countries, development economics is taught largely as a theoretical subject coupled with case studies, with few courses emphasizing data or empirical methods and findings. This approach contrasts with the approach taken in leading U.S. economics departments and with the evolution of development economics research. The analysis finds that country income per capita, the role of the state in the economy, the education level in the country, and the involvement of the instructor in research are associated with how close a course is to the frontier. The results suggest there are important gaps in how development economics is taught.
- Published
- 2015
7. Absolute Poverty and Sound Public Finance in the Eurozone.
- Author
-
Canale, Rosaria Rita and Liotti, Giorgio
- Subjects
PUBLIC finance ,EUROZONE ,POVERTY reduction ,FISCAL policy ,POVERTY - Abstract
The respect of fiscal parameters is supposed to be – according to the official position of the European institutions – the best recipe for granting stability and growth. This optimistic view appears to be in contrast with the recent increase in poverty. The aim of this paper is to individuate the existence of a relation between governments' decisions about fiscal policy and absolute poverty in 19 Eurozone countries from 2005 to 2017. The attempt is to answer the question as to whether the effect on growth generated by fiscal policy measures can account for the objective of poverty alleviation. The results support the conclusion that absolute poverty increases in the presence of a restrictive fiscal policy, while it decreases in the opposite case. During declining macroeconomic conditions, national governments belonging to the Eurozone appear to be unable to reconcile the objective of sound public finance with that of poverty alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Stagnant Stunting Rate Despite Rapid Economic Growth in Papua New Guinea : Factors Correlated with Malnutrition among Children under Five
- Author
-
Hou, Xiaohui
- Subjects
VITAMINS ,HEALTH STATUS ,PROTEIN ,INFANTS ,INFANT FEEDING ,CHILDREN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,CALORIES ,CHILD HEALTH ,MINERALS ,FAMILIES ,SEVERE MALNUTRITION ,FOOD POLICY ,LOW BIRTH WEIGHT ,IMPLEMENTATION ,POPULATION ,ANEMIA PREVALENCE ,COMPLEMENTARY FOOD ,PRODUCTIVITY ,BREASTFEEDING ,STAPLE FOODS ,FOOD INSECURITY ,WORKERS ,EDUCATION ,INFECTIOUS DISEASES ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,MALNUTRITION ,GROWTH MONITORING ,POVERTY ,FOOD QUALITY ,DISEASES ,RISK FACTORS ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,GROWTH ,HEALTH ,INTERVENTION ,IODIZATION ,SPATIAL VARIATIONS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS ,NUTRITION STATUS ,SOCIAL WORKERS ,SALT IODIZATION ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,IODINE ,CHILD DEVELOPMENT ,CAPACITY ,DEVELOPMENT ,MALARIA ,VITAMIN ,FOOD ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,VEGETABLES ,MORTALITY ,NUTRITION SURVEYS ,FOOD INTAKE ,NUTRITION OUTCOMES ,CHILD MALNUTRITION ,CONSUMPTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,DIETARY IMPROVEMENT ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,CHILD STUNTING ,VITAMIN A ,WASTED CHILDREN ,UNDERNUTRITION ,MICRONUTRIENTS ,NUTRITIONISTS ,HUNGER ,COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ,SURVEYS ,EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,NUTRIENT ,NUTRIENTS ,INFECTION ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,DIABETES ,SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS ,NUTRITION EDUCATION ,ACCESS TO EDUCATION ,FOOD ACCESS ,HEALTH POLICY ,IRON ,NUTRITION POLICY ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,FOOD SECURITY ,IODINE DEFICIENCY ,CHILD NUTRITION ,POLICY ,REGIONS ,HEALTH WORKERS ,PREGNANCY ,HEALTH CARE ,OBESITY ,NUTRITIONAL OUTCOMES ,FOOD RESEARCH ,CHILD GROWTH ,NUTRITION ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,BIRTH ,UNDERWEIGHT RATES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,FEEDING ,STUNTING ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,DIET ,MORBIDITY ,HUMAN NUTRITION ,WEIGHT GAIN ,SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ,KNOWLEDGE ,RICE ,STRATEGY ,ANEMIA ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,POORER FAMILIES ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,POVERTY LINE ,DIARRHEA ,HEALTH SERVICES ,PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ,ANIMAL PROTEIN ,CHILD MORTALITY ,ILLITERACY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,WASTING ,WEIGHT ,CALORIC INTAKE ,MALNUTRITION RATES ,RURAL POPULATIONS - Abstract
Maternal and child undernutrition is a pervasive and detrimental condition in Papua New Guinea. Despite rapid economic growth during the past decade, the stunting rate for children under 5, one of the primary indicators for child undernutrition, was estimated at 46 percent in Papua New Guinea in 2010, stagnant from 44 percent in 2005. This paper analyzes the association between the demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and health-related factors on nutritional status for children under age 5 years, using the 2009–10 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Stunting and underweight rates sharply rise in the first 24 months. Even in the better-off quintiles, children suffer from suboptimal breastfeeding and complementary food in the first 24 months. In general, the regression results showed that household wealth and geographic location are crucial factors that contribute to children’s malnutrition. More importantly, food quality, measured by protein intake, has significant predicting power on child malnutrition. Broadly increasing socioeconomic status and improving the quantity and quality of caloric intake are general steps to improving health outcomes in Papua New Guinea. In addition, three key areas were identified as critical to alleviating the persistent and detrimental stunting rate in the country: (1) exclusive breastfeeding and complementary food; (2) interventions by health workers; and (3) nutrition education.
- Published
- 2015
9. Does Social Investment Influence Poverty and Economic Growth in South Africa: A Cointegration Analysis?
- Author
-
Ogujiuba, Kanayo and Mngometulu, Ntombifuthi
- Subjects
ECONOMIC expansion ,SOCIAL influence ,INCOME inequality ,COINTEGRATION ,POVERTY - Abstract
Despite having a middle-income status, many South African households are either already in or are about to fall into poverty. The income and wealth distribution in South Africa is among the most uneven in the world, and many households lack even the most basic access to healthcare, clean energy, and clean water. Although it has increased government spending, South Africa's government has made significant steps to combat poverty and inequality and encourage economic growth. Understanding the connection between social investment, poverty, inequality, and economic growth is, therefore, necessary to comprehend the ambiguity that currently prevails. In order to analyze the effects of social investment on poverty and economic growth in South Africa between 1990 and 2020, this paper uses the cointegration technique. The cointegration estimates indicate that there is no correlation between social investment, poverty, inequality, and economic development. According to study findings, South Africa's macroeconomic policies, which seem to be more urban-focused, need to be modified and redirected into inclusive policies with strict constraints to assure their implementation. The transformation of rural and township life will be aided by this plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. COVID-19 as a Disease of Poverty and Inequality. Pandemic Impact on Economic Growth, Changes and Problems in the Current Time.
- Author
-
CHOJNACKA, Katarzyna J.
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,ECONOMIC impact of disease ,HEALTH equity ,ECONOMIC expansion ,COVID-19 pandemic ,POLEMICS - Abstract
In this research, the author has attempted to systematize the current state of knowledge on selected aspects of poverty and inequality, in light of available analysis and quantitative data, from the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article is of a polemic nature. Therefore, this text should be treated as a starting point for the empirical research planned by the author during the following months of the research project: SUPB.RN.21.109, Id: 538. The purpose of this paper is to distinguish the most significant areas where the COVID-19 pandemic initiated change. Due to the importance of the phenomenon, the variability over time, as well as its complex aspect, it would be impossible to discuss the issue comprehensively within a single publication, as highlighted. The motto of the considerations was the words of Gorynia (2020): The coronavirus is unquestionably a phenomenon from the world of uncertainty rather than the world of probability (...) it is a multidimensional phenomenon and as such requires an appropriate approach to its complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. EFFECT OF FRAGILITY ON GROWTH AND POVERTY IN NIGERIA: A DISAGGREGATE STATE-LEVEL ANALYSIS.
