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By courtesy of Heinz Grillitsch (Natural History Museum of Vienna) we reviewed photographs of the three types of L. stolzmanni. We examined one not type specimen and take photographs of a live individual, being to our knowledge all specimen currently placed in herpetological collections and the only and first photographic record of a live individual of this species. By courtesy of Cesar Aguilar (Museo de Historia Natural de San Marcos) we reviewed photographs of one paratype of L. insolitus Cei & P��faur 1981. We also examined five adult specimens of L. poconchilensis Valladares 2004, 10 adult specimens of L. reichei and six adult specimens of L. torresi (N����ez, Navarro, Gar��n, Pincheira-Donoso & Meriggio 2003). All examined specimens are listed in the Appendix I. Additional data for L. insolitus was taken from description (Cei & P��faur 1981). Characters were taken according to Langstroth (2011) and Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018), but supralabial scales were counted in two different ways: between the rostral scale and the mouth��s rictal and between the rostral scale to the posterior level of the subocular scale. Lorilabial scales were counted between the rostral scale (above the supralabials) to the posterior level of the subocular scale. Scales were examined under magnification lenses. Midbody scales count of L. stolzmanni types was taken from Steindachner (1891). Historical evidence was taken from the published notes of the collector of C. stolzmanni types (Stolzmann 1912, in Polish). In regards to the type locality, although Langstroth (2011) brings light on several aspect of L. stolzmanni taxonomy, we partially disagree about his statements on the L. stolzmanni type locality. First, we agree in that northern Peru can be discarded because no Liolaemus occurs there (Langstroth 2011). But we think that there is no need to suggest that Stolzmann acquired the type specimens as gifts or purchased because he carry out field campaigns to the northern Chile (southern Bolivia and Peru at 1875) and in the current southern Peru, in places in which species of ���prhynosaurid��� lizards have been recorded and then it can be concluded that specimens were collect by himself as was pointed out by Steindachner (1891). Jan Stolzmann went to South America two times, one (1875���1881) traveled through Chile, Bolivia and Peru and another (1882���1884) traveled through Ecuador (Mierzwa-Szymkowiak & Breure 2017). This second travel can be discarded because no Liolaemus occurs in Ecuador (Abdala & Quinteros 2014). Stolzmann (1912) described in detail his first South American travel. He declares that arrived to the Valpara��so port (Chile) from Warsaw in 1875 and after that he traveled by sea to the Antofagasta port (currently Chile but formerly Bolivia) touching land in October 26 (p. 27). It is not stated how many days he was in Antofagasta, but he provides a detailed description of geography and industrial activities (smelting). Remarkably, Stolzmann (1912) clarify as footnote in the page 28, that Antofagasta port is placed in Bolivia (currently in Chile), and stated (in Spanish) that it was formerly known as ���Alto Peru��� (translated as High Peru in English or Hoch Peru in German), the type locality of L. stolzmanni according to Steindachner (1891). Later, he traveled by sea to Arica port (currently Chile but formerly Peru) performing a basic description of the environment. However, Stolzmann (1912, p. 29) stated that he was in Arica only few hours, and then the collection of Liolaemus seems to be unlikely. Finally, he traveled by sea to Mollendo port in Peru, noted as Islay in the map by Stolzmann (1912), and go to Lima port (Peru), where he began his journey by northern Peru (Fig. 1). At this point, it is clear that the type locality of L. stolzmanni is in the surroundings of Antofagasta, because the reference to ���Alto Peru��� (High Peru) made by the collector (Stolzmann 1912) and the mention of Hoch Peru (High Peru) as the type locality by the species descriptor (Steindachner 1891). In the aim of confirm this, we carried out a field campaign to the surroundings of Antofagasta in Marsh 7���8, 2018, and find one specimen assignable to L. stolzmanni in the desert near Mejillones (23��05`S ��� 70��21`W) at 60 km NE from Antofagasta (Figs. 2, 3) and additionally we reviewed a another specimen of L. stolzmanni from Hornitos, MNHNCL 4620 (22��56`S ��� 70��18`W, N����ez et al. 1998; N����ez & G��lvez 2015) at 75 km NE from Antofagasta. We propose to restrict the type locality of L. stolzmanni to transect between Antofagasta and Mejillones, Chile, because Mejillones is the record most geographically closer to Antofagasta. We remark that at date, this species has been not recorded in Antofagasta itself, then, probably Stolzmann collected L. stolzmanni in an excursion carry out from Antofagasta. Moreover, we discard that Stolzmann`s collection of L. stolzmanni specimens was made in other place of his field trip, because although there are three places of his journey in which ���prhynosaurid��� lizards can be found, all them can be discarded: 1. Although L. torresi occurs in Mantos Blancos at 35 NE km from Antofagasta (Riveros-Riffo & Torres-Mura 2015), it can be easily differentiated from L. stolzmanni, because L. torresi has more scales around midbody (60���68) than L. stolzmanni (approximately 50 on the types, Steindachner 1891; 45 on MNHNCL 4620); and L. torresi has the tail larger than the body, whereas the tail is shorter than the body on L. stolzmanni. 2. Although L. poconchilensis, occurs in Poconchile, 25 E km from Arica (Valladares 2004), both can be easily differentiated because L. poconchilensis has more scales around midbody (56���62) than L. stolzmanni, and has bluish spots dispersed on the dorsum, whereas this trait is absent in L. stolzmanni. 3. Although L. insolitus occurs in the surroundings of Mollendo (Cei & P��faur 1981), females of L. insolitus have precloacal pores, whereas the female paralectotype of L. stolzmanni has no precloacal pores. Moreover, as was noted by Langstroth (2011), both species have different color pattern, because L. insolitus has series of large dorsal dark patches with lighter shades at the center and bluish spots dispersed on the dorsum, whereas L. stolzmanni has series of small dorsal dark spots without lighter shades at the center and without bluish spots dispersed on the dorsum. In regards to L. reichei we found that both species are very similar and can be differentiated mainly by the snout vent length (SVL). Whereas L. stolzmanni has a maximum SVL = 57.0 mm (n = 4, all known specimens), L. reichei has a maximum SVL = 50.8 mm (n = 3, Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. 2018; n = 10, our data). Two hypotheses arise: 1. Both species are cryptic and can be diagnosed based solely in their sizes or, 2. Both species are conspecific and their different sizes can be explained by a geographic variation, then, L. stolzmanni is a senior synonym. This should be tested through DNA phylogenetic analysis in a further study, but for the moment, and given that both species are allopatric with more than 360 km of distance between type localities, we recommend keep both as valid species to maintain the taxonomic stability as was proposed by Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018). On the other hand, we did not found differences in the dorsal color pattern between L. stolzmanni and L. reichei. Both have light brown dorsal color with 5���7 series of small dorsal black spots without lighter shades at the center, running from the shoulders to the base of the tail, with yellowish or orange inconspicuous transversal stripes between these, and absence of bluish spots dispersed on the dorsum (Fig. 4). We disagree with Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018) in regards to some of the characters that they proposed as diagnostic between these species: 1. According to Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018) both species differ on the number of supralabials scales (9 on L. reichei vs 6 on L. stolzmanni). Apparently, this difference is due to the use of different methodologies for the scale counts. The neotype of L. reichei has nine supralabials between the rostral and the mouth��s rictal whereas has six between the rostral and the posterior level of the eye (Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. 2018, Figure 3B). Besides, there are 9���10 supralabials between the rostral and the mouth rictal on L. stolzmanni and six between the rostral and the posterior level of the eye; in similar way, there are 8���10 and six in our sample of L. reichei; then this feature cannot be considered as diagnostic (Fig. 5) because both species overlap these scale counts if the supralabials are counted in the same way. 2. Specimens L. reichei reviewed by Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018) have the interparietal and both parietal scales large and well formed, as in our sample of L. reichei. However, Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018) point out that these scales are relatively small, fragmented and irregular in L. stolzmanni, but it is not observed in none of the three type specimens of L. stolzmanni, and then it is not a diagnostic character (Fig. 5). 3. According to Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018) both species differ in the number of lorilabials scales (eight in L. reichei vs five in L. stolzmanni). We found 7���8 lorilabials counted between the rostral and the level of the posterior border of the subocular scale in L. stolzmanni (not counted in NMW 13580:3) and the same variation was found in our sample of L. reichei, so this character cannot be stated as diagnostic (Fig. 5). 4. According to Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018) the ventral side is strongly variegated on L. reichei while is white, immaculate or lightly variegated in L. stolzmanni. This character cannot be considered as diagnostic because we found specimens of L. reichei with whitish immaculate ventral color. 5. According to Valladares-Fa��ndez et al. (2018) the lateral nuchal skin folds is well-developed and complex in L. reichei whereas this feature is not well developed on L. stolzmanni. However, our sample of L. reichei do not shows a difference for this feature in regards to L. stolzmanni., Published as part of Troncoso-Palacios, Jaime & Escobar-Gimpel, V��ctor, 2020, On the taxonomy of the desert lizard Liolaemus stolzmanni (Steindachner, 1891) A third point of view (Squamata: Liolaemidae), pp. 138-144 in Zootaxa 4763 (1) on pages 139-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/3974752, {"references":["Valladares, J. P. (2004) Nueva especie de lagarto del genero Liolaemus (Reptilia: Liolaemidae) del norte de Chile, previamente confundido con Liolaemus (= Phrynosaura) reichei. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 18, 41 - 51.","Langstroth, R. P. (2011) On the species identities of a complex Liolaemus fauna from the Altiplano and Atacama Desert: insights on Liolaemus stolzmanni, L. reichei, L. jamesi pachecoi, and L. poconchilensis (Squamata: Liolaemidae). Zootaxa, 2809, 20 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2809.1.2","Valladares-Faundez, J. P., Etheridge, R. & Abdala, C. S. (2018) Resurrection and redescription of Liolaemus reichei, proposal of a neotype to stabilize its taxonomy. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 89, 393 - 401. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2018.2.2086","Steindachner, F. (1891) Uber einige neue und seltene Reptilien- und Amphibien- arten. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 100, 289 - 313.","YDiaquez, E. (1810) Mapa de las posesiones territoriales del Alto y Bajo Peru en 1810. [map]","Mierzwa-Szymkowiak, D. & Breure, A. S. H. (2017) Inside and outside the Neotropics: three Polish naturalists during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Archives of natural history, 44, 151 - 158.","Abdala, C. S. & Quinteros, A. S. (2014) Los ultimos 30 anos de estudios de la familia de lagartijas mas diversa de Argentina. Actualizacion taxonomica y sistematica de Liolaemidae. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 28, 55 - 82.","Nunez, H., Navarro, J., Sufan, J. & Galaz, J. L. (1998) Distribucion geografica de Phrynosaura (Reptilia, Tropiduridae). Noticiario Mensual del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile, 334, 11 - 14.","Nunez, H. & Galvez, O. (2015) Catalogo de la Coleccion Herpetologica del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y nomenclator basado en la Coleccion. Publicacion Ocasional del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile, 64, 1 - 203.","Riveros-Riffo, E. & Torres-Mura, J. C. (2015) Distribucion de Liolaemus torresi (Squamata: Liolaemidae), lagarto endemico del desierto de Chile. Gayana, 79, 201 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4067 / S 0717 - 65382015000200012"]}