- Author
-
Adedejii, Abdulfatai A. and Adeniyi, Oluwatosin
- Subjects
- *
DEVELOPMENT economics , *POVERTY , *CONFLICT management , *EXTERNALITIES , *ECONOMIC expansion , *URBAN poor - Abstract
Why some nations are wealthier than others are one of the most contentious and enigmatic questions in international development economics. This has necessitated plausible explanations for the reasons behind Africa's poor development record over the past 50 years. Among other factors, fragility arising from different conflicts in African countries has been ranked as a key factor that undermines the development of the continent. Nigeria found itself in this set due to growing conflicts in different parts of the country. Consequently, fragility worsened the country's development due to the huge associated economic and social costs. More so, conflict-affected countries are characterized by the worst socio-economic outcomes. Hence, existing studies have been preoccupied with the understanding of the relationship between fragility and economic growth as well as fragility and poverty. To provide evidence in the context of Nigeria, this paper, therefore, empirically investigated the fragility-growth nexus, as well as the fragility-poverty nexus, in a sample of 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in Nigeria. We further considered the macroeconomic and socio-political relationships in fragile and non-fragile states of Nigeria. Using data covering the period between 2011 and 2015, both the static approach (Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect) and the dynamic approach (Difference and System Generalized Method of Moments) were explored to provide answers to some key questions in the study. The results showed that the neoclassical and socio-political approaches complement each other. Specifically, fragility significantly weakened economic growth and further worsened poverty levels among the states. This suggests that conflict-related fragility creates an unstable environment that discourages economic activities and aggravates hunger among the population. More so, the results indicated that only debt enhances economic growth while income reduces poverty in both fragile and non-fragile states. Hence, conflict resolution is crucial to addressing conflicts in different parts of the country. Also, the country needs to explore various strategies (security infrastructure, and human capital) to overcome fragility, enhance economic growth, and combat poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Trade Openness and the Growth–Poverty Nexus: A Reappraisal with a New Openness Indicator
- Author
-
WANNAPHONG DURONGKAVEROJ
- Subjects
development ,growth ,openness ,poverty ,trade ,Social sciences and state - Asia (Asian studies only) ,H53 - Abstract
Developing countries have greatly benefited from globalization, coinciding with economic growth and structural transformation. The standard trade theory postulates that trade openness contributes to poverty alleviation directly by changing factor proportions of production and indirectly through the trickle-down effect of growth. Existing multicountry studies using the trade-to-gross-domestic-product ratio to measure openness often fail to find a direct effect of openness on poverty over and above the growth–poverty nexus. This paper is motivated by the concern that the failure of these studies to detect the effectiveness of the factor proportion channel may be due to limitations of the commonly used measure of trade openness: the trade-to-gross-domestic-product ratio. Using a newly constructed index of trade openness, which I dub “the price convergence index,” I find a significant direct effect of openness on poverty reduction. The results also suggest that the impact of growth on poverty is greater for economies with more open trade regimes.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Development in Romania during the post-crisis period: A human, economic and social perspective
- Author
-
Maria-Daniela TUDORACHE
- Subjects
development ,human ,economic ,growth ,poverty ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
This paper aims to provide an analysis of the interaction between human, economic and social development in Romania, in the period 2010-2019. To facilitate the examination of the human development, I have used the human development index and its components, while the economic development has been examined using gross domestic product per capita and its determinants. On the other hand, in the case of social development, I have used the poverty rate and other relevant indicators. The conclusion of the paper is that Romania has been on an upward trend in terms of development in the post-crisis period, but further progress are needed to be able to mitigate the development gaps towards the European Union.
- Published
- 2021
14. ESTIMATING ‘GROWTH ELASTICITY OF POVERTY’ FOR ASIAN ECONOMIES.
- Author
-
AKRAM, Naeem and AKRAM, Muhammad Irfan
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in Asia ,ELASTICITY ,POVERTY reduction ,POVERTY rate ,POVERTY ,ELASTICITY (Economics) - Abstract
Over the years, poverty reduction has been recognised as the main objective of development policy. To reduce poverty, economic growth is very crucial. The responsiveness of growth towards poverty reduction is measured by the ‘growth elasticity of poverty’. The present study attempts to calculate growth elasticities of poverty in nine selected Asian countries for the period 1986-2015 by using three different methodologies. The study finds that calculated elasticities have considerable variations by using different methodologies. It is suggested that the calculation of elasticity using the formula is most appropriate because it directly calculates the elasticity by using the data of poverty rate and per capita GDP. The study also finds that China has the highest growth elasticity of poverty considering the poverty line of USD 1.90 and USD 3.20 a day. It was also found that the responsiveness of growth to poverty reduction has increased during the period of 2001-2015 in comparison to the period of 1986-2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
15. Education Attainment and Employment in Industrial Sector: South Asian Nationswithspecialreferenceto India
- Author
-
Arora, Kanika and Bhattacharjee, Mahua
- Published
- 2019
16. THE ROLE OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE GROWTHPOVERTY NEXUS: EVIDENCE FROM CESEE COUNTRIES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE MACEDONIAN ECONOMY.
- Author
-
Stankov, Dejan
- Subjects
CAPITALISM ,POVERTY rate ,POVERTY reduction ,INCOME inequality ,MARKETING channels ,ECONOMIC expansion ,GROWTH rate - Abstract
The paper explores the income distribution as a channel of transmission of the effects of economic growth on poverty reduction. For that purpose, we analyse data for the CESEE countries with a focus on the Macedonian economy. Since the 1990s, in the transition process to market economies, inequalities within countries in the CESEE region have risen the most. The income distribution achieved in the last decade is not sufficient to neutralise the high inequality created after 1990. The Macedonian economy shows improved income distribution in the last decade as well, which influences the level of poverty. Still, income inequality and the relative poverty rate are among the highest in the CESEE region. The study sheds light on the effects of the predistributive and redistributive factors on the level of inequality and poverty. We consider the extent to which different parts of the income distribution are affected by the process of average income growth. The main conclusion from the empirical analysis for the CESEE countries is that the sign of the growth rate of the average income of the population, in most cases, is an important predictor of the income growth rate of the quintile groups. Correlation results show that the sign of the growth rates of the average income of the population is the most important determinant for the sign of the growth rates of the average income of the quintile group for the quintiles nearest to the average income of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Determinantes da pobreza nas Regiões Metropolitanas do Brasil no período de 1995 a 2009.
- Author
-
Carneiro, Douglas Mesquita, Bagolin, Izete Pengo, and Silvio Hong Tiing Tai
- Abstract
Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Development in Romania during the post-crisis period: A human, economic and social perspective
- Author
-
Tudorache, Maria-Daniela
- Subjects
O11 ,economic ,HF5001-6182 ,poverty ,growth ,R11 ,O15 ,HB1-3840 ,Economics as a science ,ddc:330 ,Economic theory. Demography ,Business ,human ,I32 ,development ,HB71-74 - Abstract
This paper aims to provide an analysis of the interaction between human, economic and social development in Romania, in the period 2010-2019. To facilitate the examination of the human development, I have used the human development index and its components, while the economic development has been examined using gross domestic product per capita and its determinants. On the other hand, in the case of social development, I have used the poverty rate and other relevant indicators. The conclusion of the paper is that Romania has been on an upward trend in terms of development in the post-crisis period, but further progress are needed to be able to mitigate the development gaps towards the European Union.
- Published
- 2021
19. The Dog that Didn’t Bark : The Missed Opportunity of Africa’s Resource Boom
- Author
-
Cust, James, Ballesteros, Alexis Rivera, and Zeufack, Albert
- Subjects
AFRICA ,GROWTH ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,COMMODITIES ,RESOURCE CURSE ,POVERTY - Abstract
The commodity price boom from 2004–2014 was a huge economic opportunity for African countries abundant in oil, gas and minerals. During this period their government revenues from resources grew by an average of 1.1 billion US$ per year, and economic growth in those same resource-rich countries surged. GDP growth in resource-rich countries accelerated from 4.6% to 5.4% as countries entered a decade long period of sustained high commodity prices. Nonetheless, the paper traces a significant missed opportunity for resource-rich countries in Africa, with little to show for it in the post-boom period, which saw growth collapse far below pre-boom levels, to 2.7% per annum. This paper considers the record of performance during the boom (2004–2014) and subsequent bust from 2015 onwards. The paper describes four main outcomes of the boom: 1) measures of resource dependency rose in Sub-Saharan Africa during the boom, 2) the growth record was strong during the boom but collapsed once commodity prices fell, 3) poverty and inequality rose during the boom despite strong GDP growth, 4) resource-rich countries failed to diversify both their exports and their asset base, leaving them poorly prepared for the end of the boom and a period of lower commodity prices and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusions are stark. During this golden decade of sustained high commodity prices and booming revenues, there was limited re-investment of those revenues into building sustainable assets for the future. In other words, countries consumed the boom, rather than successfully transformed their economies. The conclusion is that many resource-rich countries in the region squandered their “once in a generation” opportunity for economic transformation, offering policy lessons that may prove valuable as we enter a new period of elevated commodity prices.