Phymaturus loboi sp. nov. (Fig. 5) 1966 Phymaturus palluma palluma (in part), Donoso-Barros, Rept. Chile: 349. 2005 Phymaturus flagellifer (in part), Pincheira-Donoso & N����ez, Pub. Ocas. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. 59: 24. 2005 Phymaturus cf. palluma (in part), Lobo & Quinteros, Pap. Avul. Zool. 45: 155. 2007 Phymaturus cf. palluma (in part), Lobo & Abdala, Cuad. Herpetol. 21: 113. 2012 Phymaturus maulense (in part), Troncoso-Palacios & Lobo, Cuad. Herpetol. 26: 73. 2013 Phymaturus maulense, Esquerr��, N����ez & Scolaro, Zootaxa 3619: 439. 2013 Phymaturus maulense (in part), Troncoso-Palacios, Lobo, Etheridge, Acosta & Laspiur, Zootaxa 3652: 561. 2013 Phymaturus cf. palluma, Lobo & Etheridge, South Am. J. Herpetol. 8: 100. 2013 Phymaturus maulense, Garin, Troncoso-Palacios, Ferri-Y����ez & Lobos. Cuad. Herpetol. 27: 67. 2013 Phymaturus sp. 2 Morando, Avila, P��rez, Hawkins, Sites, Mol. Phyl. Evol. 66: 701. 2013 Phymaturus sp. 6 Morando, Avila, P��rez, Hawkins, Sites, Mol. Phyl. Evol. 66: 701. 2016 Phymaturus maulense Lobo, Barrasso, Hibbard & Basso. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 176: 649. 2016 Phymaturus sp. 6 Lobo, Barrasso, Hibbard & Basso. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 176: 653. Holotype. SSUC Re 691. Adult male. Collected at National Route CH 115, 9 km NW of Maule Lagoon (35˚57' S, 70˚34' W), 1900 m asl, Maule Region, Chile by J. Troncoso-Palacios, A. Laspiur and R. G��mez. January 25, 2013 (Fig. 5a,b). Paratypes. SSUC Re 692, male and 693, 694 females (Fig. 5). Same data as the holotype. SSUC Re 410���11 (male and juvenile male). Collected road to Maule Lagoon, Maule Region, Chile, by F. Ferri-Y����ez. November 11, 2011 Other specimens referred. MNHNCL 2353, 2460���61, males. Ba��os del Campanario, 1500 m asl, San Clemente, Maule Region, Chile. J.C. Torres-Mura coll. February 2-3, 1992. Etymology. The species is named after our colleague, the herpetologist Fernando Lobo, a prominent specialist in the Phymaturus genus, who has participated in the description of 16 species in this genus (Lobo and Quinteros 2005, Lobo and Abdala 2007, Lobo and Nenda 2015, Lobo et al. 2010, 2012b, 2012c, 2013, Troncoso-Palacios and Lobo 2012) and the identification of the true type locality and redescription of P. palluma (Lobo and Etheridge 2013). The suggested English common name for this species is "Lobo���s Rocky Lizard" and in Spanish, "Matuasto de Lobo���. Diagnosis. Phymaturus loboi belongs to the palluma group (Etheridge 1995) because it has short, nonimbricate superciliary scales; fragmented subocular scale; and strongly spiny tail scales. Within the palluma group, P. loboi belongs to the P. vociferator clade (Figs. 1 and 2) and differs from the species within this clade in the following characteristics. Phymaturus loboi differs from P. dorsimaculatus, in having higher number of dorsal scales (161.0��7.5 vs. 135.0��4.0, Tables 4 and 6), and a higher number of scales around the interparietal (9.1��1.2 vs. 6.2��2.0, Tables 4 and 6). Moreover, the males of P. loboi have green spotted shoulders and the area behind the shoulders, with an inconspicuous scapular spot (Fig 5), whereas the males of P. dorsimaculatus have black color on the shoulder and in the area behind the shoulder with a bold scapular spot. Differs from P. vociferator, in having higher number of scales around the interparietal scale (9.1��1.2 vs 7.2��1.2, Tables 4 and 6). Males of P. loboi have a green spotted shoulder with an inconspicuous scapular spot (Fig. 5) whereas the males of P. vociferator have black color on the shoulders and in the area behind the shoulders, and a marked scapular spot. Additionally, P. loboi does not vocalize. Differs from P. maulense, in having higher number of ventral scales (184.0��7.6 vs 169.8.0��7.7, Tables 4 and 6). Males of P. loboi have an inconspicuous scapular spot and females have no precloacal pores, whereas the males of P. maulense have a marked scapular spot and all females have precloacal pores. Differs from Phymaturus damasense, in having higher number of ventral scales (184.0��7.6 vs 166.8��6.5, Tables 4 and 6) and fewer subocular scales (2.0��0.9 vs 3.6��0.5, Tables 4 and 6). Additionally, females of P. loboi never have precloacal pores, while 40% of the females of P. damasense have it. Description of the holotype. SSUC Re 691. Adult male. Measurements in mm: snout���vent length (SVL): 102.5; trunk width: 41.7; head length: 20.7; head width: 21.1; head height: 10.9; interorbital distance: 8.4; distance between the nares: 3.9; distance between the naris and the eye: 4.9; distance between rostral and interparietal scale: 12.7; axilla-groin distance: 51.7; arm length (from tip of toe of the 3rd toe to elbow): 29.7; right foot length: 24.1 (from tip of toe of the 4th toe to heel); and tail length: 105.8 (with autotomized tip). Ten scales in contact with interparietal scale; 16 scales between interparietal and rostral (excluding both). Parietal eye inconspicuous and whitish. Supraorbital semicircles incomplete in both sides. Superciliary scales, 12/12 (left/right) juxtaposed and flat. Subocular scales, two. Posterior subocular vertically separated from supralabials by 2 row of lorilabials. Preocular scale smaller than canthal. Preocular and supralabials separated by 4 loreal scales. Canthal separated from nasal by 2 scales. Nasal in contact with 8 scales and separated from rostral by 3 scales. Rostral scale undivided. Nine rhomboidal or pentagonal, slightly keeled temporal scales. Three scales slightly projected on the anterior border of auditory meatus. Eleven supralabial scales and 10 infralabial scales. Mental pentagonal, in contact with 6 scales. Fifty six gular scales, counted transversally between mouth��s commissures. Secondary chin shields separated by 2 scales. Well-developed antehumeral and neck fold. Conspicuous gular and antegular folds. No enlarged scales on posterior margin of gular fold or on chest. Dorsal scales rounded, smooth and juxtaposed. Dorsal scales (counted between the occiput and the level of the anterior border of the hindlimbs), 157. Middorsal scales larger than those on flanks. Ventral scales larger than dorsals, quadrangular, smooth, and juxtaposed. Ventral scales (counted from mental scale to the anterior margin of cloacal opening), 175. Scales around of midbody, 216. Precloacal pores, 11. Supernumerary pores, 7 (1 above and 6 below precloacal pores). No enlarged pigal scales. Scales of the dorsal surface of the femoral area smooth, rounded to pentagonal and juxtaposed or sub-imbricated. Scales of the ventral surface of the femoral area smooth, pentagonal or hexagonal, and juxtaposed. Scales of the dorsal surface of forearm rounded, smooth, and juxtaposed or sub-imbricated. Scales of the ventral surface of forearm rounded, smooth, and juxtaposed. Subdigital lamellae of fingers: I: 9, II: 14, III: 19, IV: 21 and V: 13. Subdigital lamellae of the toes: I: 9, II: 15, III: 20, VI: 24 and V: 15. Tarsal scales smooth or with 2/3 keels. Caudal scales arranged in spiny whorls, slightly keeled with projected mucrons. Color in life of the holotype. Head with black background color, spotted with green in nasal and temporal areas, without spots on the cheeks. Dorsum green, with faint black reticulation, without ocelli. Neck green with black reticulation to the level of the lower meatus (transversally), but is black with very few green spots below the level of the lower meatus (transversally). Scapular spot inconspicuous. Limbs light green, with faint black reticulation. Flanks yellowish green. Base of the tail green, the rest yellowish green (lighter than the body). Throat and chest black, extending ventrally to the insertion of the forelimbs. Abdomen with a �������� yellowish green area (limited by the chest and flanks) with scattered black spots. Center of the belly light green with no appreciable yellow shading on the cloaca. Ventral surface of the limbs light green with few black spots. Ventral surface of the tail light green. Precloacal pores intense orange. Variation. Measurements in mm. Adult males (n = 6): SVL, 102.1���102.8 (102.5 �� 0.3); head length, 20.3���21.8 (20.9 �� 0.8); head width, 20.3���21.5 (21.0 �� 0.4); head height, 10.9���13.2 (11.9 �� 0.9); axilla���groin distance, 50.9��� 51.7 (51.4 �� 0.4); arm length, 29.7���33.0 (31.2 �� 1.7); foot length, 24.1���27.5 (25.7 �� 1.8); tibia length, 14.8���17.8 (16.3 �� 1.5); distance between the interparietal and the rostral, 11.9���12.7 (12.3 �� 0.4); distance between the nares and the eye, 4.9���5.7 (5.2 �� 0.4); and distance between the nares, 3.2���3.9 (3.6 �� 0.3). Adult females (n = 3): SVL, 93.1���98.6 (96.6 �� 3.0); head length, 19.1���19.8 (19.4 �� 0.3); head width, 17.8���18.5 (18.2 �� 0.4); head height, 9.1��� 11.0 (10.1 �� 0.1); axilla���groin distance, 45.4���50.7 (48.5 �� 2.8); arm length, 28.5���30.1 (29.0 �� 0.9); foot length, 23.2���24.3 (23.8 �� 0.6); tibia length, 14.3���15.1 (14.7 �� 0.4); distance between the interparietal and the rostral, 12.3��� 12.4 (12.4 �� 0.1); distance between the nares and the eye, 5.0���5.2 (5.0 �� 0.1); and distance between the nares, 3.5��� 3.8 (3.6 �� 0.2). Variation in the meristic variables (scale count) is provided in the Table 6. Parietal eye inconspicuous, whitish and opaque. No enlarged scales on posterior margin of gular fold or on chest. In males, 8��� 11 (9.7 �� 1.5) precloacal pores, 0���6 supernumerary pores, with no enlarged postcloacal scales. Tarsal scales smooth or bearing 2���3 keels. Males exhibit the same color pattern as holotype, with variation in color shades. One male has the limbs of the same shade of the dorsum and less yellowish on the flanks than other males. Head brown in females, slightly darker than the body. Occipital area with several dark brown spot, surrounding the interparietal (one female), on the supraocular area (���O��� shaped spot), the superciliaries, the snout and temporal area (except postocular area). Scattered light brown scales on the head, between the occipital area and the snout, on the postocular area, and between the subocular and the rictal. Dorsum light brown, with a thin dark brown reticulation forming three short stripes on the neck, but not forming dark crossbars on the dorsum. A �������� shaped dark brown spot on the shoulder. Dorsolateral area is darker than the occipital area. The limbs, lateral neck and flanks are light brown with scattered dark brown spots. Tail light brown with diffuse dark brown rings. Throat variegated, and one specimen has dark brown color only to the level of the meatus. The belly and ventral surfaces of the limbs and the tail are whitish with some scattered dark brown spot (especially on the chest). Flanks with oxide color. The juvenile male (SVL = 80.4 mm) has a color pattern similar to the females, but the dorsal reticulation is thicker than in females, the dark brown spot on the shoulder is ���O��� shaped, the head is noticeable more darker than in females, the throat is black and the flanks are light brown. Distribution and natural history. In Chile Phymaturus loboi is known from the type locality and adjacent areas in the Region del Maule. This is an abundant lizard that inhabits rocky environments from the road to Maule Lagoon (35˚57' S, 70˚34' W, 1900 m asl, Fig. 6) and the Termas del Campanario (35˚55' S, 70˚35' W, 1800 m), at 3 km NW from type locality. In the type locality Phymaturus loboi occurs syntopically with Liolaemus buergeri, L. carlosgarini and L. flavipiceus and the vegetation is dominated by Hypochaeris tenuifolia and Festuca acanthophylla. In Argentina, P. loboi is distributed near Domuyo Volcano (36˚39' S, 70˚32' W, 2200 m) at 68 km SE from type locality. At the date of capture (January), one female had one embryo and several small oocytes. Another female had several oocytes. The intestines of one individual (SSUC Re 410) contained plant remnants and a large number of nematodes of an unidentified species, probably of the genus Spauligodon or Parapharyngodon (C. Garin pers. comm.)., Published as part of Troncoso-Palacios, Jaime, Ferri-Y����ez, Francisco, Laspiur, Alejandro & Aguilar, C��sar, 2018, An updated phylogeny and morphological study of the Phymaturus vociferator clade (Iguania: Liolaemidae), pp. 447-466 in Zootaxa 4441 (3) on pages 456-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1301546, {"references":["Lobo, F. & Quinteros, S. (2005) A morphological approach on the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) with the description of four new species from Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 45, 143 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492005001300001","Lobo, F. & Abdala, C. S. (2007) Descripcion de una nueva especie de Phymaturus del grupo de P. palluma de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 21, 103 - 113.","Lobo, F. & Nenda, S. J. (2015) Discovery of two new species of Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from Patagonia, Argentina, and occurrence of melanism in the patagonicus group. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 29, 5 - 25.","Lobo, F., Abdala, C. S. & Valdecantos, S. (2010) Taxonomic studies of the genus Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae): description of four new species. South American Journal of Herpetology, 5, 102 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / 057.005.0205","Lobo, F., Nenda, S. J. & Slodki, D. (2012 b) A new lizard of Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from Argentina. Herpetologica, 68, 121 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 11 - 00044.1","Lobo, F., Espinoza, R. E., Sanabria, E. & Quiroga, L. (2012 c) A new Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from the southern extreme of the Argentine puna. Copeia, 2012, 12 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CH- 11 - 086","Troncoso-Palacios, J. & Lobo, F. (2012) A new species of Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) of the palluma group from Central Chile. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 26, 69 - 78.","Etheridge, R. E. (1995) Redescription of Ctenoblepharys adspersa Tschudi, 1845, and the taxonomy of Liolaeminae (Reptilia: Squamata: Tropiduridae). American Museum Novitates, 3142, 1 - 34."]}

Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. 1996 Liolaemus donosobarrosi Avila, 1996 Cuadernos de Herpetolog��a 9(2):109���110. 2006 Liolaemus donosobarrosi Avila et al., Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89(2):241���275. Holotype. LJAMM-CNP 1 3464 (Figs. 6, 7), an adult male from a small unnamed sedimentary hill 2 km S Cerro Bandera, 1 km S National Road 22, 18.5 km W Cutral-C��, Zapala Department, Neuqu��n Province, Argentina (38�� 58��� 06.0��� S, 69�� 27��� 08.7��� W, 970 m), collected by J.A. Avila, I. Minoli, C. Medina and M. Kozykariski, 12 November 2010. Paratypes. LJAMM-CNP 13465 (male),13467���13469 (females) from same locality as holotype, collected by J.A. Avila, I. Minoli, C. Medina and M. Kozykariski, 12 November 2010. MLP. S 2625 (male), BYU 52427���52429 (juveniles), eastern outskirts La Amarga village, on the road to Petrified Forest, Zapala Department, Neuqu��n Province, Argentina (39��06���39.7��� S, 69��34���29.2��� W, 803 m), collected by L.J. Avila, M. Morando, D. Perez and J. Perez, 2 May 1998. LJAMM-CNP 2542 (female) from 2 km SE La Amarga village, Zapala Department, Neuqu��n Province, Argentina (39��06���39���S, 69��34���09���W), collected by L.J. Avila and M. Morando, 7 March 2000. LJAMM-CNP 10409 (female), from 2 km E La Amarga village, 11 km E junction Provincial Road 34, Cerro Atravesado, Zapala Department, Neuqu��n Province, Argentina (39��06���39.70��� S, 69��34���9.20��� W, 803 m), collected by L.J. Avila, M. Morando and D. Perez, 26 February 2008. LJAMM-CNP 11292���11293, 11339 (females), from 2 km E La Amarga village, 11 km E junction Provincial Road 34, Zapala Department, Neuqu��n Province, Argentina (39��06���39.70���S, 69��34���9.20���W, 803 m), collected by L.J. Avila, N. Feltrin, M. Nicola, and L.E. Martinez, 17 December 2008. LJAMM-CNP 11297 (female) from National Road, 1 km W junction Provincial Road 34, Cerro Atravesado, Zapala Department, Neuqu��n Province, Argentina (38��55���14���S, 69��42���13.2���W, 788 m), collected by L.J. Avila, N. Feltrin, M. Nicola, and L.E. Martinez, 17 December 2008. LJAMM-CNP 247 (male), 248 (female) from 40 km E Zapala Yacimiento Cerro Bandera, Zapala Department, Neuqu��n Province, Argentina (38��57���22.47��� S, 69��33���11.50��� W, 811 m), collected by S. Tiranti. Diagnosis. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. is a robust but small sized member of the clade of Liolaemus referred to as the boulengeri group by Etheridge (1995), and is a member of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi group (Avila et al. 2006, 2007, Olave et. al 2014, 2016) that includes L. cuyanus, L. donosobarrosi, L. mapuche, L. josei, L. puelche and several other potential species still undescribed. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of its group of Liolaemus by a combination of genetic and morphological characteristics. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. can be differentiated from L. cuyanus by its smaller size (64.3 mm vs 92.5 mm maximum SVL), higher number of midbody scales (X = 73.5 vs X = 66.7; min.���max. 66���86 vs 60���76, Blum 2012) with overlap, higher number of dorsal scales (X = 87.2 vs 63.6; min.���max. 79���97 vs 57���74, Blum 2012) with no overlap, four scales in contact with mental vs six in L. cuyanus, lack of prescapular marks and ventral melanism, and a very different general coloration and coloration patterns. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. is smaller than Liolaemus mapuche (64.3 mm vs 82.7 mm maximum SVL), has higher number of dorsal scales (X = 87.2 vs 76.2; min.���max. 79���97 vs 70���86) with some overlap, only four scales in contact with mental vs six in L. cuyanus (more common state, Abdala 2002), and lack of scapular marks, ventral melanism and a very different dorsal coloration characterized by a light blue head and scattered blue scales on a light green-blue background (Abdala 2002). Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. is smaller than L. puelche (64.3 mm vs 89 mm maximum SVL), has a higher number of midbody scales (X = 73.5 vs 70.7; min.���max. 66���86 vs 67���76) with overlap and a higher number of dorsal scales (X = 87.2 vs 76.7; min.���max. 79���97 vs 74���80) with little overlap. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. is slightly smaller than L. josei (64.3 mm vs 73.1 mm maximum SVL), has a higher number of midbody scales (X = 73.5 vs 69.1; min.���max. 66���86 vs 62���76), have higher number of dorsal scales (X = 87.2 vs X = 73.1; min.���max. 79���97 vs 67���81) with slight overlap, lacks the well-marked gular melanism of L. josei males as well as its more marked dorsal color pattern. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. has a lower average number of scales around midbody than L. donosobarrosi (X = 73.5 vs 82.1; min.���max. 66���86 vs 74���89), middorsal scales (X = 87.21 vs 90.4; min.���max. 79���97 vs 86���101), and ventral scales (X = 94.0 vs 99.5; min.���max. 87���107 vs 88���109). Dorsal color pattern in L. tirantii sp. nov. is a series of rounded to kidney-shaped transversal marks bordered of white, usually fused along the body but more frequently on the limbs insertions, giving it a ¨wavy¨ appearance, whereas L. donosobarrosi has a series of halfmoon dots surrounding white spots, only in a few cases fused to each other, usually in the dorsal neck region; L. tirantii sp. nov. lacks of the black transversal marks observed on the head sides of L. donosobarrosi. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. can be distinguished from L. donosobarrosi sp. 3 by its lack of a transverse yellow and brown bands along the dorsum in life, and presence of a series of rounded to kidney-shaped transversal marks bordered of white, usually fused along the body but more frequently on the limbs insertions, given it a ¨wavy¨ appearance. Description of holotype. Adult male (Fig. 6, 7) 64.1 mm snout-vent length (SVL); tail length 97.4 mm. Axilla-groin distance 30.0 mm. Head length 13.3 mm (from anterior border of tympanum to tip of snout), 11.8 mm wide (at anterior border of tympanum), 7.9 mm high (at anterior border of tympanum). Snout length 4.2 mm (posterior margin of canthal to tip of snout). Interorbital distance 5.7 mm. Eye-nostril distance 2.5 mm. Orbitauditory meatus distance 4.2 mm. Forelimb length 17.1 mm. Tibial length 11.6 mm. Foot length 16.9 mm (ankle to insertion of claw on fourth toe). Dorsal head scales something bulged, smooth, 13 between occiput at level of anterior border of tympanum to rostral, pitted with numerous scale organs in the anterior region, and reducing to a single organ, or lack, in the posterior half of the head. Rostral scale wider (2.7 mm) than high (0.9 mm). Two postrostrals, together with anterior lorilabial, separate nasal scales from rostral. Nasal scales longer than wide, irregularly hexagonal; nostril one-half length of nasal, posterior in position. Scales surrounding nasals 8���7. Four elongated internasals. Frontonasals three, irregularly pentagonal. Prefrontals 5, a small pentagonal scale in the center (0.7 mm), and two pairs scales: a pair dorso-lateral larger scales, irregularly hexagonal (1.9 mm), and a pair lateral medium-sized scales (1.4 mm), approximately pentagonal. Three frontal scale, two anterior scales and one posterior scale. Interparietal pentagonal, surrounded by 7 scales; four smaller and irregular in front and sides, two larger in back. Parietal eye evident. Parietals some bulged, irregularly shaped, largest in size to interparietal (2.0 vs. 1.2 mm). Circumorbitals: 12���13. Transversally expanded supraoculars 6���7. Smaller lateral supraoculars: 18���17. Anterior canthal wider than long, separate from nasal by one postnasals. Posterior canthal longer than wide. Loreal scales bulged (3���5). Lorilabials longer than wide (9���7). Superciliaries eight on each side, flattened and elongated, anterior five broadly overlapping dorsally. Orbit with sixteen upper on each side and 16���14 lower ciliaries. Orbit diameter 3.4 x 1.8 mm. Preocular small, unfragmented, longer than wide. Subocular scale elongated, nine times longer than wide (4.1 x 0.6 mm). A well-marked longitudinal ridge along upper margin of preocular and subocular scales. Postocular small, slightly bulged, quarter superimposed to subocular, with a marked longitudinal ridge. Palpebral scales small granular and bulged. Supralabials 6���8, convex. Temporals smooth, convex, juxtaposed with one scale organ in the tip. Anterior auriculars smaller than adjacent posterior temporals, three slightly projecting outward. Posterior auriculars small and granular. External auditory meatus conspicuous, higher (2.0 mm) than wide (1.3 mm). Lateral scales of neck granular with inflated skin. Mental scale wider (2.2 mm) than high (1.3 mm), in contact with four scales. Mental followed posteriorly by two postmentals, and two rows of four chinshields on each side. Six infralabials on each side, first on each side quadrangular, two times wider than supralabials; all others stretched, slightly smaller than supralabials. Gular scales smooth, flat, imbricate, with rounded posterior margins, with melanophores. Scales of throat between chinshields slightly juxtaposed, becoming slightly imbricate toward auditory meatus. Thirty-four gulars between tympanum openings. Infralabials separated from chinshields by one to three rows of scales. Antehumeral well developed; longitudinal neck and postauricular distinctive; gular incomplete; rictal, dorsolateral, oblique unconspicuous. Scales of dorsal neck region rhombals, imbricate, smooth. Eighty-nine dorsal scales between occiput and anterior surface of thighs. Dorsal body scales rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth to very slightly keeled towards the posterior half of body. Dorsal scales grade laterally into slightly smaller, smooth scales at midbody. Scales immediately anterior and posterior to forelimb and hindlimb insertion small, smooth, granular, and nonoverlapping. Body lateral scales grading smaller to larger at midbody. Ventral body scales rhombals, smooth, flat, imbricate, larger than dorsal scales. Seventy-one scales around midbody; scales between mental and precloacal pores 95. Scales of cloacal region about equal in size to ventral body scales. Eight conspicuous precloacal pores. Anterior suprabrachials rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth, slightly larger to dorsal body scales. Postabrachials smaller, smooth, becoming granular near axilla. Supra-antebrachials similar to suprabrachial. Infra-antebrachials rhombals, imbricate, and smooth. Supracarpals imbricated, rhomboidal, smooth. Infracarpals strongly imbricate, rhomboidal, keeled, and slightly mucronate. Subdigital lamellae with three keels, each terminating in a short mucron, numbering: I: 9, II: 14, III: 18, IV: 19, V: 9. Claws robust, curved and sharp, opaque brown. Suprafemorals as large as dorsal body scales, rhomboidal, imbricated, smooth. Postfemorals small, granular shape. Supratibial rhomboidal, imbricated, smooth, some very slightly keeled. Infrafemorals scale small, granular and smooth with enlarged and bulged scales patch, with thirty-six scales (femoral patch), mucronate. Supratarsal rhombals imbricated and smooth. Infratarsal small, rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth. Subdigital scales keeled, each terminating in 1���3 short mucrons, numbering: I: 10, II: 14, III: 18, IV: 23, V: 14. Claws robust, curved and sharp, opaque brown. Tail complete, non-regenerated. Dorsal and lateral caudal scales, quadrangular and moderately keeled. Ventral subtriangular and smooth. Coloration. In life, general dorsal background color on head, neck, trunk, tail, and limbs Robin Rufous (30); ventral background coloration Cream White (52), in both cases at sunlight. Dorsal head surface uniform with some Cream White (52)/Burnt Umber (48) spots irregularly distributed on some scales, becoming more numerous on the nuchal region. A conspicuous solid transversal line of Burnt Umber (48) color in the fourth-sixth line of neck dorsal scales. Between occiput and rump, nine transversal series of four rounded, half-moon to roughly kidneyshaped Burth Umber (48) spots (approximately 7 scales x 3 scales). Each spots bordered posteriorly by a Cream White (52) irregular spot. Dorsal spots turn into an oval shape on rump and fuse on tail forming ¨V¨ shaped marks in the first third part of the tail, with lateral and posterior borders Cream White (52). On the tail, marks fade progressively becoming irregular rings to the tip of the tail. On the lateral sides of the head, clear areas are larger and Cream White (52), with some transversal Robin Rufous (30) marks. On the limbs, Robin Rufous (30) transversal bands intermix with slightly clear bands. Gular region variegated with Mikado Brown (42) marks, mandibular area without any mark. Upper belly and lateral midtrunk with some Dusky Brown (285) speckles. Gular region, lower belly and femoral-tibial hind limbs Cream Yellow (82). All bright coloration disappears after capture, and after several years in preservative, all coloration became faded. Color in preservative. In preservative the general brightly color disappear or fade, but color pattern of whites, blacks and greys persist for several years. Variation. Table 3 summarizes the variation of males and females of the type series for some scale and morphometric characters. Precloacal pores are present only in males. In some males, a narrow Robin Rufous (30) vertebral band became apparent in life. In few individuals dorsal transversal marks connected longitudinally, becoming lines of clear dots on the dorsum. Dorsal spots shape varies, from half-moon shaped, usually in the middle of the trunk to quadrangular, usually near rump. Half-moon spots usually fused in the first in the upper scapular and first half of the trunk. Females (Fig. 8) have a Drab (19) dorsal background coloration, and dorsal spots are usually more half-moon shaped than in males, but usually the first two-three rows are wavy-fused marks bordered with White Cream (52) scales. Each spots have in front a Robin Rufous (30) area, and connecting laterally with dorsolateral spots, a Cream Color (12) zone. Ventral areas of females lack of any dark mark or speckle. A few females have a Robin Rufous (30) longitudinal dorsolateral band connecting spots between scapular region to rump. On regenerated tails, a conspicuous narrow dark dorsal line extends from the cut area to almost the tip of the tail. Etymology. To honor Sergio Igor Tiranti, an enthusiastic biologist, colleague and friend, who first discovered and collected the species in early 1990 at the type locality, and to his father Ivan Nicolas Tiranti, professor of genetics at the National University of R��o Cuarto, Argentina, who helped the first author on its doctoral studies and shared its experiences and friendship in the academic world. Geographic distribution. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. is known from three localities in a small area in central Neuqu��n province (Fig. 1): (1) the type locality (Fig. 9), (2) outskirts of La Amarga village, and (3) flatlands near National Road 22 and Provincial Road 34 junction, all in the Zapala Department. Scrocchi et al. (2010) includes a photography epigraph of an adult male of Liolaemus tirantii sp nov. with the name Liolaemus cf. donosobarrosi from Cutral-Co, Neuqu��n, a locality 40 East of our type locality. In the text, they said that L. cf. donosobarrosi ¨Se distribuye en el centro este de Neuqu��n, hasta Zapala y en Rio Negro fue hallada en el Cerro Polic��a, meseta de Renteria¨. Scrocchi et al. (2010) did not mention any voucher specimens from these localities and we cannot confirm above statements with any other reference material. Natural history. The holotype and the paratypes were found basking on small rocks or running between bushes. All localities are in an ecotonal area between Patagonian Steppe (Erial Patag��nico) and Southern Patagonian Monte (Roig 1998). This ecotone is an arid region in central Neuqu��n province, between 800 to 1000 m above sea level, characterized by small hills, folded sedimentary hills, small alluvial plains, basaltic plateaus, and sedimentary piedmonts plateau-shaped. Annual rain usually is lower than 200 mm and medium temperatures are between 10���12�� C. Soils are poor, deep, with very few organic matter that limits the vegetation grow and have a very high natural erosion. Vegetation is typical of ecotone of Patagonian Steppe (Erial Patag��nico) and Southern Patagonian Monte (Roig 1998); predominant vegetation formation is a low to medium shrubs steppe (bushes between 0.50 to 2.00 m). Soils are heavily eroded by rain and wind with intermixed gravel and sand areas or small stony outcrops without vegetation. Common plants are Grindelia chiloensis, Senecio filaginoides, Acantholippia seriphioides, Ephedra ochreata, Schinus roigii, Stillingia patagonica, Chuquiraga avellanedae, Larrea nitida, L. divaricata, L. cuneifolia, L. ameghinoi, Atriplex lampa, Prosopis denudans, Bougainvillea spinosa and endemic species such as Prosopis catellanosii. All sites where L. tirantii sp. nov. was collected are similar in physiography, normally small barren areas, with sandy soil mixed with gravel areas or more compacted soil. Clumps of shrub appear in areas with some degree of protection from the strong winds typical of Patagonia; these clumps are composed mainly of Prosopis denudans and smaller shrubs of Atriplex sp., Lycium chiliensis, and Chuquiraga avellanedae, all of which grow under the protection of this spiny mesquite. These clumps reach a maximum height of 1.8 m, and cover an area between two to four m2 and separated from each other by distances of two or three meters. This region is characterized by highly degraded soils (due to overgrazing or natural erosion), and shows a tendency towards desertification. Clumps seem to be the safest areas for lizards, as well as for small mammals and birds. The majority of the lizards were observed only inside or in the immediate vicinity of the spiny shrub clumps and in few cases basking on the top of stones or open areas. Usually lizards bask under sun in early morning (09:00 to 10:00) and in late afternoon (18:00 to 19:00) in the mid-summer, when they show a bimodal type of activity, but in early spring and late-summer they usually show continuous activity without a mid-day break. When days are cloudy or cold in summer they show an all-day round activity. In the type locality we collected other species of lizards living in syntopy with L. tirantii sp. nov., including L. darwinii, L. gracilis, L. gununakuna, and L. aff. mapuche, as well as a teiid lizard, Aurivela longicauda and a gecko, Homonota darwinii. In nearby localities we collected Bothrops ammodytoides, Philo, Published as part of Avila, Luciano Javier, Perez, Cristian Hern��n Fulvio, Minoli, Ignacio, Medina, Cintia Debora, Sites, Jack W. & Morando, Mariana, 2017, New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuqu��n province, Argentina, pp. 535-563 in Zootaxa 4362 (4) on pages 543-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1095342, {"references":["Avila, L. J. (1996) Liolaemus donosobarrosi: Ampliacion de su distribucion geografica y primera cita para la provincia de Neuquen. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 9, 109 - 110.","Avila, L. J., Morando, M. & Sites, J. W. Jr. (2006) Congeneric phylogeography: hypothesizing species limits and evolutionary processes in Patagonian lizards of the Liolaemus boulengeri group (Squamata: Liolaemini). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 241 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2006.00666. x","Olave, M., Martinez, L. E., Avila, L. J., Sites, J. W. Jr. & Morando, M. (2014) Multilocus phylogeny of the widely distributed South American lizard clade Eulaemus (Liolaemini, Liolaemus). Zoologica Scripta, 43, 323 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12053","Blum, R. (2012) Morphometric analyses and intraspecific comparison of two geographically separated populations of Liolaemus cuyanus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from Northwestern Argentina. Unpublished Master Thesis Georg-August- Universitat Gottingen. Germany, 101 pp.","Abdala, C. S. (2002) Nuevo Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) perteneciente al grupo boulengeri de la provincia de Neuquen, Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 16, 3 - 13.","Scrocchi, G. J., Abdala, C. S., Nori, J. & Zaher, H. (2010) Reptiles de la provincial de Rio Negro, Argentina. Fondo Editorial Rionegrino, Viedma. 252 pp.","Roig, A. F. (1998) La vegetacion de la Patagonia. In: Correa, M. N. (Ed.), Flora Patagonica. INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. pp. 48 - 174."]}

Liolaemus parthenos, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 53 CC 2 C 59 - 2 E 4 D- 41 AA- 8804 - 462 B 90 ABAECC Figures 1���5; Table 1 Liolaemus boulengeri Cei (1973: 464, in part). Liolaemus boulengeri Cei and Roig (1976:71, 87, Map 5, in part). Liolaemus boulengeri Cei and Castro (1978:9, 21, Map 16, in part). Liolaemus boulengeri Cei (1986: 220���221, in part). Liolaemus boulengeri Schulte et al. (2000:79, 87; table 1; figs. 4���6). Liolaemus sp. nov. Morando et al. (2004: 845; table 1���3; figs. 2, 8). Liolaemus sp. Abdala and D��az G��mez (2006: 29; fig. 3). Liolaemus sp. 3. Abdala (2007:51, 55, 57, 60, 77; figs. 32���36). Liolaemus cf. darwinii Pincheira-Donoso et al. (2007: 32; fig. 3). Liolaemus cf. darwinii Schulte (2013: 5; fig. 1). Liolaemus sp. 3 Olave et al. (2014: 329, 331; figs. 4, 6). Holotype.��� FML 16221, adult female, Argentina, Mendoza Province, San Rafael Department, collected on the dunes next to El Nihuil Dam on Provincial Route 180, 35�� 2 ' 19.77 ''S, 68 �� 40 ' 12.60 ''W, 1305 m, C. Abdala, J. Abdala, and E. Malovini, January 2001 (Fig. 1). Paratypes.��� FML 16222 ��� 24, same data as holotype; IBAUNC 9772 ���73, 9775��� 77, Argentina, Mendoza Province, San Rafael Department, 10 to 60 km S of El Nihuil, 35 �� 7 ' 0.71 ''S, 68 �� 41 ' 4.28 ''W to 35 �� 33 ' 49.47 '' S, 68 �� 41 ' 15.14 ''W, 1400���1600 m, 25 November 1973; IBAUNC 11431 ��� 35, Argentina, Mendoza Province, San Rafael Department, Pampa del Diamante, 34 �� 54 ' 44.39 '' S, 68 �� 51 ' 38.58 ''W, 1400 m, 17 February 1975; MHNSR 78���82, Argentina, Mendoza Province, San Rafael Department, Club de Pescadores, El Nihuil, 35 �� 2 ' 10.54 ''S, 68 �� 42 ' 33.84 ''W, 1325 m, 1 January 1975. Diagnosis.��� Liolaemus parthenos is the only known triploid unisexual iguanian lizard with the karyotype 3 n = 49 (19 M + 30m). The new species is a member of the L. boulengeri group (Etheridge, 1995; Abdala, 2007), with which it shares a femoral patch of enlarged scales on the posterior thigh. The L. boulengeri group includes the following subclades (Abdala, 2007): L. anomalus, L. darwinii, L. wiegmannii, and L. melanops (= L. telsen group + L. goetschi group), each of which includes several species as described below. Within the L. boulengeri group, L. parthenos is a member of the L. darwinii group (Abdala, 2007), with which it shares the following eight synapomorphies: (1) 14���18 dorsal head scales; (2) 24���28 gulars; (3) tail length/SVL ratio: 1.40���1.65; (4) femur length/ SVL ratio: 0.16���0.20; (5) 1���3 differentiated scales along the lower half of the anterior border of the external auditory meatus; (6) weakly developed longitudinal fold; (7) dark line passing vertically through superciliaries, eye, and subocular; and (8) small prescapular spots. Liolaemus parthenos can be distinguished from species in the L. anomalus group (L. acostai, L. anomalus, L. ditadai, L. lentus, L. millcayac, L. pipanaco, and L. pseudoanomalus) because the new species has a tail that is longer than its body, a head that is longer than wide, and lacks both a palpebral ������comb������ and pterygoid teeth. Liolaemus parthenos can be distinguished from species in the L. wiegmannii group (L. arambarensis, L. azarai, L. cuyumhue, L. lutzae, L. multimaculatus, L. occipitalis, L. rabinoi, L. riojanus, L. salinicola, L. scapularis, and L. wiegmannii) because the new species has a single row of lorilabials between the subocular and the supralabials (2���3 rows in members of the L. wiegmannii group) and four scales around the mental (6 scales in the L. wiegmannii group species). The new species, can be distinguished from species of the L. goetschi group (L. camarones, L. canqueli, L. casamiquelai, L. chehuachekenk, L. cuyanus, L. dumerili, L. fitzingerii, L. goetschi, L. mapuche, L. melanops, L. morenoi, L. puelche, L. rothi, L. sagei, L. shehuen, L. tromen, and L. xanthoviridis) based on its shorter SVL (maximum SVL 63.4 mm vs. 77���106 mm for the aforementioned taxa) and considerably less ventral melanism (except L. rothi and L. sagei). The new species also lacks the cephalic melanism typical of L. canqueli and L. melanops. With respect to L. casamiquelai, L. chehuachekenk, L. fitzingerii, L. morenoi, L. tromen, and L. xanthoviridis, the new species lacks the gular and antihumeral melanic collar that is typical of the aforementioned species. Liolaemus parthenos is distinct from L. cuyanus, L. goetschi, L. josei, L. mapuche, and L. puelche because the new species has four scales in contact with the mental, whereas L. cuyanus has six scales and L. goetschi, L. josei, L. mapuche, and L. puelche have from 4���6 scales in contact with the mental. The new species differs from L. donosobarrosi because the former has fewer scales around the midbody (mean = 57.1; range = 53���61 vs. mean = 85.4; range = 79���95, respectively). Also, the new species has a distinct dorsal pattern of quadrangular paravertebral markings, which distinguishes it from L. rothi, which has irregular markings that are not quadrangular. The new species also has pre- and postscapular spots that are not present in L. rothi. Liolaemus parthenos can be distinguished from species in the L. telsen group (L. boulengeri, L. hermannunezi, L. inacayali, L. loboi, L. martorii, L. purul, L. senguer, L. sitesi, and L. tehuelche) by its lack of gular melanism and dorsolateral bands that are more well defined. The new species differs from L. telsen because the former has less gular melanism, paravertebral markings are more well defined, well-defined dorsolateral bands, and fewer middorsal scales on the trunk (counted from occiput to anterior thigh: mean = 65; range = 61���68 vs. mean = 88.8; range = 83���96, respectively). The new species also differs from L. boulengeri, L. hermannunezi, L. loboi, L. martorii, L. purul, and L. tehuelche because the former has less conspicuous scapular spots. Within the L. darwinii group, L. parthenos is the only species with strongly cuspidate coronas and distally expanded cheek teeth, as well as a unique color pattern for the group. The new species can be further distinguished from members of the L. darwinii group (L. abaucan, L. albiceps, L. calchaqui, L. chacoensis, L. cinereus, L. crepuscularis, L. darwinii, L. diaguita, L. espinozai, L. grosseorum, L. irregularis, L. koslowskyi, L. laurenti, L. lavillai, L. montanezi, L. olongasta, L. ornatus, L. pacha, L. quilmes, and L. uspallatensis) because L. parthenos has a unique pattern of large dark brown or black quadrangular or subquadrangular paravertebral and lateral markings, white dorsolateral stripes, and a white abdomen with small dark spots. Liolaemus parthenos can be further distinguished from L. albiceps, L. calchaqui, L. crepuscularis, L. irregularis, L. lavillai, and L. ornatus because females of the latter three species possess precloacal pores and adult L. albiceps and L. irregularis are considerably larger than L. parthenos (L. parthenos: maximum SVL 63.4 mm vs. 82.5���86.1 mm, respectively). Finally, L. parthenos can be differentiated from L. darwinii because the new species lacks an antehumeral arch and abdominal and femoral melanism. Description of holotype.��� Adult female (Fig. 1). SVL: 59.8 mm. Tail complete, not regenerated: 92.7 mm. Rostral surrounded by 6 scales. Nasal dorsolateral in orientation. Supraoculars: 8. Interparietal smaller than parietals. Lorilabials: 7. Supralabials: 8. Mental surrounded by 4 scales. Infralabials: 5. Temporals: 8, not keeled. Posterior teeth with expanded cusps. Anterior border of auditory meatus with one differentiated scale. Snout blunt in lateral view. Midbody scales: 58. Dorsal scales: 68 from occiput to anterior thigh, laminar, imbricate, and keeled. Lateral neck folds well developed. Gulars: 27. Ventrals: in 21 rows, imbricate, same size as dorsals. Infratarsals and infracarpals imbricate and trifid. Femoral patch well developed. No precloacal pores. Head light brown with two rows of quadrangular dark brown paravertebral marks with white posterior margins. Background of vertebral region dark brown with four lateral markings of same color. Anterior and posterior limbs same color as dorsum. Ventrally, throat variegated with dark brown or black spots; spot density increases posteriorly toward chest, abdomen, limbs, and tail. Measurements of holotype.��� Head 1.2 times longer (11.9 mm) than wide (9.6 mm). Head height: 8.2 mm. Eye diameter: 2.9 mm. Subocular: 3.7 mm. Auditory meatus height: 2.2 mm; width: 1.8 mm. Torso length: 26.8 mm; width: 12.9 mm. Thigh length: 9.9 mm. Upper arm length: 8.2 mm; width: 2.1 mm. Forearm length: 8.3 mm. Hand length: 9.2 mm. Tail length: 92.7 mm. Variation.��� Data from 70 females, unless otherwise noted. Mental in contact with four scales. Infralabials: 5���6. Lorilabials: 6���7, in one row. Interparietal smaller than parietal. Temporals: 8���12. Auditory meatus with 1���3 scales on anterior edge and 0���2 on posterior edge. Neck folds well developed. Gulars: 23���28. Head narrow, longer (mean = 12.1 mm) than wide (mean = 9.4 mm). Neck narrower than head and trunk. Body slender, SVL 36.1���63.4 mm (mean = 56.7 mm). Scales around midbody: 53���61 (mean = 57.1). Dorsal scales between occiput and anterior thigh: 61���68 (mean = 65.0). Dorsal scales laminar, keeled, and imbricate. Infratarsals and infracarpals with imbricate, trifid scales. Femoral patch with 23���30 cone-shaped, mucronate scales. Ventrals: 91���105 (mean = 97.6), larger than dorsals. Precloacal pores absent. Complete tail: 64.3���92.7 mm long (n = 48; mean = 83.3 mm); 1.4���1.6 times longer than SVL. Color variation in life.��� Dorsal head light brown or gray with small black, irregularly distributed scales. Background dorsal color of body usually light brown, but light gray specimens not uncommon. Paravertebral markings square or rectangular, arranged longitudinally to long axis of body and dark brown or dark gray with white posterior margins. Lateral markings same color and form as paravertebral markings, but smaller than paravertebrals in some specimens. Vertebral region dark gray or light brown. Prescapular or postscapular spots less well defined, generally darker than lateral markings, but sometimes indistinguishable from them. Throat, abdomen, and cloaca region white with small irregularly shaped black spots. Ventral spots usually most dense along sides of abdomen. Mental and shield scales usually dark brown, but occasionally dark green. Longitudinal line extending along lateral tail (25���50 % total tail length) splits into small black or dark brown rectangular bars. Color becomes less vibrant, but otherwise does not change appreciably after> 6 mo in preservative (70 % ethanol). Fig. 5. Etymology.��� The specific epithet parthenos is a Greek noun meaning ������virgin������ or ������maiden,������ in reference to the presumed reproductive strategy of this all-female species. Distribution.��� Liolaemus parthenos is known only from the outskirts of El Nihuil, Salinas del Diamante, and from south of El Nihuil on Provincial Route 180 near Sierra El Nevado, San Rafael Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina (1305��� 1600 m; Fig. 2). Natural history.��� Liolaemus parthenos is apparently an allfemale parthenogenetic species. Despite 24 collecting expeditions since 1995 for a total of approximately 650 combined person hours of observing and collecting this species in nature, and after examining more than 300 specimens (note only 65 specimens were collected and preserved because of restrictions imposed by collecting permits), no males were encountered. Thus, the probability of not encountering a male, if this was a bisexual species with an equal population sex ratio, would be 0.5 65 or 2.7 20, an infinitesimally small likelihood. Field observations of active L. parthenos were made from October through February, and again in April. During summer months (December to February), lizards were active only in the morning and afternoon. The shift to bimodal activity apparently helps them avoid the extreme heat of midday. In April (fall), only juveniles were active at midday, indicating seasonal or ontogenetic variation in diel activity. Body temperatures (T bs) from four adult L. parthenos (SVL = 51.8 �� 3.4 mm) collected in the late afternoon of 11 February 1995 along the sandy shore of El Nihuil reservoir averaged 34.6 �� 3.4 ��C, which is similar to the field T bs reported for other low-elevation Liolaemus lizards (Espinoza et al., 2004). Liolaemus parthenos is oviparous and reproduces in summer. Reproductively active females (well-developed eggs in oviducts) were observed in January (n = 5), and nonreproductive females were found in December and February (n = 13). However, in a different year, we found females with oviducts full of developing eggs in December (n = 11). These observations suggest that the reproductive period begins in November and lasts until late January. Liolaemus parthenos is sympatric with the lizards Aurivela longicauda (Teiidae), Diplolaemus sexcinctus and Leiosaurus bellii (Leiosauridae), and two congeneric species: L. gracilis and L. grosseorum. Several species of snakes, which are potential predators of the new species, have also been observed in the area: the dipsadine colubrid snakes Oxyrhopus rhombifer, Philodryas trilineata, and Xenodon semicinctus, as well as the viperid Bothrops ammodytoides. Cytogenetic analysis.��� Liolaemus parthenos has a triploid karyotype with 3 n = 49 chromosomes (19 macrochromosomes + 30 microchromosomes): 17 of the macrochromosomes are biarmed metacentric or submetacentric and two are acrocentric. All the microchromosomes appear to be acro- or telocentric (Fig. 3). Because of their size and morphology, the macrochromosomes clustered into four groups: (1) the two largest pairs almost equal in size, but differing in centromere position (the first metacentric and the second submetacentric); (2) pairs 3 and 4 almost equal in size and morphology (with a centric fission in the haploid homologue of pair 3); (3) pair 5 (submetacentric in two homologues and metacentric in the third); and (4) pair 6, the smallest of the macrochromosomes with metacentric morphology. Only two of the homologous regions of chromosome pair 2 show secondary constrictions and areas with NORs in the telomere of their long arms. Phylogenetic analysis.��� The trees based on Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony were topologically very similar, with sources of conflict occurring solely at nodes that were weakly supported in one or both analyses (Fig. 4). With respect to the new species, both trees strongly supported the placement of L. parthenos in the L. grosseorum clade of the L. boulengeri group: L. boulengeri group (L. chacoensis group (L. laurenti group (L. darwinii group (L. grosseorum clade)))) (Fig. 4). The L. grosseorum clade is also supported by nine morphological synapomorphies (Abdala, 2007). Within the L. grosseorum clade, L. parthenos is in a well-supported yet unresolved clade with L. darwinii (R��o Negro Province) and L. laurenti (Fig. 4 A) or nested within a weakly supported clade containing populations of L. darwinii from the more southern provinces of Mendoza and Ŕıo Negro and those occurring farther north in La Rioja Province, with L. laurenti strongly supported as sister to these four lineages (Fig. 4 B). DISCUSSION Based on previous studies (Schulte et al., 2000; Morando et al., 2004; Pincheira-Donoso et al., 2007; Schulte, 2013) and the phylogenetic hypotheses presented here (Fig. 4), L. parthenos is closely related to L. darwinii and L. laurenti, species that are morphologically typical of the L. darwinii group (Etheridge, 1993; Abdala, 2007). The closest known locality for L. laurenti is approximately 300 km to the north of the type locality of L. parthenos, whereas L. darwinii has a much wider distribution (Abdala, 2007) including a small population that is sympatric with L. parthenos at the type locality of the latter species. It is noteworthy that a similarly proximate distributional association has been reported for a parthenogenetic species of Leiolepis and its matrilineal ancestor (Grismer and Grismer, 2010; Grismer et al., 2014). A close phylogenetic association between L. parthenos and L. darwinii has been reported in previous phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA. Schulte et al. (2000) recovered L. parthenos (as ������ L. boulengeri ������) in the clade: L. grosseorum (L. darwinii (L. parthenos (L. laurenti))). A phylogeographic analysis of the L. darwinii group conducted by Morando et al. (2004) recovered L. parthenos (as ������ L. sp. nov.������) as the sister taxon to L. laurenti + L. darwinii. Finally, Pincheira-Donoso et al. (2007) recovered L. parthenos (as L. cf. darwinii; SDSU 3469, AF099275) as the sister taxon to L. darwinii in the clade (L. grosseorum (L. darwinii (L. parthenos + L. darwinii from Chubut))). Although L. parthenos is superficially similar to L. boulengeri, these three molecular studies each strongly support the relationships among L. parthenos, L. darwinii, L. laurenti, and L. grosseorum. The most parsimonious interpretation of the triploid karyotype of L. parthenos (Fig. 5) is that the species arose via hybridization. The karyotype of L. parthenos (Fig. 4) has a clear diploid component (12 M + 20m) contributed by one parental species and an additional haploid set (7 M + 10m) provided by the other parental genome (Fig. 5). In the haploid component the two acrocentric macrochromosomes are interpreted as homologs of the two arms (3 p and 3 q) of pair 3 (3 a) in the 2 n set. The 30 microchromosomes of L. parthenos are best interpret, Published as part of Cristi��n S. Abdala, Diego Baldo, Ricardo A. Ju��rez & Robert E. Espinoza, 2016, The First Parthenogenetic Pleurodont Iguanian: A New All-female Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from Western Argentina, pp. 487-497 in Copeia 104 (2) on pages 489-494, DOI: 10.1643/CH-15-381, http://zenodo.org/record/269580, {"references":["Cei, J. M. 1973. Herpetologia patagonica VII. Notas ecologicas y morfologicas sobre Liolaemus bibroni [sic] y L. boulengeri (Sauria, Iguanidae). Physis 32: 459 - 469.","Cei, J. M., and V. G. Roig. 1976. Fauna y ecosistemas del oeste arido Argentino. I. Reptiles de la Provincia de Mendoza. Deserta 4: 69 - 91.","Cei, J. M., and L. P. Castro. 1978. Atlas de los vertebrados inferiores de la region de Cuyo. Publicaciones Ocasionales del Instituto de Biologia Animal, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Serie Cientifica 2: 1 - 38.","Cei, J. M. 1986. 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We examined the Liolaemus jamesi holotype (NHMUK 1946.8.12.39) and 20 additional specimens from the Tarapac�� Region (Appendix I). The characteristics for scalation were taken according to Etheridge (1995), Lobo (2005) and Quinteros et al. (2008). The lateral head scalation was taken from the left side. Historical data on the L. jamesi type locality was taken from published field notes of the Ambrose A. Lane field trip (Lane & Sclater 1897); the elevation and locality coordinates were estimated using Google Earth. In regards to the type locality, according to Lane and Sclater (1897, p. 10) the journey of Lane in the Tarapac�� Province began at Iquique Port (20��13`S ��� 70��08`W, 30 masl) and then he travelled by the following trajectory outward and by way of return (Fig. 1): Pica (20��28`S ��� 69��18`W, 1300 masl), Pampa de Huasco (20��21`S ��� 69��01`W, 4000 masl), Laguna (Salar) de Huasco (20��17`S ��� 68��54`W, 3900 masl), Pampa de Sacaya (20��00`S ��� 68��35`W, 4300 masl) and Cancosa (19��51`S ��� 68��36`W, 3950 m). Neither Boulenger (1891) nor Lane and Sclater (1897) stated the specific location from which the holotype L. jamesi was collected and there had been no new records of this species recorded from this area for more than 100 years. In fact, the first and only mention of L. jamesi specimens collected from this area is the record from Salar del Huasco (Moreno et al. 2001), which is at 3900 masl, Boulenger (1891) did however estimate the altitude in which the holotype was collected at 3050-3660 masl. Ruiz De Gamboa and Ortiz (2016) reviewed specimens of L. jamesi from all known distributions, among them one voucher specimen from Altos de Pica (20��17`S ��� 69��05`W, 3545 mals), road to Salar del Huasco, which matched Boulenger`s (1891) altitude range. Moreover, we collected specimens of L. jamesi (MUAP 122���24, Fig. 2) at 17 km W from Laguna del Huasco at 3800 masl (20��17`S ��� 69��03`W). Hence, we are certain that this species occurs in this region at higher elevations. We propose a restriction of the type locality of L. jamesi to: road to Salar del Huasco, between 3545 and 3660 masl, Tarapac�� Region, Chile, because 1) this transect was explored by the holotype collector Ambrose A. Lane; 2) the other places visited by Lane are out of the elevation range provided by Boulenger (1891); 3) There are records of this species from the Tarapac�� Region in Salar del Huasco (Moreno et al. 2001) and the road to this place (Ruiz De Gamboa and Ortiz, 2016); and 4) we found specimens at this altitude range matching with the data provided by Boulenger (1891). In regards to the holotype (Fig. 2), the measurements and scalation according to Boulenger (1891) are: Adult male. SVL: 100 mm. Tail length (end lost): 90 mm. Head length: 23 mm. Head width: 20 mm. Forelimb length: 47 mm. Hindlimb length: 66 mm. Midbody scales: 52. The features observed from digital photographs are as follows: Two postrostrals. Two internasals. Hexagonal interparietal scale, with a central, small, and opaque ������parietal eye������ in the center. The interparietal scale is smaller than the parietals and is surrounded by seven scales. Ten scales between the interparietal scale and the rostral scale. Twenty one scales between the occiput and the rostral. Orbital semicircle incomplete on the right side and formed by 16 scales on the left side; nine supraoculars (enlarged) on right side and seven on the left side; seven supercilliaries. Frontal divided into five scales (1���1���1���2, anterior to posterior). Two scales between the nasal and the canthal. Unfragmented preocular, separated from supralabials by one row of lorilabials. The nasal is separated from the rostral by one scale and is surrounded by seven scales. There is one row of lorilabials between the supralabials and the subocular. There are nine supralabials and seven infralabial scales. The mental shape is irregular. There are five pairs of postmental shields; but the first postmental scale on the right side is not discernible. Temporal scales are juxtaposed, smooth and with some interstitial granules. There are nine temporal scales between the level of the supercilliaries and commissure of the mouth. There are two small scales slightly projected to the auditory meatus, which do not cover it. The auricular scale is not differentiated. There is a well-developed ���Y��� shaped lateral neck fold, well-developed antehumeral fold and dorso-lateral fold. No gular fold. Dorsal scales are rounded, subimbricate, smooth or slightly keeled, with interstitial granules. The interstitial granules are more abundant on the flanks. Dorsal scales are larger than the ventrals. Dorsal scales: 45, 46 according to Boulenger (1891). Ventral scales are rounded to rhomboidal, smooth, imbricated, with some interstitial granules. Ventral scales: 88. There are six