- Published
- 2022
20. The Impact of Tourism Development and Economic Growth on Poverty Reduction in Kazakhstan
- Author
-
Shah Imtiyaz Ahmad and Haq Imtiyaz ul
- Subjects
growth ,tourism ,poverty ,ardl ,kazakhstan ,f2 ,f29 ,f43 ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 - Abstract
The paper examines the long-run relationship between poverty reduction, economic growth, and tourism development in Kazakhstan during the period of 2001–2017. We expand the basic model by including other poverty determinants such as inequality, unemployment, and spending on health. We use the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to test the co-integration of variables, as the ARDL bound test of co-integration is less restrictive and provides more reliable coefficients than other time series econometric models. The ARDL bound test results show that there exists a long-run relationship between the said variables. The coefficients of all variables have the expected signs in the long run.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. DOES INCOME INEQUALITY DAMPEN GROWTH EFFECT ON POVERTY? EVIDENCE FROM THE U.S. COUNTY DATA.
- Author
-
Nasir, A. B. M. and Mridha, Hosne A.
- Subjects
- *
INCOME inequality , *POVERTY in the United States , *POVERTY reduction , *POVERTY rate - Abstract
This paper estimates the dampening effect of rising inequality on growth effects on poverty rates using the U.S. county level data. According to the "growth elasticity" argument, rising inequality weakens the magnitudes of the growth effects on poverty reduction. The dampening effect is defined as the negative effect of rising inequality on the growth elasticity of poverty and is decomposed into the direct and the indirect dampening effects. Where the direct dampening effect is equal to the estimate of inequality elasticity of poverty. The indirect dampening effect is calculated as the difference between the estimate of a benchmark growth elasticity of poverty and the estimate of growth elasticity of poverty while allowing inequality to change. The benchmark growth elasticity of poverty is estimated from a model which assumes inequality as constant. This study analyzes data on poverty rates, real median household income and inequality from 731 counties of the United States. Data are compiled from two programs of the U.S. Census Bureau and converted into annualized percent changes. Unlike previous studies analyzing survey data from developing countries, U.S. county data are comparable across counties and more reliable. The dampening effects are estimated using the ordinary least square technique applied to five models of poverty. The study finds that income growth does alleviate poverty, but growing inequality directly and indirectly dampens the growth effects on poverty rates. Estimate of the total dampening effect of inequality indicates that the rising inequality is likely to lift 129,405 fewer people out of poverty annually. The growth effect on poverty rates is estimated to be weaker in counties with growing inequality than that in counties with declining and unchanged inequality, confirming the dampening effect of rising inequality. Estimates of the regional effects captured by regional dummy variables suggest that regional specific factors do also dampen growth effect on poverty rates. One reason for such dampening is likely to be tightened-budgetary conditions emanating from cuts in social safety net programs across the United States during 2006-10. Overall, the results from this study indicate that merely pro-growth policies are unlikely to ensure faster poverty reduction in the United States. The policy intervention must also focus on pro-poor growth strategies targeting the incomes of the lower quintiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. La relevancia de la agenda de desarrollo en la negociación del Tratado de libre comercio entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea.
- Author
-
Cisneros, José Miguel Calvillo
- Abstract
Copyright of Politica y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. COVID-19, Food Insecurity and a Government Response: Reflections from South Africa
- Author
-
Victor H. Mlambo and Nonoxlo Nomfundo Khuzwayo
- Subjects
Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 ,Growth ,Development ,Poverty - Abstract
The goal of this paper is to examine how life, already hard before the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic has further deteriorated and compounded the ability of South Africans to access food. Departing, this paper argues that while food insecurity has always been a feature in South Africa, however, COVID-19 has laid bare the ineffective policy response by successive governments over the years. Food insecurity in the country not new, however, the government's ineffective response allowed COVID-19 to intensify poverty and inequality among the most vulnerable. To explore how COVID-19 exacerbated the food insecurity problem in the country, this paper employed a qualitative research approach where secondary data was collected through a review of the literature. From the onset, it became observable that government responses to COVID-19 were not only going to cost jobs and further entrench poverty and inequality, but they were also going to exacerbate the food insecurity problem in the country. Even though government measures to cushion the poor and vulnerable were largely welcomed, they were tainted by corruption, thus clouding their overall effectiveness. It was recommended that the government ought to be proactive rather than reactive in addressing issues around food insecurity
- Published
- 2021
24. Searching for Hidden Connections Between the Evolution of Poverty in Developing Countries and Information Technology.
- Author
-
Tulenty, Dmitry, Likhouzova, Tetiana, and Riabinina, Natalia
- Subjects
DEVELOPING countries ,INFORMATION technology ,POVERTY rate ,GROWTH ,POVERTY ,GROSS domestic product - Abstract
In today's economy, information technology is present in all aspects of life and has the potential to be used for the development of society. The study aims to find hidden connections between the evolution of poverty in developing countries and information technology. The methodology of the study is based on the monitoring of statistical data from the world atlas Knoema, which characterizes the economic development of countries and the level of poverty, as well as data from the International Telecommunication Union, which characterizes the level of development of information technology in countries around the world. As a result of the study, the evolutionary changes of gross domestic product and the development of information technology were traced, with the subsequent establishment of a relationship between them, confirmed on the basis of the method of rating scores. Finally, a comparative analysis was made to identify the causal links between the evolution of poverty and information technology through the precise indicators that Knoema and the International Telecommunication Union collect to trace the regulatory environment within a country such as the affordability of ICT services, ICT literacy, and the poverty rate. It was found that despite the availability of information technology price policy in developing countries and the uneven growth of GDP mainly in post-Soviet countries, except for the period of the COVID-19 crisis, gaps were identified in the form of low or no ICT literacy at poverty thresholds of 3.8–9.8%. This demonstrates the hidden links between poverty and population's practical knowledge of information technology, and may constrain the socio-economic development of developing countries. The findings can be used by policymakers as a tool to combat poverty, and are also useful to scholars and economists who work on the digitalization of the population and inclusive education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. GROWTH OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICAN (SSA) REGION THROUGH MIGRANT REMITTANCES
- Author
-
Nuruddeen Usman
- Subjects
Sub saharan ,Poverty ,Money supply ,Economics ,Financial system ,Remittance ,Remittances ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Growth ,Financial Development ,Financial development ,Panel data - Abstract
This Paper investigates the impact of remittances on the financial development of countries in the sub-Saharan Africa using panel data analysis from 1985 to 2013. Several Literature has been written on the impact of remittance on growth and on poverty in sub-Saharan Africa however few have critically analysed the impact of remittances on financial development in the region. Using two definitions of financial development, the ratio of money supply to GDP (M2/GDP), and the ratio of domestic credit to GDP (DC/GDP), this paper finds that remittances have a positive effect of financial development. However, the size of the effect depends on definition of financial development that is used in the analysis.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Conflict and poverty in Afghanistan's transition
- Author
-
Floreani, Vincent A., Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys, and Rama, Martin
- Subjects
poverty reduction ,troop presence ,poverty ,conflict ,growth ,Afghanistan ,O17 ,security ,foreign aid ,living standards ,troops ,conflict intensity ,ddc:330 ,F35 ,I32 ,D74 ,household consumption ,E21 - Abstract
Despite record economic growth for more than a decade, poverty has remained stubbornly high in Afghanistan, especially in the regions that suffered less from conflict. This paper aims to explain this paradox by combining a model of conflict intensity at the province level over period 2007-14 with a model of consumption at the household level in 2011. Provincial data show that higher levels of conflict were positively correlated with both a larger presence of troops (international and Afghan) and larger aid flows. Household data show that the negative impact of conflict on consumption was more than offset by the positive impact of aid and troops. According to the estimates, Afghan troops contributed more to poverty reduction than international troops, possibly because they spent more locally. The paper uses the estimated models to conduct an out-of-sample validation exercise, focusing on the transition initiated in 2014. The results should be interpreted with caution, as the quantitative models cannot account for strategic shifts in the insurgency and watershed political developments. But they suggest that the reduction in the number of international troops and declining foreign aid flows led to an increase in conflict intensity and a decline in consumption per capita, matching current trends.