precloacal pores. There is a ventral incision, probably for organ examination, running from the chest to the midpoint of the belly. Suprafemoral and infrafemoral scales are rounded, imbricate, and smooth. Supraantebrachials scales are rounded, imbricate, and smooth. Infraantebrachials scales are rounded, imbricate, and smooth to conical towards the axilla. The dorsal scales of the tail are rounded, subimbricate, weakly keeled, with interstitial granules. The ventral scales of the tail vary from rounded to rhomboidal or triangular, and are imbricate and smooth. Lamellae of fourth finger 23 and lamellae of fourth toe 29 (right hand). Light brown head, with dark brown spots on the snout, occipital and circumorbital zones. The loreal and temporal zones are light grey. The anterior and middle zones of the subocular scale are grey, but there is a dark brown vertical stripe running from the eigth supralabial to the postocular scale (passing over the posterior zone of the subocular). The dorsal colour is light brown on the right hand side and grey on the left hand side (by deterioration). Some dorsal scales have black spots on the anterior border and there is a black coloured space between the dorsal scales. The keel on the dorsal scales (when it is present) is not black spotted. The flanks are light grey, with a black in between the scales. The dorsal surface of the limbs and the dorsal surface of the tail are both light grey, with black in between the scales. Some scales on the tail (especially in the middle of the tail) is brown shaded in colour. The tip of the tail is brown. The throat, chest and belly are dark brown, with a few light grey scales dispersed. The ventral surface of the hind limbs is light grey in colour with some brown spots. The cloaca is light grey with dark brown in the middle. Precloacal pores are orange. The ventral surface of the tail is light grey with some dark brown spots and a complete dark brown vertebral stripe. While it is not possible determine the exact type locality, this has also been the case for many other old descriptions of Liolaemus and other South American lizards, the reason being because the descriptions commonly tended to be incomplete or imprecise. Recent publications have been successful in restricting the type locality of some poorly known southernmost South American lizards to bounded geographical ranges, based on the historical data of the field notes, with the goal of producing characterizations and delimitations of the species and their ranges (Lobo & Etheridge 2013; Quinteros et al. 2008; Troncoso-Palacios & Garin 2013; Troncoso-Palacios et al. 2013; Troncoso-Palacios 2018). In this case, the restriction of the type locality of L. jamesi will allow determination of further morphological and molecular characterization of this taxon, such that it can be compared to species which show some morphologically similarity, especially with the taxa previously considered to be subspecies of L. jamesi or currently considered synonyms of it: L. aymararum Veloso, Sallaberry, Navarro, Iturra, Valencia, Penna & D��az, 1982, considered to be a junior synonym of L. jamesi by Pincheira-Donoso and N����ez (2005) and L. jamesi pachecoi Laurent, 1995, later raised to full species by Langstroth (2011). Moreover, Langstroth (2011), based on the mtDNA data by Schulte and Moreno-Roark (2010), pointed out that mtDNA divergence between L. aymararum and L. pachecoi is enough to recognize both as full species. Furthermore, a recent mt + nuclear DNA phylogeny (Aguilar-Puntriano et al. 2018) found that L. jamesi is neither the sister species of L. aymararum nor L. pachecoi. We hope that our proposed restriction of the type locality of L. jamesi and the characterization of additional material from its vicinity will facilitate further research on these issues., Published as part of Troncoso-Palacios, Jaime, Gamboa, Margarita Ruiz De & Campbell, Patrick D., 2019, Liolaemus jamesi (Boulenger, 1891): restriction of the type locality and holotype characterization (Squamata: Liolaemidae), pp. 442-446 in Zootaxa 4612 (3) on pages 442-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4612.3.12, http://zenodo.org/record/3993643, {"references":["Etheridge, R. E. (1995) Redescription of Ctenoblepharys adspersa Tschudi, 1845, and thetaxonomy of Liolaeminae (Reptilia: Squamata: Tropiduridae). American Museum Novitates, 3142, 1 - 34.","Lobo, F. (2005) Las relaciones filogeneticas dentro grupo chiliensis (Iguania: Liolaemidae: Liolaemus): sumando nuevos caracteres y taxones. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 49, 65 - 87.","Quinteros, A. S., Abdala, C. S. & Lobo, F. J. (2008) Redescription of Liolaemus dorbignyi Koslowsky, 1898 and description of a new species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae). Zootaxa, 1717, 51 - 67.","Lane, A. A. & Sclater, P. L. (1897) Field-notes on the birds of Chili. By Ambrose A. Lane. With an introduction and remarks by P. L. Sclater. The Ibis, January, 1897, 8 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919 X. 1897. tb 01261. x","Boulenger, G. A. (1891) Description of a new lizard of the genus Ctenoblepharis from Chili. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1891, 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1891. tb 06802. x","Moreno, R., Moreno, J., Torres-Perez, F., Ortiz, J. C. & Breskovic, A. (2001) Herpetological catalogue of Museo del Mar of Arturo Prat University, Iquique, Chile. Gayana, 65, 149 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / S 0717 - 65382001000200006","Lobo, F. & Etheridge, R. (2013) The type locality of Phymaturus palluma (Molina, 1782) (Reptilia: Iguania: Liolaemidae) and the status of Phymaturus adrianae Pereyra, 1992 and other unnamed populations. South American Journal of Herpetology, 8, 89 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / SAJH-D- 12 - 00033.1","Troncoso-Palacios, J. & Garin, C. F. (2013) On the identity of Liolaemus nigromaculatus Wiegmann, 1834 (Iguania, Liolaemidae) and correction of its type locality. ZooKeys, 294, 37 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 294.4399","Troncoso-Palacios, J. (2018) Propuesta de restriccion de la localidad tipo de Microlophus tarapacensis (Donoso-Barros, 1966) (Squamata: Tropiduridae) en base a evidencias historicas. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 32, 123 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.31017 / CdH. 2018. (2018 - 008)","Veloso, A., Sallaberry, M., Navarro, J., Iturra, P., Valencia, J., Penna, M. & Diaz, N. (1982) Contribucion sistematica al conocimiento de la herpetofauna del extremo norte de Chile. In: El Hombre y Los Ecosistemas de Montana. Oficina Regional de Ciencias y Tecnologia de la UNESCO para America Latina y el Caribe, Montevideo, pp. 135 - 268.","Pincheira-Donoso, D. & Nunez, H. (2005) Las especies chilenas del genero Liolaemus (Iguanidae Tropiduridae, Liolaeminae). Taxonomia, sistematica y evolucion. Publicacion Ocasional del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, 59, 7 - 486.","Langstroth, R. P. (2011) On the species identities of a complex Liolaemus fauna from the Altiplano and Atacama Desert: insights on Liolaemus stolzmanni, L. reichei, L. jamesi pachecoi, and L. poconchilensis (Squamata: Liolaemidae). Zootaxa, 2809 (1), 20 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2809.1.2","Schulte II, J. A. & Moreno-Roark, F. (2010) Live birth among Iguanian lizards predates Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciations. Biologyletters, 6, 216 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.0707","Aguilar-Puntriano, C., Avila, L. J., De la Riva, I., Johnson, L., Morando, M., Troncoso-Palacios, J., Wood Jr., P. L. & Sites Jr., J. W. (2018) The shadow of the past: Convergence of young and old South American desert lizards as measured by head shape traits. Ecology and Evolution, 8, 11399 - 11409. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.4548"]}

Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. Holotype. LJAMM-CNP 10994 (Figs. 10, 11), an adult male from 4.4 km SE Aguada Pichana Main Camp Total Oil Company, ~ 30 km S junction Provincial Road 7, A��elo Department, Neuqu��n province, Argentina (38��25���43.7���S, 69��09���31.3���W, 431 m), collected by C.H.F. Perez, J. Nittmann, F. Farinaccio and D.R. Perez, 28 October 2008. Paratypes. LJAMM-CNP 10995���10996, MLP.S 2624 (females) from same locality as holotype, collected by C.H.F. Perez, J. Nittmann, F. Farinaccio and D.R. Perez, 28 October 2008. LJAMM-CNP 12420���12422 (females) from same locality as holotype, collected by L.J. Avila and C.H.F. Perez, 4 December 2009. LJAMM-CNP 12417��� 12419 (males) from same locality as holotype, collected by L.J. Avila and C.H.F. Perez, 4 December 2009. Diagnosis. Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. is a robust but small sized member of the clade of Liolaemus referred to as the boulengeri group by Etheridge (1995) and is a member of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi group (Avila et al. 2006, 2007, Olave et. al 2014, 2016), that includes L. cuyanus, L. donosobarrosi, L. mapuche, L. josei, L. puelche and several other potential species still undescribed. Liolaemus tirantii sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species of its group of Liolaemus by a combination of genetic and morphological characteristics. Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. can be differentiated from L. cuyanus for having smaller size (61.0 mm vs 92.5 mm maximum SVL), have higher number of midbody scales (X = 76.8 vs X = 66.7; min.���max. 70���84 vs 60���76, Blum 2012) with overlap, higher number of dorsal scales (X = 95.3 vs 63.6; min.���max. 86���100 vs 57���74, Blum 2012) with no overlap, only four scales in contact with mental vs six in L. cuyanus, lack of prescapular marks and ventral melanism, and a very different general coloration and coloration patterns. Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. is smaller than Liolaemus mapuche (61.0 mm vs 82.7 mm maximum SVL), have higher number of dorsal scales (X = 95.3 vs 76.2; min.���max. 86���100 vs 70���86) with almost no overlap, only four scales in contact with mental vs six in L. cuyanus (more common state, Abdala 2002), and lacks of the scapular marks, ventral melanism and lacks of the very different dorsal coloration characterized by a light blue head and scattered blue scales on a light green-blue background, (Abdala, 2002). Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. is smaller than L. puelche (61.0 mm vs 89 mm maximum SVL), have higher number of midbody scales (X = 76.8 vs 70.7; min.���max. 70���84 vs 67���76) with slight overlap and higher number of dorsal scales (X = 95.3 vs 76.7; min.���max. 86���100 vs 74���80) with no overlap. Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. is smaller than L. josei (61.0 mm vs 73.1 mm maximum SVL), have higher number of midbody scales (X = 76.8 vs 69.1; min.���max. 70���84 vs 62���76), have higher number of dorsal scales (X = 95.3 vs X = 73.1; min.���max. 86���100 vs 67���81) with no overlap, lacks of the well-marked gular melanism of L. josei males as well as its more marked dorsal color pattern. Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. can be only be differentiate from L. donosobarrosi in its particular dorsal coloration of colorful transversal bands in live animals, lack of transversal dark bands on the sides of the head, an oval-shaped tympanic opening vs a more quadrangular in L. donosobarrosi, and supralabials and lorilabials scales quadrangular shaped in L. calliston sp. nov. than in L. donosobarrosi. Dorsal coloration pattern in L. tirantii lacks of the banded pattern of L. calliston and the colorful general coloration; series of transversal half-moon dots almost disappear in live animal in L. calliston sp. nov. and are fused each other laterally along the body, given it a ¨wavy¨ appearance. L. calliston sp. nov. have a higher average number of dorsal scales than in L. tirantii sp. nov. (X = 95.3 vs 87.2). Infralabials, supralabial and lorilabials scales more quadrangular shaped in L. calliston sp. nov. than in L. tirantii sp. nov. Description of holotype. Adult male (Fig. 10, 11) 60.4 mm snout-vent length (SVL); tail length 103.4 mm. Axilla-groin distance 27.2 mm. Head length 13.1 mm (from anterior border of tympanum to tip of snout), 11.5 mm wide (at anterior border of tympanum), 7.5 mm high (at anterior border of tympanum). Snout length 4.9 mm (orbittip of snout distance). Interorbital distance 6.0 mm. Eye-nostril distance 3.9 mm. Orbit-auditory meatus distance 4.7 mm. Forelimb length 17.4 mm. Tibial length 12.6 mm. Foot length 18.5 mm (ankle to insertion of claw on fourth toe). Dorsal head scales something bulged, smooth, 16 between occiput at level of anterior border of tympanum to rostral, pitted with numerous scale organs in the anterior region, and reducing to a single organ, or lack, in the posterior half of the head. Rostral scale wider (2.5 mm) than high (0.8 mm). Two postrostrals, together with anterior lorilabial, separate nasal scales from rostral. Nasal scales longer than wide, irregularly heptagonal; nostril one-half length of nasal, posterior in position. Scales surrounding nasals 7���7. Two internasals. Frontonasals four, irregular in size and position. A row with three scales between frontonasals and prefrontals. Prefrontals 5, a small pentagonal scales in the center (1.2 mm), and two pairs scales: a pair dorso-lateral larger scales, irregularly hexagonal (1.6 mm), and a pair lateral medium-sized scales (1.4 mm), aproximatly pentagonal. Two frontal scale. Frontoparietals in two rows, two anterior and posterior scales. Interparietal subpentagonal, surrounded by six scales; four smaller and irregular in front and sides, two larger in back. Parietal eye evident. Parietals some bulged, irregularly shaped, similar in size to interparietal (1.8 vs. 1.6 mm). Circumorbitals: 13���12. Transversally expanded supraoculars 6���6. Smaller lateral supraoculars: 14���19. Anterior canthal wider than long, separate from nasal by one postnasals. Posterior canthal longer than wide. Loreal scales, bulged (6���7). Lorilabials longer than wide (7���8), smaller than labials. Superciliaries 6���7, flattened and elongated, anterior four broadly overlapping