- Published
- 2019
27. Does Social Investment Influence Poverty and Economic Growth in South Africa: A Cointegration Analysis?
- Author
-
Kanayo Ogujiuba and Ntombifuthi Mngometulu
- Subjects
government ,growth ,poverty ,inequality ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
Despite having a middle-income status, many South African households are either already in or are about to fall into poverty. The income and wealth distribution in South Africa is among the most uneven in the world, and many households lack even the most basic access to healthcare, clean energy, and clean water. Although it has increased government spending, South Africa’s government has made significant steps to combat poverty and inequality and encourage economic growth. Understanding the connection between social investment, poverty, inequality, and economic growth is, therefore, necessary to comprehend the ambiguity that currently prevails. In order to analyze the effects of social investment on poverty and economic growth in South Africa between 1990 and 2020, this paper uses the cointegration technique. The cointegration estimates indicate that there is no correlation between social investment, poverty, inequality, and economic development. According to study findings, South Africa’s macroeconomic policies, which seem to be more urban-focused, need to be modified and redirected into inclusive policies with strict constraints to assure their implementation. The transformation of rural and township life will be aided by this plan.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Rural economic scenerio of Manipur
- Author
-
Singh, Nameirakpam Somarendro
- Published
- 2018
29. Improving nutritional status among urban poor children in sub‐Saharan Africa: An evidence‐informed Delphi‐based consultation.
- Author
-
Mutisya, Maurice, Markey, Oonagh, Rousham, Emily K., Chintsanya, Jesman M. N., Pradeilles, Rebecca, Kimani‐Murage, Elizabeth W., Madise, Nyovani J., Munthali, Alister C., Kalimbira, Alexander, Holdsworth, Michelle, Griffiths, Paula L., and Haycraft, Emma
- Subjects
PREVENTION of malnutrition ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,URBAN health ,POVERTY ,MEDLINE ,NUTRITIONAL status ,DELPHI method ,CHILDREN - Abstract
In sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), rapid urbanisation coupled with the high prevalence of infant and young child (IYC) undernutrition in low‐income settings means that interventions to support IYC nutrition are a priority. Little is known about how urbanisation influences IYC feeding (IYCF) practices, and evidence‐based interventions to improve IYC health/nutrition in the urban poor are lacking. Therefore, this research aimed to (a) systematically review evidence on interventions for improving the nutritional status of IYC aged 6–23 months living in urban poor areas (PROSPERO CRD42018091265) and (b) engage stakeholders to identify the highest ranking evidence gaps for improving IYCF programmes/policies. First, a rapid systematic review was conducted. This focused on the literature published regarding nutrition‐specific and nutrition‐sensitive complementary feeding interventions in urban poor areas, specifically low‐income informal settlements, in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Six intervention studies met the review inclusion criteria. Intervention adherence was generally high, and indicators of maternal knowledge and IYC nutritional intake typically increased because of the interventions, but the impact on anthropometric status was small. Second, stakeholders working across SSA were engaged via a Delphi‐based approach to identify priority areas for future intervention. Stakeholders reported that a situational analysis was required to better understand IYCF in urban poor areas, particularly the causes of IYC undernutrition, and highlighted the need to involve local communities in defining how future work should proceed. Together, these findings indicate a need for more evidence regarding IYCF and the factors that drive it in urban poor areas across LMIC settings, but particularly in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Convergencia y desarrollo en la Argentina urbana (2003–2016).
- Author
-
González, Fernando Antonio Ignacio, Santos, Maria Emma, and London, Silvia
- Subjects
POVERTY reduction ,ECONOMIC expansion ,HOUSEHOLD surveys ,GROWTH ,POVERTY - Abstract
*Full article is in Spanish English Abstract: This article analyses the recent evolution of territorial disparities in Argentina, measured by a Multidimensional Poverty Index, by carrying out a formal convergence analysis between agglomerates. In particular, the existence of absolute β-convergence and σ-convergence is tested. The information comes from the microdata of the Permanent Household Survey. The results suggest that, although an end-to-end analysis of the period shows a decrease in poverty accompanied by a reduction in territorial disparities between the main urban agglomerates in Argentina, when disaggregating by subperiods, it is evident that in periods of economic growth (essentially from 2003 to 2009), territorial disparities increased. Conversely, in periods of stagnation, these disparities decrease. Spanish Abstract: Este articulo analiza la evolución reciente de las disparidades territoriales en Argentina, medida por un Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional, mediante un análisis formal de convergencia entre aglomerados. En particular, se testea la existencia de convergencia-β absoluta y convergencia-σ. La información proviene de los microdatos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares. Los resultados sugieren que, si bien en un análisis punta-a-punta del período se observa un a reducción de la pobreza acompañada de una reducción de las disparidades territoriales entre los principales aglomerados urbanos de Argentina, al desagregar por subperíodos, se evidencia que en los períodos de crecimiento económico (esencialmente del 2003 al 2009) se incrementaron las disparidades territoriales. En tanto que en los periodos de estancamiento, estas disparidades se redujeron. *Full article is in Spanish English Abstract: This article analyses the recent evolution of territorial disparities in Argentina, measured by a Multidimensional Poverty Index, by carrying out a formal convergence analysis between agglomerates. In particular, the existence of absolute β-convergence and σ-convergence is tested. The information comes from the microdata of the Permanent Household Survey. The results suggest that, although an end-to-end analysis of the period shows a decrease in poverty accompanied by a reduction in territorial disparities between the main urban agglomerates in Argentina, when disaggregating by subperiods, it is evident that in periods of economic growth (essentially from 2003 to 2009), territorial disparities increased. Conversely, in periods of stagnation, these disparities decrease. Spanish Abstract: Este articulo analiza la evolución reciente de las disparidades territoriales en Argentina, medida por un Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional, mediante un análisis formal de convergencia entre aglomerados. En particular, se testea la existencia de convergencia-β absoluta y convergencia-σ. La información proviene de los microdatos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares. Los resultados sugieren que, si bien en un análisis punta-a-punta del período se observa un a reducción de la pobreza acompañada de una reducción de las disparidades territoriales entre los principales aglomerados urbanos de Argentina, al desagregar por subperíodos, se evidencia que en los períodos de crecimiento económico (esencialmente del 2003 al 2009) se incrementaron las disparidades territoriales. En tanto que en los periodos de estancamiento, estas disparidades se redujeron. French Abstract: Ce travail analyse l'évolution récente des disparités territoriales en Argentine, mesurée à partir d'un Indice multidimensionnel de la pauvreté, sur la base d'une étude de la convergence entre les agglomérations urbaines. Il teste en particulier l'existence de la beta convergence absolue et de la sigma convergence. Les informations proviennent de microdonnées de l'Enquête permanente des ménages. Bien qu'une analyse ponctuelle de la période montre une réduction générale de la pauvreté accompagnée d'une réduction des disparités territoriales entre les principales agglomérations urbaines d'Argentine, la désagrégation par sous-périodes permet d'observer que pendant les périodes de croissance économique (essentiellement de 2003 à 2009), les disparités territoriales se sont accrues alors qu'en période de stagnation elles se sont réduites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Poverty and Shared Prosperity : Let's Move the Discussion Beyond Growth
- Author
-
Antoine, Kassia, Singh, Raju Jan, and Wacker, Konstantin M.
- Subjects
PANEL DATA ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,GROWTH ,EDUCATION ,INEQUALITY ,POVERTY - Abstract
Some authors argue that it is enough to focus on growth to achieve lower poverty and greater shared prosperity. Policy-makers are warned that any effort to make growth more equal would be a distraction at best and could even be detrimental. Achieving the World Bank target of a 3% poverty rate by 2030 will require, however, more targeted policies favoring the poorest segments of the population. But what would be these policies? While studies investigating determinants of GDP growth have been numerous, less is known about factors influencing household incomes at the lowest segments of the income distribution. This paper estimates income drivers for the poorest two income quintiles drawing on a panel of 117 countries over the period 1967–2011. Its results suggest that maintaining macroeconomic stability as well as investing in human and physical capital would not only be associated with faster overall economic growth, but also with even faster income growth for the poorest segments of the population. This paper confirms the central role overall economic growth should play in any strategy to reduce poverty. Its results suggest, however, that in addition policy-makers may have instruments to tweak the distribution of the benefits of faster economic growth in favor of the households at the bottom of the income distribution. There thus need not be a trade-off between inequality and growth.
- Published
- 2017
32. Growth with reduction in poverty and inequality: did Brazil show the way?
- Author
-
Sotomayor, Orlando
- Subjects
POVERTY reduction ,LABOR supply ,INCOME inequality ,WAGE differentials ,EQUALITY - Abstract
A comprehensive decomposition approach is applied to identify the factors that generated a remarkable change in income distribution, whereby in the a span of a decade, Brazilian inequality fell by one-fifth, and the incidence of poverty declined by two-thirds. It is argued that important elements related to these developments had been in place for some time. These elements included macroeconomic stability, long-standing increases in educational attainment, and favorable demographics in the form of a declining dependency ratio that proved to be both poverty- and inequality-reducing. Robust economic growth during the 2000s and the early 2010s resulted in across-the-board income gains that were widely shared, owing to mechanisms that favored advances at the lower end of the distribution of earnings. Demographics, as well as changes in educational attainment, labor force participation, and lower-skill prices explain most of the significant drop in the headcount ratio, with education and the interaction between economic growth and a rising wage floor accounting for the bulk of the change. The same factors explain up to 85% of the decline in income dispersion that was especially driven by markedly compressed earnings differentials. Human capital accumulation and strong labor market institutions thus stand out as key mechanisms linking economic growth to income distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Measuring Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean : Methodological Considerations When Estimating an Empirical Regional Poverty Line
- Author
-
Castaneda, R. Andres, Gasparini, Leonardo, Garriga, Santiago, Lucchetti, Leonardo R., and Valderrama, Daniel
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINES ,HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME ,CITIES ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,EXTREME POVERTY ,WELFARE MEASURE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,EXCHANGE RATES ,INFLATION ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,DEPENDENT VARIABLE ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POOR ,POPULATION ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,RURAL POVERTY LINES ,FOOD BASKET ,INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES ,POVERTY RATES ,WELFARE DISTRIBUTION ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,MEAN VALUE ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,POVERTY RANKINGS ,GROWTH ,FOOD ITEMS ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,WELFARE MEASURES ,COUNTRY SPECIFIC ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,REGIONAL AVERAGES ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINE ,NON-LINEAR FUNCTION ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,BASIC FOOD BASKET ,RURAL REGIONS ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,RELATIVE PRICES ,MEASURING POVERTY ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,EXTREME POVERTY LINES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,RURAL INCOMES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,MARGINAL EFFECT ,URBAN POPULATION ,DATA ISSUES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,URBAN POVERTY ,POVERTY COMPARISONS ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,REGIONAL DISPARITIES ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,PURCHASING POWER PARITY ,REGIONS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,DATA SETS ,EXCHANGE RATE ,CURRENCY ,FOOD COMPONENTS ,COST OF LIVING ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,GLOBAL LEVEL ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,HOUSING ,ECONOMICS ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,RURAL ,POVERTY LINE ,CAPITA INCOME ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,POVERTY ACROSS COUNTRIES ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY COMPARISONS ,HEADCOUNT RATIO ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,URBAN AREAS ,LOCAL CURRENCY ,WEIGHT ,POVERTY RATE ,DATA COLLECTION ,DENSITY FUNCTION - Abstract
This paper contributes to the methodological literature on the estimation of poverty lines for country poverty comparisons in Latin America and the Caribbean. The paper exploits a unique, comprehensive data set of 86 up-to-date urban official extreme and moderate poverty lines across 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the recent values of the national purchasing power parity conversion factors from the 2011 International Comparison Program and a set of harmonized household surveys that are part of the Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean project. Because of the dispersion of country-specific poverty lines, the paper concludes that the value of a regional poverty line largely depends on the selected aggregation method, which ends up having a direct impact on the estimation of regional extreme and moderate poverty headcounts.
- Published
- 2016
34. Estimating International Poverty Lines from Comparable National Thresholds
- Author
-
Jolliffe, Dean and Prydz, Espen Beer
- Subjects
MEASURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,REGIONAL POVERTY LINES ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT ,DATA ISSUES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,WELFARE MEASURE ,INCOME DATA ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,EXCHANGE RATES ,POOR COUNTRIES ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,POOR ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY MEASURES ,CONSUMPTION MEASURE ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,INCOME POVERTY ,INCOME ,POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,STANDARD DEVIATION ,POVERTY RATES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,MEAN VALUE ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,ABSOLUTE VALUE ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD_SURVEY ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,HUMAN ENERGY ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES ,GROWTH ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,FOOD ITEMS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEVELOPMENT REPORT ,LOG-LOG MODEL ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,PUBLIC POLICY ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,POLICY RESEARCH ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,REGION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY ,TRANSFERS ,POVERTY UPDATE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,RURAL POVERTY ,POVERTY LINES ,SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,MICRO DATA ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,FIXED EFFECTS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,ECONOMICS ,FOOD POVERTY ,SOCIAL NORMS ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,RURAL ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,POVERTY LINE ,CAPITA INCOME ,RURAL POVERTY LINE ,NATIONAL POVERTY RATE ,HEADCOUNT RATIO ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,RICH COUNTRIES ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,POVERTY RATE ,DENSITY FUNCTION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - Abstract
World Bank's international poverty line of $1.90/day, at 2011 purchasing power parity, is based on a collection of national poverty lines, which were originally used to set the international poverty line of $1.25/day at 2005 purchasing power parity. This paper proposes an approach for estimating a more recent, complete, and comparable collection of national poverty thresholds from reported national poverty rates. The paper presents a set of international poverty lines based on this new database of national poverty lines. In contrast to the lines used to estimate the $1.90 international poverty line, this approach produces national poverty lines that are (1) consistent with national poverty rates, (2) expressed in common units, and (3) provide greater support to the estimated international poverty line. These national poverty lines are used to estimate an extreme international poverty line, and three higher lines that are more relevant for higher-income countries. A key finding provides evidence of the robustness and relevance of the $1.90 international poverty line as a measure of extreme poverty for low-income countries.
- Published
- 2016
35. The world's two new middles: Growth, precarity, structural change, and the limitations of the special case
- Author
-
Sumner, Andrew
- Subjects
middle-income countries ,inequality ,poverty ,growth ,ddc:330 - Abstract
This paper discusses the emergence of two new middles since the Cold War, namely middle-income countries and people living above absolute poverty but below a security-from poverty-line. The paper sets out what has happened. It is argued that although there has been substantial economic growth, only a relatively small group of the new middle-income countries have achieved structural transformation, and a large proportion of the 'middle' people sit precariously just above the new global poverty line. The patterns of growth, precarity, and structural change underlying the emergence of the world's two middles are discussed.
- Published
- 2016
36. Estimating Poverty with Panel Data, Comparably : An Example from Jordan
- Author
-
Jolliffe, Dean and Serajuddin, Umar
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,POVERTY MEASURE ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,CREDIT PROGRAMS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,POLICY MAKERS ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,HEADCOUNT POVERTY ,FOOD BASKET ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,GROWTH ,MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,IMPACT OF SHOCKS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,ELIGIBILITY ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,FAMINES ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,BUSINESS CYCLE ,CATEGORICAL TARGETING ,MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY ,POVERTY PROFILE ,TRANSFERS ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,POVERTY UPDATE ,SQUARED POVERTY GAP INDEX ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,MEASURING POVERTY ,POLICY IMPLICATIONS ,NATIONAL POVERTY RATE ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,AVERAGE LEVEL ,REAL INCOMES ,DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY ,POVERTY GAP ,TARGETING ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,POVERTY STATISTICS ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,POVERTY COMPARISONS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,POVERTY MEASURES ,SQUARED POVERTY GAP ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,AGGREGATE POVERTY ,POVERTY INDICES ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,REDUCTION STRATEGY ,CHILD POVERTY ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY ,HEADCOUNT INDEX ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,COPING STRATEGIES ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES ,POVERTY GAP INDEX ,POVERTY DATA ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ,PUBLIC POLICY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS ,POVERTY LINES ,SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,ECONOMICS ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,POVERTY LINE ,PUBLIC WORKS ,CASH TRANSFERS ,RICH COUNTRIES ,FAMILY INCOME ,INCOME SUPPORT ,POVERTY RATE ,INCOME VOLATILITY ,DENSITY FUNCTION ,POOR PERSON - Abstract
Poverty estimates based on enumeration from a single point in time form the cornerstone for much of the literature on poverty. Households are typically interviewed once about their consumption or income, and their wellbeing is assessed from their responses. Global estimates of poverty that aggregate poverty counts from all countries implicitly assume that the counts are comparable. This paper illustrates that this assumption of comparability is potentially invalid when households are interviewed multiple times with repeat visits throughout the year. The paper provides an example from Jordan, where the internationally comparable approach of handling the data from repeat visits yields a poverty rate that is 26 percent greater than the rate that is currently reported as the official estimate. The paper also explores alternative definitions of poverty, informed in part by the psychological and biophysical literature on the long-run effects of short-term exposure to poverty or generally adverse environments. This alternative concept of poverty suggests that the prevalence of those who have been affected by poverty in Jordan during 2010 is more than twice as large as the official 2010 estimate of poverty.
- Published
- 2015
37. Ethiopia’s Growth Acceleration and How to Sustain It : Insights from a Cross-Country Regression Model
- Author
-
Moller, Lars Christian and Wacker, Konstantin M.
- Subjects
INVESTMENT ,VALUATION ,GROWTH RATES ,ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ,MARGINAL PRODUCT ,VALUE ADDED ,GROWTH MODELS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTERNAL FACTORS ,RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ,MEASUREMENT ,INFLATION ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,POLICY PERSPECTIVE ,CAPITAL ACCOUNTS ,ERROR TERM ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,BANK LENDING ,LAGS ,INCOME ,MACROECONOMICS ,OUTCOMES ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,BASKET OF GOODS ,STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,TRADE OPENNESS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,INFLATION RATE ,GROWTH REGRESSIONS ,POVERTY ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,GOODS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,AVERAGING ,GROWTH ,OPPORTUNITY COST ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,ECONOMIC BOOM ,DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS ,CONSUMPTION INCREASES ,TRADE POLICY ,POLICY REFORMS ,HIGH INFLATION ,MARGINAL COST ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,MACROECONOMIC OUTCOMES ,INDIVIDUAL POLICIES ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,GROWTH PROJECTIONS ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS ,DEVALUATION ,NATIONAL INCOME ,PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,TELEPHONE COVERAGE ,INFLUENCE ,CONSUMPTION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,LIQUIDITY ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,DEBT ,INCOME LEVELS ,GLOBAL CONDITIONS ,TRADE ,CREDIT RATIONING ,INTEREST RATE EFFECT ,LEADING INDICATORS ,HIGH GROWTH ,CENTRAL BANK ,FACTOR PRICES ,GROWTH POLICIES ,AGRICULTURE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,FUTURE RESEARCH ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,ECONOMIC TRENDS ,BASE YEAR ,CAPITAL ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,POSITIVE EFFECTS ,EXTERNAL CONDITIONS ,EMPIRICAL GROWTH MODEL ,MONOPOLY ,STANDARD DEVIATION ,ECONOMETRICS ,BENCHMARK ,REAL INTEREST RATES ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,OVERVALUATION ,BENCHMARKS ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,POPULATION SHARE ,TAXES ,FORECASTS ,INVESTMENT RATE ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,CREDIT ,POLICY RESEARCH ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,REAL GDP ,EMPIRICAL RESULTS ,GROWTH POLICY ,GROWTH REGRESSION ,FINANCIAL POLICIES ,GROWTH MODEL ,FIXED EFFECTS ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS ,INPUTS ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,CENTRAL BANK LENDING ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,INTEREST RATE ,LONG RUN ,STABILIZATION POLICIES ,BENCHMARKING - Abstract
Ethiopia has experienced a growth acceleration over the past decade on the back of an economic strategy emphasizing public infrastructure investment and supported by heterodox macro-financial policies. To analyze the country’s growth performance during 2000–13, the paper employs a neoclassical cross-country System Generalized Method of Moments regression model. The analysis finds that accelerated growth was driven by public infrastructure investment and restrained government consumption, and supported by a conducive external environment. Macroeconomic challenges arising from declining private credit, real currency overvaluation, and relatively high inflation held back some growth. The model accurately predicts Ethiopia’s growth over the period of analysis and is robust to country-specific parameter heterogeneity and alternative infrastructure variables. Looking ahead, model simulations under alternative policy scenarios are indicative that growth may decelerate in the coming decade, making it challenging for Ethiopia to attain its middle-income country target by 2025. Although simulated growth rates do not vary much by policy scenario, the paper discusses some of the emerging risks associated with a continued reliance on the current infrastructure financing model and potential future adjustments.
- Published
- 2015
38. Toward a New Definition of Shared Prosperity : A Dynamic Perspective from Three Countries
- Author
-
Dang, Hai-Anh H. and Lanjouw, Peter F.
- Subjects
MEASURES ,GROWTH RATES ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,POORER GROUPS ,POLICY MAKERS ,POOR ,DECREASING FUNCTION ,INCOME ,POORER HOUSEHOLDS ,CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,POVERTY RATES ,PRO- POOR ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,NEGATIVE GROWTH ,POVERTY ,ABSOLUTE TERMS ,PRO-POOR GROWTH ,POOR GROWTH ,PRO- POOR GROWTH ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,GROWTH ,AVERAGE INCOMES ,INCOME DYNAMICS ,REDUCING POVERTY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,WELFARE MEASURES ,INCOMES ,COUNTRY SPECIFIC ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ,GROWTH PROCESS ,REDUCED POVERTY ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,INCOME LEVELS ,MEASURING POVERTY ,NATIONAL POVERTY RATE ,POORER POPULATION ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,POLITICAL INSTABILITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA ,INCOME DATA ,PRODUCT ,ECONOMIC REVIEW ,PRO-POOR ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,COUNTRY LEVEL ,AVERAGE INCOME ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,RELATIVE POVERTY ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,EXCHANGE RATE ,POPULATION SHARE ,NEGATIVE IMPACT ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,SOCIAL PROGRESS ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,EMPIRICAL APPLICATION ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE ,POVERTY LINES ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,INCOME GROUPS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSING ,ECONOMICS ,ESTIMATION RESULTS ,MEAN CONSUMPTION ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,POWER PARITY ,INCOME GROWTH ,MIDDLE CLASS ,POVERTY LINE ,MEAN INCOME ,POVERTY RATE ,POSITIVE GROWTH - Abstract
This paper proposes a new measure of growth in shared prosperity, based on shifts in population shares of different income groups over time. This measure complements the definition of shared prosperity recently proposed by the World Bank in which income growth of the bottom 40 percent is examined. The new measure’s strengths arise from its close ties to countries’ national poverty lines and poverty measures, its focus on inclusion of the vulnerable population, and its identification of a population segment that is neither poor nor at significant risk of falling into poverty. The paper also offers a typology of scenarios for tracking shared prosperity under this measure. It provides illustrative examples using survey data from India, the United States, and Vietnam for the mid-to-late 2000s. Estimation results comparing the two approaches with measuring the evolution of shared prosperity are qualitatively consistent, and suggest that during this period, Vietnam enjoyed the greatest expansion in shared prosperity, followed by India and then the United States.
- Published
- 2015
39. Poverty Dynamics in India between 2004 and 2012 : Insights from Longitudinal Analysis Using Synthetic Panel Data
- Author
-
Dang, Hai-Anh H. and Lanjouw, Peter F.
- Subjects
POINT ESTIMATE ,GROWTH RATES ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,FOOD SUBSIDIES ,VILLAGE LEVEL ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,ERROR TERM ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,POOR ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,ERROR TERMS ,HEADCOUNT POVERTY ,EXPLANATORY VARIABLES ,POVERTY RATES ,PRO- POOR ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,FOOD ITEMS ,REDUCING POVERTY ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,LIVING STANDARDS ,ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ,URBAN RESIDENCE ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,POVERTY LEVEL ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,MEASURING POVERTY ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,INEQUALITY ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ,LOW-INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS ,NORMAL DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,COUNTRY CASE ,FIREWOOD ,RURAL RESIDENTS ,REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,URBAN RESIDENTS ,REGIONS ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,EXCHANGE RATE ,INSURANCE ,HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,POVERTY CHANGE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,EMPIRICAL APPLICATION ,POVERTY LINE YIELDING ,POLICY RESEARCH ,REGION ,GROWTH RATE ,POINT DECLINE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,MODEL SPECIFICATIONS ,0 HYPOTHESIS ,CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION ,POVERTY LINES ,INCOME GROUPS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,ECONOMICS ,ESTIMATION RESULTS ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,RURAL ,VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT ,POVERTY DECLINE ,MIDDLE CLASS ,POVERTY LINE ,LABOR FORCE ,POVERTY DEBATE ,VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY ,URBAN AREAS ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,SCHOOLING ,POVERTY RATE ,DENSITY FUNCTION - Abstract
Recent National Sample Surveys point to significant poverty reduction in India since 2004/05, with a marked acceleration between 2009/10 and 2011/12. This paper enquires into important aspects of income mobility between 2004/05 and 2011/12, based on new statistical methods to convert the three pertinent National Sample Survey rounds into synthetic panels. The analysis draws on the synthetic panels to derive a vulnerability line for India that can be used to separate out a population subgroup comprising non-poor households facing a heightened risk of falling into poverty. The paper documents a strong pattern of upward mobility out of poverty and vulnerability into the middle class, with a noticeable acceleration between 2009/10 and 2011/12. The paper further undertakes a careful investigation into the comparability of the survey rounds, prompted by the observation that fairly significant modifications had been made to survey questionnaires. The findings suggest that changes in questionnaire design have not compromised the comparability of the data.
- Published
- 2015
40. World Bank Policy Lending and the Quality of Public Sector Governance
- Author
-
Smets, Lodewijk and Knack, Stephen
- Subjects
INDICATORS ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,MEASUREMENT ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION LAW ,PUBLIC SECTOR PERFORMANCE ,PROJECTS ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS ,EMPLOYMENT ,ELECTORAL SYSTEMS ,CRITERIA ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ,LENDING ,INCOME ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,MACROECONOMICS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,RULE OF LAW ,GOVERNMENTS ,POLITICAL LEADERS ,POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ,STATISTICS ,POLITICAL FREEDOMS ,POVERTY ,PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,INTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,BANK ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,INSTITUTIONS ,LOANS ,GROWTH ,REGULATORY QUALITY ,TAX COLLECTION ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPARENCY ,GOVERNANCE REFORMS ,DEMOCRACY ,INDUSTRY ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,GOVERNANCE INDICATORS ,TRANSFERS ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS ,COLLECTIVE ACTION ,GOVERNANCE REFORM ,CIVIL SERVICE ,BRIBERY ,GOVERNANCE PROBLEMS ,SERVICES ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,INCOME LEVELS ,GUARANTEES ,PROPERTY ,MEASUREMENT ERROR ,VESTED INTERESTS ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AUTONOMY ,CRISES ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,GOVERNANCE ISSUES ,SERVICE ,AUDITS ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,SOCIAL POLICIES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTING ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,GOVERNANCE INDICATOR ,CONTROLLING CORRUPTION ,VALUE ,RISK ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,ECONOMETRICS ,GOVERNANCE ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,COMMUNITY ,FISCAL POLICY ,ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM ,REGULATION ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ,REVENUE ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,EQUITY ,GRANTS ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,DEMOCRATIC REGIMES ,GOVERNANCE QUALITY ,PARTICIPATION ,BUREAUCRACY ,PUBLIC POLICY ,TAX REVENUES ,LEGISLATION ,PUBLIC POLICIES ,COUNTRY DATA ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,AID DEPENDENCE ,LABOR ,POLITICS ,INTEREST ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ,POLITICAL RIGHTS ,CORRUPTION ,FOREIGN AID ,REVERSE CAUSALITY ,POLICY OUTCOMES ,BUREAUCRATIC QUALITY ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,HUMAN RESOURCE ,TAX SYSTEM - Abstract
This study investigates the impact of World Bank development policy lending for public sector governance on the quality of public sector management and institutions. The World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (CPIA) are used to measure the latter, the study considers only policy conditions targeted at improvements in those areas. The analysis uses a comprehensive country-year panel data set of aid receiving-countries and finds a significant and inverse U-shaped effect of public sector conditions on the quality of public sector governance. For most observed values in the data, the impact is positive, but it turns negative beyond a value of 80 conditions. At that point, the predicted CPIA score is about 0.25 point (0.3 standard deviation) higher than with zero conditions. For most observations, the number of cumulative conditions is below 80, so the estimated effect of more conditions is generally positive. The analysis corrects for potential endogeneity and shows that the results are robust to sample restrictions, the use of an alternative governance measure, and the inclusion of an extended set of control variables. Falsification tests are also consistent with a causal interpretation from conditions to quality of public sector governance. The paper shows that conditions related to public financial management and tax reforms are more effective than those related to anti-corruption or civil service and administrative reform, where progress requires changing the behavior of a larger set of “deconcentrated” actors. The paper concludes by describing some innovative ideas in the Bank’s ambitious new public sector management strategy that could improve the effectiveness of its support for public sector governance reform.
- Published
- 2015
41. Building Public Participation in Kenya’s Devolved Government
- Author
-
Finch, Christopher and Omolo, Annette
- Subjects
budget literacy ,parliament ,poverty ,corruption ,public sector management ,intended beneficiaries ,governance problems ,credibility ,auditor general ,regulatory quality ,pra ,public service delivery ,participatory planning ,participatory processes ,focus group discussions ,best practices ,public accountability ,budget transparency ,social accountability mechanisms ,stakeholder involvement ,budget preparation ,effective participation ,capacity building ,rule of law ,enabling environment ,constitutional bodies ,social audit ,grants ,governance indicators ,citizen expectations ,citizens ,public officials ,marginalized groups ,citizen engagement ,human development ,civil society organizations ,community participation ,participatory projects ,community scorecards ,incentives ,budget formulation ,governance outcomes ,accountability mechanisms ,human rights ,stakeholders ,performance monitoring ,social service ,markets ,citizen feedback ,consultation ,survey ,outreach ,international development ,misuse of funds ,mobilization ,social accountability ,investment climate ,preparation ,advocacy ,poverty reduction ,corruption trends ,civil society actors ,access to information ,human rights commission ,project implementation ,stakeholder engagement ,civil servants ,social audits ,financial management ,performance indicators ,collaboration ,auditing ,social accountability initiatives ,accountability systems ,grant ,budget priorities ,target groups ,civic engagement ,service delivery ,participatory tools ,constructive engagement ,access ,participation mechanisms ,budget cycle ,contracts ,participation ,collaborative research ,service ,stakeholder ,budget analysis ,local community ,national level ,transparency ,public participation ,local participation ,social development ,government service providers ,civic organizations ,regulation ,community ownership ,community radio ,community members ,economic growth ,oversight ,community leaders ,income ,citizen groups ,governance ,primary education ,participatory approaches ,good governance ,facilitators ,focus group ,consultative process ,community ,partners ,public awareness ,service providers ,village ,services ,local authorities ,growth ,beneficiaries ,civic education ,consultations ,bribery ,business environment ,security ,public finances ,systematic assessments ,decision making ,local governance ,local government ,public hearings ,institutions ,public sector performance ,transport costs ,citizen participation ,civil society ,citizen ,access to health ,indicators ,performance criteria ,policy cycle ,budget process ,accountability ,public contracts ,budget information ,participants ,project design ,discrimination ,feasibility - Abstract
Kenya has embarked on a highly ambitious decentralization that seeks to fundamentally change the relationship between government and citizens under the 2010 Constitution. The Constitution and new legal framework place a strong emphasis on strengthening public participation. This paper summarizes findings and analysis from five working papers and case studies reviewing opportunities and challenges for strengthening public participation in Kenya’s newly decentralized system. It provides a consolidated list of recommendations emerging from all the working papers.
- Published
- 2015
42. Efeitos do crescimento econômico e da desigualdade de renda sobre a pobreza no Brasil.
- Author
-
GOMES DE SOUZA, HELSON
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,POVERTY reduction ,PANEL analysis ,RURAL poor ,URBAN poor - Abstract
Copyright of Economía, Sociedad y Territorio is the property of El Colegio Mexiquense and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Growth, inequality and poverty: a robust relationship?
- Author
-
Luis Servén and Gustavo A. Marrero
- Subjects
Statistics and Probability ,Consumption (economics) ,Economics and Econometrics ,O11 ,Poverty ,Inequality ,Indirect impacts ,media_common.quotation_subject ,O40 ,Growth ,Fixed effects model ,Article ,O15 ,Poverty trap ,Mathematics (miscellaneous) ,Negative relationship ,Income distribution ,Econometrics ,Economics ,E25 ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Poverty threshold ,media_common - Abstract
An extensive literature on poverty traps suggests that high levels of poverty deter growth. However, a seemingly basic implication of the underlying theoretical models, namely that countries suffering from higher levels of poverty should grow less rapidly, has remained untested. A parallel literature has suggested a variety of mechanisms through which inequality may affect growth in opposing directions. Because inequality and poverty are different aspects of the income distribution, inequality can also affect growth through poverty, an indirect channel that has not been explicitly analyzed. This paper contributes to fill both gaps. Using a large cross-country panel data set, it estimates a reduced-form growth equation adding both inequality and poverty to an otherwise standard set of growth determinants. Given inequality, the correlation of growth with poverty is consistently negative. In contrast, given poverty, the correlation of growth with inequality can be positive or negative, depending on the empirical specification and econometric approach used. Yet, the indirect effect of inequality on growth through its correlation with poverty is robustly negative. Closer inspection shows that these results are driven by the sample observations featuring high (but not extremely high) poverty rates. These empirical findings are consistent with the predictions from an analytical framework with learning-by-doing and knowledge spillovers, in which consumers cannot save and invest if their initial endowment is below a minimum consumption level.
- Published
- 2021
44. Absolute Poverty and Sound Public Finance in the Eurozone
- Author
-
Rosaria Rita Canale, Giorgio Liotti, Liotti, Giorgio, and Canale, ROSARIA RITA
- Subjects
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management ,Extreme poverty ,Sociology and Political Science ,Poverty ,growth ,Fiscal policy ,Growth ,Eurozone ,Dynamic panel data ,Poverty, fiscal policy, growth, Eurozone, dynamic panel data ,Development economics ,Economics ,Position (finance) ,dynamic panel data ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,fiscal policy ,Public finance - Abstract
The respect of fiscal parameters is supposed to be – according to the official position of the European institutions – the best recipe for granting stability and growth. This optimistic view appears to be in contrast with the recent increase in poverty. The aim of this paper is to individuate the existence of a relation between governments’ decisions about fiscal policy and absolute poverty in 19 Eurozone countries from 2005 to 2017. The attempt is to answer the question as to whether the effect on growth generated by fiscal policy measures can account for the objective of poverty alleviation. The results support the conclusion that absolute poverty increases in the presence of a restrictive fiscal policy, while it decreases in the opposite case. During declining macroeconomic conditions, national governments belonging to the Eurozone appear to be unable to reconcile the objective of sound public finance with that of poverty alleviation.
- Published
- 2021
45. Target2 imbalances and poverty in the eurozone
- Author
-
Rosaria Rita Canale and G. Liotti
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Target2 ,Interest rates ,Poverty, Target2, Interest rates, Growth, Eurozone, Dynamic panel data ,Growth ,Eurozone ,Poverty ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Dynamic panel data - Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the relationship between external imbalances and poverty in the Eurozone. The former are registered through the Target2 (T2) settlement mechanism and can be assimilated into changes in official reserves to cover the balance of payments disequilibrium in a fixed exchange rate regime. The presence of T2 discrepancies has led to differences in interest rates and increased distances in general living conditions inside the Eurozone. An empirical investigation implemented in 11 Eurozone countries reveals that T2 is negatively correlated with poverty, therefore allowing for an interpretation that approximates balance of payment crisis models. Results that appear to be robust to several control variables suggest that the policy framework of the Eurozone—in the absence of a compensatory mechanism—should be revised towards centralised fiscal instruments and anti-speculative monetary interventions.
- Published
- 2022
46. How inclusive are the local economic impacts of social protection in Uganda
- Author
-
Maria Klara Kuss, Firminus Mugumya, Franziska Gassmann, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, RS: GSBE MGSoG, RS: UNU-MERIT Theme 6, and RS: UNU-MERIT Theme 2
- Subjects
Inequality ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Social cash transfers ,Inequality of opportunity ,Development ,Inclusive growth ,Inclusive growth and development ,Local economic impacts ,Development economics ,Economics ,Uganda ,Economic impact analysis ,Welfare and Poverty: Government Programs ,Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs ,media_common ,i38 - "Welfare and Poverty: Government Programs ,Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs" ,Poverty ,Disadvantaged ,Social protection ,Sub-Sahara Africa ,Economic impact ,Development studies ,CASH TRANSFERS ,Sustainability ,GROWTH ,Economic Development: Human Resources ,Human Development ,Income Distribution ,Migration ,o15 - "Economic Development: Human Resources ,Migration" - Abstract
Inclusive growth and development are essential for the sustainability of poverty reduction and growth. Social protection has been promoted as part of the inclusive growth and development agenda by emphasising the positive impacts of social transfers on people’s participation in economic processes. However, the focus on the positive economic impacts of social transfers has led to the neglect of concerns regarding inequality of opportunity. Taking the case of Uganda’s Senior Citizens Grant, this paper critically assesses how inclusive the impacts of social transfers are on economic processes. This is done by examining the extent to which local economic structures interplay with the impacts of the Grant. Based on a qualitative case study design, the analysis reveals that the scheme has unwittingly reinforced spatial patterns of economic exclusion and disadvantage. Recipients in remote areas are more likely to stay or fall back into poverty compared to people in integrated areas. For social transfers to contribute to inclusive growth and development for all, it will be vital to invest in complementary development interventions in economically disadvantaged areas.
- Published
- 2022
47. ECONOMIC GROWTH, INEQUALITIES AND POVERTY IN SLOVAKIA FROM 2005 TO 2015 (THE ANALYSIS OF RELATIONS AND CONTEXTS AT A REGIONAL LEVEL).
- Author
-
MICHÁLEK, Anton and VÝBOŠŤOK, Ján
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,POVERTY reduction ,EQUALITY ,GROSS domestic product ,INCOME inequality - Abstract
Poverty rate is influenced by numerous factors. The determining ones are economic growth and the distribution of its effects. This article is therefore focused on the analysis of these effects and their relationship, as well as their influence on poverty at a regional level (NUTS 3, 'kraj'). For the analysis of interactions between growth and distribution in correlation to poverty reduction, the Bourguignon model (the Poverty-Growth-Inequality triangle) and the growth incidence curve (GIC) were used. It was found that economic growth positively influences income inequalities as well as decreases the share of population under the poverty threshold in all regions. However, the development differs across regions. Based on the development and tendencies of the gross domestic product (GDP), income distribution and poverty it is obvious that economically strong regions (or their populations) dealt better with poverty during the crisis period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. AN ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANT POLICIES FOR ACCELERATING DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL
- Author
-
Sudarshan Neupane
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Economic growth ,Government ,Poverty ,growth ,Population ,lcsh:HT390-395 ,Subsistence agriculture ,lcsh:Regional planning ,lcsh:City planning ,Livelihood ,Natural resource ,lcsh:HT165.5-169.9 ,Geography ,policies ,Nepal ,Development economics ,education ,development ,Tourism ,Least Developed Countries - Abstract
Nepal belongs to one of the least developed countries around the world with HDI 157 out of 187 countries (UNDP 2013). Even though poverty in Nepal has reduced to 24.8% in the latest census, the livelihoods of the poorest people living in the remote communities are still vulnerable. Two third of the population still depends on the subsistence agriculture. Similarly, due to lack of job opportunities, youth migration is escalating and Nepal is facing one of the most critical phases of development in its history (Snellinger 2009). Inadequate infrastructure and poor road connectivity are other constraints for the development (World Bank 2011). It follows that, poor access to electricity is another challenge despite the country’s enormous potential for hydroelectricity. Similarly, Nepal has huge prospective for tourism due to its unique natural resources (Bhandari 2004). Nonetheless, Nepal has not benefited optimally from the tourism sector for its self-sustained development. Recently Government of Nepal (2011) has announced diverse policies for accelerating development through proper utilization of local resources. This paper critically evaluates the crucial policies such as Agriculture Development Strategy, National Cooperatives Policy, National Youth Policy, and Micro-hydro for Rural Development, and Tourism for Development. The paper discusses each of these policies’ background; critically analyse the likelihood as well as challenges for fast-tracking development; and finally offers some recommendations based discussion and analysis.
- Published
- 2015
49. Growth, inequality and poverty dynamics in Mexico
- Author
-
Iniguez-Montiel, Alberto Javier and Kurosaki, Takashi
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The Individual Poverty Incidence of Growth
- Author
-
Maria C. Lo Bue, Flaviana Palmisano, Lo Bue, M. C., and Palmisano, F.
- Subjects
Statistics and Probability ,Economics and Econometrics ,education.field_of_study ,Poverty ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,growth ,05 social sciences ,Population ,income mobility ,poverty dynamic ,poverty dynamics ,Indonesia ,pro-poorness ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,Demographic economics ,050207 economics ,Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty ,education ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,050205 econometrics - Abstract
The canonical approach to analyse the poverty impact of growth is based on the comparison of poverty before and after growth. Measurement tools endorsing this approach fail to capture the different experiences of poverty dynamic in the population: there can be groups of the population made poorer or non‐poor made poor by growth. We propose an approach that allows measuring this individual poverty incidence of growth and show how it is related with existing models. We apply our framework to evaluate the poverty impact of growth in Indonesia, by comparing the 1993–2000 with the 2000–07 and 2007–14 growth spells.
- Published
- 2020
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.