dorsally. Orbit with 14���15 upper and thirteen lower ciliaries on each side. Orbit diameter 3.3 x 2.1 mm. Preocular small, unfragmented, longer than wide. Subocular scale elongated, nine times longer than wide (4.2 x 0.4 mm). A wellmarked longitudinal ridge along upper margin of preocular and subocular scales. Postocular small, slightly bulged, quarter superimposed to subocular, with a marked longitudinal ridge. Palpebral scales small granular and bulged. Supralabials six on each side, convex. Temporals smooth, convex, juxtaposed with one scale organ in the tip. Anterior auriculars smaller than adjacent posterior temporals, something projecting outward (3���2). Posterior auriculars small and granular. External auditory meatus conspicuous, higher (1.9 mm) than wide (1.1 mm). Lateral scales of neck granular with inflated skin. Mental scale wider (2.3 mm) than high (1.4 mm), in contact with five scales. Mental followed posteriorly by two postmentals, and two rows of four chinshields on right side (left side with scar damage). Five infralabials on each side, stretched, slightly smaller than supralabials. Gular scales smooth, flat, imbricate, with rounded posterior margins, with melanophores. Scales of throat between chinshields slightly juxtaposed, becoming slightly imbricate toward auditory meatus. Thirty-three gulars between tympanum openings. Infralabials separated from chinshields by one to three rows of scales. Antehumeral and longitudinal neck well developed; postauricular very distinctive; gular incomplete; rictal, dorsolateral, oblique unconspicuous. Scales of dorsal neck region rhombals, imbricate, smooth. Ninety-nine dorsal scales between occiput and anterior surface of thighs. Dorsal body scales rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth to very slightly keeled towards the posterior half of body. Dorsal scales grade laterally into slightly smaller, smooth scales at midbody. Scales immediately anterior and posterior to forelimb and hindlimb insertion small, smooth, granular, and nonoverlapping. Body lateral scales grading smaller to larger at midbody. Ventral body scales rhombals, smooth, flat, imbricate, larger than dorsal scales. Eighty-four scales around midbody; scales between mental and precloacal pores 94. Scales of cloacal region about equal in size to ventral body scales. Six conspicuous precloacal pores. Anterior suprabrachials rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth, slightly larger in size to dorsal body scales. Postabrachials smaller, smooth, becoming granular near axilla. Supra-antebrachials similar to suprabrachial. Infraantebrachials rhombals, smooth. Supracarpals imbricated, rhomboidal, smooth. Infracarpals strongly imbricate, rhomboidal, keeled, 1���3 mucronate. Subdigital lamellae with 2���3 keels, each terminating in a short mucron, numbering: I: 9, II: 14, III: 19, IV: 20, V: 12. Claws robust, curved and sharp, opaque brown. Suprafemorals as large as dorsal body scales, rhomboidal, imbricated, smooth, some very slightly keeled. Postfemorals small, granular shape. Supratibial rhomboidal, imbricated, smooth. Infrafemorals scale small, granular and smooth with enlarged and bulged scales patch, with thirty scales (femoral patch), mucronate. Supratarsal rhombals, imbricated and smooth. Infratarsal small, rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth. Subdigital scales keeled, each terminating in 1���3 short mucron, numbering: I: 11, II: 16, III: 20, IV: 25, V: 15. Claws robust, curved and sharp, opaque brown. Tail complete, non-regenerated. Dorsal and lateral caudals scales, quadrangular and moderatly keeled. Ventral subtriangular and smooth, toward posterior half moderatly keeled. Color in life. Head dorsal coloration darker than body coloration, homogenously Prout��s Brown (47) with darker areas Burnt Umber (48); all this pattern, extend to the sides of the head. Dorsal background coloration between occiput to rump with five Dark Salmon Color (59) transverse bands separated by similar wide bands of Light Yellow Orcher (13). Each Dark Salmon Color (59) band posteriorly bordered by slightly evident half-moon Tawny (60) dots barely encircling Cream White (52) scales. Two more Dark Salmon Color (59) bands continuous along the first quarter of the tail, then bands became smaller and encircle the tail as incomplete and broken rings, and almost disappear in the last third to the tip. From the posterior area of the tympanum to the cloacal region of the tail, a lateral band of Dark Salmon Color (59), sometimes dotted of Cream White (52). From the lateral sides of the neck to the first third of the tail, iridescent Caribbean Blue (168) dots are homogeneously distributed, reaching some middorsal areas of the trunk and becoming faded and less evident in the last two thirds of the tail. Limbs with incomplete rings of Burnt Umber (48) on a Dark Salmon Color (59) background. Ventral areas Cream White (52) with a reticulated dark on the mandibular, gular and ventral neck regions. Some Sulphur Yellow (80) speckles on the chest and upper belly becoming less evident on the lower belly; continuous Spectrum Yellow (79) coloration along the infrafemoral region. Color in preservative. In preservative the general brightly color pattern disappear or fade, all dorsal bands of Light Yellow Orcher (13) and Sulphur/Spectrum Yellow (80/79) coloration disappear, Sulphur Yellow (80) speckles fade but are evident. Variation. Table 4 summarizes the variation of males and females of the type series for some scale and morphometric characters. Precloacal pores are present only in males. In males, dorsal series of roughly half-moon shaped dots became more evident in some specimens. Almost in all individuals observed, dots fused with the nearest on the dorsolateral area given and appearance of three spots, with a posterior Pale Sulphur Yellow (92) border. A male lacks of symmetrically arranged left-right half-moon dots series, with left series side missing. Patterns of transversally arranged dots are not regularly distributed. Density pattern of Caribbean Blue (168) dots varies between individuals. Ventral dark reticulation varies in density and arrangement but are limited to gular and neck region. Dark dots are dispersed on chest and belly, with color variation between Maroon (39) to Jet Black (300). Sulphur Yellow (80)/Spectrum Yellow (79) coloration is limited to gular/upper chest region and femoral region, in some individuals extended to the foot. Females (Fig. 12) usually have wider bands of Light Yellow Orcher on the dorsal area; ventral surface of one female was completely and homogeneously cover with Salmon Color (83), except in mandibular and gular region. Iridescent Caribbean Blue (168) dots are absent in females. Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective of Greek origin (calliston = very beautiful), in reference to the distinct and brightly colorful pattern of dorsal and lateral body of this new species. Distribution. This species is restricted to the type locality. Natural history. No studies on the basic biology or ecology of this new species are available; we have only anecdotal data from the original collecting trip. The type locality of Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. is characterized by sedimentary rocks separated by barren soil and sparse clumps of low bushes that have been heavily impacted by heavy road machinery. Despite our efforts, we were unable to observe any animal in less disturbed environments that surround the type locality. Lizards were collected late in the afternoon, and only a few were basking on rocks. Lizards were wary and dropped into burrows below the stones when the intruder is still at a large distance. If pressed, they ran from rock to rock across patches of bare soil or between rocks accumulated on the edges of the disturbed area, sometimes seeking cover between roots or basal root clumps. They are fast and heavy runners and tend to return to their burrow or seek shelter under rocks. Liolaemus calliston sp. nov. is oviparous; adult females captured in December had large eggs that extended their abdominal walls, and had conspicuously slow escape runs. They appear to exist at a very low density but ongoing studies in the area will be crucial to elucidate some biological and ecological characteristics of this species. Vegetation is typical of Monte Sur Patag��nico (Roig 1998); predominant vegetation formation is a low to medium shrubs steppe characterized by bushes between 0.50 to 2.00 m. Soils are subject to wind erosion which form dwarf dunes interspersed between rock outcrops separated by bare sand dunes (Fig. 13). Common plants include: Grindelia chiloensis, Senecio filaginoides, Acantholippia seriphioides, Ephedra ochreata, Chuquiraga erinacea, Larrea nitida, L. divaricata, L. cuneifolia, Atriplex lampa, Prosopis alpataco, Fabiana peckii and Adesmia guttulifera, Cercidium praecox, Sporobolus rigens, Hyalis arg��ntea, Monttea aphylla, Neosparton ephedroides and Senna aphylla. Lizard fauna in this general region include up to six congeners: Liolaemus darwinii, L. grosseorum, L. gracilis, L. cuyumhue, L. goetschi, L. austromendocinus, the three phyllodactylid geckos Homonota darwinii, H. horrida, H. underwoodi, two leiosaurids, Leiosaurus belli and Pristidactylus fasciatus, and the teiid Aurivela longicauda. Snakes observed at the type locality include Philodryas trilineata, Bothrops diporus, Xenodon semicinctus, Siagonodon borrichianus; at least the first two of these are likely predators of L. calliston sp. nov., Published as part of Avila, Luciano Javier, Perez, Cristian Hern��n Fulvio, Minoli, Ignacio, Medina, Cintia Debora, Sites, Jack W. & Morando, Mariana, 2017, New species of Liolaemus (Reptilia, Squamata, Liolaemini) of the Liolaemus donosobarrosi clade from northwestern Patagonia, Neuqu��n province, Argentina, pp. 535-563 in Zootaxa 4362 (4) on pages 551-555, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1095342, {"references":["Avila, L. J., Morando, M. & Sites, J. W. Jr. (2006) Congeneric phylogeography: hypothesizing species limits and evolutionary processes in Patagonian lizards of the Liolaemus boulengeri group (Squamata: Liolaemini). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 241 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2006.00666. x","Olave, M., Martinez, L. E., Avila, L. J., Sites, J. W. Jr. & Morando, M. (2014) Multilocus phylogeny of the widely distributed South American lizard clade Eulaemus (Liolaemini, Liolaemus). Zoologica Scripta, 43, 323 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12053","Blum, R. (2012) Morphometric analyses and intraspecific comparison of two geographically separated populations of Liolaemus cuyanus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from Northwestern Argentina. Unpublished Master Thesis Georg-August- Universitat Gottingen. Germany, 101 pp.","Abdala, C. S. (2002) Nuevo Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) perteneciente al grupo boulengeri de la provincia de Neuquen, Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 16, 3 - 13.","Roig, A. F. (1998) La vegetacion de la Patagonia. In: Correa, M. N. (Ed.), Flora Patagonica. INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. pp. 48 - 174."]}

Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. (Fig. 4, 5, 6) Phymaturus sp. 16 Morando, M., Avila, L.J., Perez, C.H.F., Hawkins, M. and Sites, Jr. J.W., 2013, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 698. Type material. Holotype: LJAMM-CNP 16126, adult male collected on rocky hills of Provincial Road 46, 25 km E Rahue, 6 km junction Provincial Road 24, Bajada de Rahue, La Jardinera stream (39 �� 23 ��� 15.5 ���S, 70 �� 43 ��� 57.1 ���W, 1127 m, datum = WGS 84), Cat��n Lil department, Neuqu��n province, Argentina, A. Gonz��lez Mar��n, L.J. Avila and C.H.F. P��rez, collectors. Paratypes: LJAMM-CNP 16117 -16120, 16123, 16127 (adult males) and LJAMM-CNP 16121 -16122, 16124- 16125, 16128- 16129 (adult female), same data as holotype. LJAMM-CNP 5378 (adult male) and 5379 (adult female) collected on rocky cliffs on Provincial Road 46, 25 km E Rahue, 6 km junction Provincial Road 24, Bajada de Rahue, La Jardinera stream (39 �� 23 ��� 15.5 ���S, 70 �� 43 ��� 57.1 ���W, 1127 m, datum = WGS 84), Cat��n Lil department, Neuqu��n province, Argentina, L.J. Avila, C.H.F. P��rez, K. Dittmar, M. Morando & J.W. Sites, Jr. collectors. Diagnosis. Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. is a member of the Phymaturus patagonicus group because it exhibits synapomophies found on this species��� group, bellies light-orange or pink, a set of enlarged scales projected over the auditory meatus and external margins of postmental scales dark pigmented (sensu Lobo et al. 2012 b) and (sensu Etheridge 1995) flat imbricate superciliaries, non-rugose dorsal scales on tail, and subocular scale usually not fragmented. Within the Phymaturus patagonicus group, P. rahuensis sp. nov., differs from P. cacivioi, P. castillensis, P. ceii, P. desuetus, P. excelsus, P. felixi, P. indistictus, P. manuelae, P. spectabilis, P. spurcus, P. tenebrosus, P. videlai, in the presence of a dorsal pattern formed by dispersed white spots. Scales around midbody are non-overlapping among P. rahuensis (216���261), P. patagonicus (162���192) and P. yachanana (160���194). Number of ventral scales in P. rahuensis (167���193) is higher and slightly overlapping with P. patagonicus (142��� 171) and P. yachanana (135���168). Average number of scales around midbody in P. rahuensis (X��= 236.7) is higher than in P. somuncurensis (X��= 218.29), P. sinervoi (X��= 227.9), P. calcogaster (X��= 221.20), P. etheridgei (X��= 221.55) and with P. camilae (range 205-228, Scolaro et al. 2013). Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. has a marked sexual dichromatism not present in P. nevadoi (according to original description) and P. sitesi. Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. has a dorsal pattern coloration (well marked in females) formed by a paravertebral band with two dorsolateral series of quadrangular to irregular marks fused to the paravertebral band but usually separated each other by dark lines, a pattern not observed in any other species of the clade. Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. has a dorsal coloration with small rounded white spots scattered on its body (4���12 scales size each) similar to P. nevadoi (4���9 scales) and P. delheyi (1���10 scales), larger than in P. sitesi (1���2 scales), but smaller than in P. payuniae (4���40 scales, sometimes fused forming irregular marks) and P. zapalensis (5���14 scales). Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. has a tail with vanishing rings as P. zapalensis but not spotted as in P. delheyi, P. nevadoi, P. payuniae, and P. sitesi. Average scales around midbody number is higher in Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. (X��= 236.7, SD = 12.8) than all other species of the group: P. nevadoi (X��= 208.3, SD = 8.7), P. payuniae (X��= 219.0, SD = 11.7), P. sitesi (X��= 221.5, SD = 7.9), P. delheyi (X��= 216.7, SD = 15.7) and P. zapalensis (X��= 221.2, SD = 13.8). Average ventral scale number is lower in P. rahuensis (X��= 179.6, SD = 7.2) than in P. payuniae (X��= 183.3, SD = 10.4), P. delheyi (X��= 185.5, SD = 9.2) and P. zapalensis (X��= 186.3, SD = 13.0) but higher than P. nevadoi (X��= 164.0, SD = 8.4) and P. sitesi (X��= 176.2, SD = 9.5). Average supralabials scales number is lower in P. rahuensis (X = 8.0, SD = 0.5) than in the other species of the group: P. nevadoi (X��= 9.2, SD = 0.5), P. payuniae (X��= 11.1, SD = 1.1), P. sitesi (X��= 9.2, SD = 1.2), P. delheyi (X��= 9.0, SD = 0.8) and P. zapalensis (X��= 8.8, SD = 0.8). Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. has lower finger lamellae number (X��= 19.8, SD = 1.1) than the P. nevadoi (X��= 22.6, SD = 1.4), P. payuniae (X��= 22.1, SD = 1.1), P. sitesi (X��= 21.8, SD = 0.9), P. delheyi (X��= 22.4, SD = 1.1) and P. zapalensis (X��= 21.7, SD = 1.8) and lower toe lamellae number (X��= 25.8, SD = 1.1) vs P. nevadoi (X��= 28.8 SD = 1.2), P. payuniae (X��= 27.8, SD = 1.9), P. sitesi (X��= 28.8, SD = 1.2), P. delheyi (X��= 29.6, SD = 2.0) and P. zapalensis (X = 28.4, SD = 1.8). The new species can be distinguished from P. nevadoi, P. payuniae, P. zapalensis, P. delheyi and P. sitesi by differences in mitochondrial and nuclear genes (exclusive haplotypes with cytochrome b and 12 S mitochondrial genes and with PNN, Phy 38 and Phy 41 nuclear markers (Morando et al. 2013). Based on cyt-b data (Morando et al., 2013), uncorrected genetic distances between previously morphologically described species of Phymaturus are low (e.g. for a species pair within the patagonicus group: P. nevadoi vs. P. payuniae = 0.81 %, in Avila et al. 2014); some species pairs even have smaller values, but they may be conspecific (Morando et al., 2013). The smallest uncorrected genetic distances between P. rahuensis sp. nov. and other taxa of the payuniae clade are: P. rahuensis vs P. zapalensis = 1.7 %, P. rahuensis vs P. sp. 17 = 1.44 %, while with the rest of the species of this clade, genetic distances are> 3.6 %. Description of the holotype. Adult male 88.1 mm (SVL). Axilla-groin distance 45.5 mm. Tail length 101.9 mm. Head length 15.5 mm; head width 16.8 mm; head depth 9.4 mm; snout length 5.6 mm (from anterior border of the orbit to tip of snout), horizontal diameter of the orbit 6.6 mm. Arm length 26.5 mm; tibial length 17.9 mm; foot length 24.4 mm. Upper head scales smooth, convex, bulged, pitted with scale organs in postrostral, internasals, frontonasals, frontals, and prefrontals. Rostral flat, two times wide as long (2.7 x 1.1 mm). Two postrostrals on the left side, the outermost smaller than the inner, in the right side abnormally small and numerous, with conspicuous scale organs (1-6); rostral and nasal not in contact, separated by the anterior lorilabial scale and a small prenasal. Nasal scales almost rounded (1.3 x 1.5 mm). Nostril rounded, occupying almost all the nasal scale. Nasal scales in contact with 9 - 8 scales. Internasal, frontonasals, medium in size, irregular in shape; prefrontals and frontals, medium in size, hexagonal; supraorbital semicircles complete, 13 ��� 11 enlarged supraoculars; frontoparietals, parietals, and circumorbitals irregular in size and shape from each other. Interparietal hexagonal, only distinguishable by a large and conspicuous white cream ���eye��� in the middle, occupying most of the scale. Eighteen dorsal head scales between rostral and nuchals. Two scales between nasal and first canthal. First canthal small, higher than wide, convex with two scale organs. Posterior canthal larger, longer than wide. Posterior canthal slightly overlaps first supercilliary. Supercilliaries 7 ��� 5 (left-right) irregular flattened and elongated, on left sides overlapped the first five, and the right side the three first scales. Loreal region flat, three irregular scales on both sides. Upper ciliary scales in two rows, those of inner rows flat and quadrangular, those of outer row granular and compressed. Lower and upper ciliaries similar in size and shape. Palpebral scales small, irregular, slightly granular. One preocular, small, square; one elongate subocular (4.5 x 0.6 mm), unfragmented, one small postocular; a well marked longitudinal ridge along upper margin of subocular and preocular scale, and not marked in postocular. Two rows of lorilabials becoming only one in half subocular. Lorilabials convex, 12 / 6���10 / 6, approximately rectangular, slightly narrow than supralabials, pitted with 1���5 scale organs. Supralabials 7, flat. Temporal scales conical, smooth, swollen, juxtaposed, with a scale organ at the inferior side. Auditory meatus higher than wide (4.1 x 2.0 mm) with 3 outwardly projecting scales along anterior border; posterior border surrounded by granular scales. Mental pentagonal, wider than long (2.2 x 1.4); in contact with anterior infralabials, anterior sublabials and postmentals. Infralabials 6. Chinshields 5 - 4, irregular, slightly quadrangular, separated from infralabials by series of 1���2 ��� 3 irregular scales, first equal in size but becoming smaller to back. One- 4 scale organ present in some supralabials and infralabials. Gular scales round, flat, and juxtaposed. Sixty-six between auditory meatus. Antehumeral, gular and lateral fold well developed, antegular fold notorious, and postauricular folds few developed. Ante-humeral pocket well developed. Fifty-seven scales between auditory meatus and scapula. In ventral view, gular fold incomplete with its anterior margins delimited with enlarged scales on their borders. Dorsal body scales rounded, smooth, juxtaposed. Forty-four dorsal scales along midline of the trunk in a distance equivalent to head length. Scales around midbody 216. Scales on flanks conical. Ventral scales larger that dorsals, rhombals and moderately imbricated. Ventral scales between mental and precloacal pores 178. Scales of the cloacal apron equal in size than body scales, flat, rounded, moderately imbricate. Precloacal pores eight. Supra-brachial and antebrachial scales smooth, rhombals and imbricated, larger than dorsal body scales. Supracarpals laminar, rhombals, smooth. Supradigital lamellae convex, imbricate. Infra-brachial and ante-brachial scales small, granular. Subdigital finger lamellae with 3���4 keels (more conspicuous in proximal lamellae), 3���4 mucronate. Subdigital finger lamellae numbering I: 11; II: 15; III: 19; IV: 21; V: 15. Claws moderately long. Infracarpals with round margins and 1-3 obtuse keels, 1-3 mucronate. Supra-femorals smooth, imbricate, rhomboidal to round. Infra-femorals slightly larger and imbricate, smooth, rhomboidal. Supra-tarsals rhombals, smooth and imbricate. Post-femoral scales smaller and granular. Supra-tibials imbricate, conical, and mucronate. Infra-tibials larger than infra-femorals, rhombals, smooth, imbricate. Infra-tarsals with 1���3 obtuse keels, mucronate. Sub-digital toe lamellae numbering I: 12; II: 16; III: 22; IV: 27; V: 18. Caudal scales arranged in spinose annuli, scales larger than body and limbs scales, slightly keeled, imbricated, out-projecting. Holotype coloration. Dorsal background coloration brown/dark drab, more intense on trunk becoming cinnamon-drab on head, limbs, and tail. Dorsal coloration pattern on body is a wide dorsal band with a clear and continuous vertebral band and two dorsolateral series of irregular rounded to roughly quadrangular spot wide joined to the vertebral band and separated each other by a narrow dark transversal line that disappear in some areas becoming like dark irregular small spots along paravertebral line sides. On each side of the trunk, between neck to anterior insertion of the hind limbs two conspicuous dusky brown/black lateral bands. Trunk, forelimbs and head speckled with cream white (4���12 scales) more evident on lateral and dorsolateral bands becoming less conspicuous on head and forelimbs and almost not evident on vertebral band and neck. Limbs with cream white reticulate. First two thirds of the tail with cinnamon-drab vanishing rings becoming non-conspicuous in the distal portion. Throat, gular region, malar region, neck lateral region and upper chest pale neutral grey with dusky brown reticulate. Lower chest and upper belly yellow ocher, more intense in cloacal apron and adjacent femoral region. Ventrolateral region drab with dusky brown reticulated. Ventral region of anterior forelimbs pale neutral grey and posterior forelimbs cream white. Ventral region of tail pale neutral grey. Color in preservative. After preservation, head, dorsum, body flanks and tail maintain original coloration but darken and lose some tones. Chest, belly and femoral regions lost the distinctive ventral yellow-ocher. Variation. Based on eight adult males (Table 4, Fig. 4, 6): SVL 83.6���88.11 mm. Axilla-groin distance 38.9��� 45.5 mm. Foot length 21.8���24.4 mm. Tibial length 15.5���18.5 mm. Arm length 24.4���26.8 mm. Head length 15.1��� 15.9 mm. Head width 15.0��� 16.8 mm. Head height 9.0��� 9.5 mm. Midbody scales 216���261. Dorsal scales in head length 44���49. Ventral scales 167���186. Supralabials 7���9. Infralabials 6���9. Scales around nasal 6���8. Third finger lamellae 18���22. Fourth toe lamellae 24���28. Precloacal pores 8���11. In seven adult females (Table 4, Fig. 5, 6): SVL 72.2���95.1 mm. Axilla-groin distance 37.6 ���51.0 mm. Foot length 21.6 ���23.0 mm. Tibial length 15.2���17.6 mm. Arm length 23.3 ���25.0 mm. Head length 13.0��� 15.9 mm. Head width 13.8���16.6 mm. Head height 7.4���9.4 mm. Midbody scales 221���244. Dorsal scales in head length 40���46. Ventral scales 176���193. Supralabials 8���9. Infralabials 7���8. Scales around nasal 6���8. Third finger lamellae 19���21. Fourth toe lamellae 25���27. Coloration in females differs from the males but follow the same coloration pattern but it is more noticeable, with larger dorsolateral spots (10��� 12), and well distinct. Dorsal band is very distinctive from the lateral band. In female LJAMM-CNP 16128, dorsal background of body, head, forelimbs and tail is beige. In same females, dorsolateral spots are smaller and irregular, from rounded to like a four point star, then transversal separating lines expand its size becoming rounded along the vertebral band giving the appearance of a series of dark ocelli. Lateral region of body, from the neck region to the groin, dusky brown/black, speckled with cream color smudges (5���30 scales), postauricular region only reticulated. Dorsal pattern of limbs with white cream reticulate and a few scattered dusky brown spots (1-2 scales). Tail with white cream reticulate, transforming in rings toward the posterior half region. Ventral surface pale neutral grey. Throat, gular region, malar region and neck lateral region with dusky brown reticulate. Lower belly, cloacal apron, femoral, tibial and tarsal region orange yellow. Ventrolateral region pale neutral grey with dusky brown reticulated. Ventral tail beige. The other female of the type series has the same color pattern. Eight males have the same basic color pattern with greater or lesser degree of development of the dorsal cream white spots or extension of the dusky brown area. In the specimen with completely dusky brown dorsum, the spots in the dorsolateral region are denser. In some specimens in the dorsal band, the spots are absent and in other, the dusky brown spots form transverse stripes. In males the yellow ocher color in the lower belly, cloacal and femoral adjacent region is similar in all the specimens but LJAMM 16127 that also has an orange yellow color in the first third of the tail. Males (n= 8) Females (n= 7) Mean SD Range Mean SD Range SVL 85.6 1.7 83.6���88.11 86.8 8.0 72.2���95.1 AGD 42.3 2.3 38.9���45.5 44.9 4.5 37.6 ���51.0 HL 15.3 0.2 15.1���15.9 14.8 1.0 13.0��� 15.9 HW 16.0 0.5 15.0��� 16.8 15.3 0.9 13.8���16.6 HH 9.3 0.2 9.0��� 9.5 8.7 0.7 7.4���9.4 FL 23.2 0.9 21.8���24.4 22.4 0.4 21.6 ���23.0 TL 17.2 0.8 15.5���18.5 16.6 0.9 15.2���17.6 AL 25.4 0.9 24.4���26.8 24.1 0.5 23.3 ���25.0 SAMB 240.6 15.5 216���261 232.2 7.8 221���244 DS 46.3 1.8 44���49 42.8 2.6 40���46 VS 177 7.2 167���186 182.5 6.6 176���193 LM 20 1.5 18���22 19.7 0.7 19���21 LP 26 1.3 24���28 25.7 0.9 25���27 SLS 7.8 0.6 7���9 8.1 0.3 8���9 ILS 7.6 0.9 6���9 7.5 0.5 7���8 PC 9.3 0.9 8���11 ��� ��� ��� Etymology. The specific name, ��� rahuensis ���, refers to the region where the species was collected "Bajada del Rahue". The Rahue toponym in Mapudungun means "place where there is gray clay". Geographic distribution. Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. was only collected on rocks 1127 m above sea level in Bajada del Rahue at La Jardinera streams, in the mountain range formation known as Cat��n Lil mountains. This location has rocky marine sediments from middle Jurassic; the area was occupied by marine ingression and regression that deposited the sedimentary landscape, named as Los Molles Formation (Riccardi 1993; Garc��a Morabito 2010). All range was affected by Holocenic glaciations but details about its effects on the landscape (and the biota) are still unknown (Rabassa et al. 2011) (Fig. 7). Natural history. Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. is a common and easy to observe species. Little information about natural history and biology of this new species is available. Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. was usually found surrounded by vegetation characteristic of the Patagonica Phytogeographic Province, Payunia District, dominated by communities of Senna arnottiana and Stillingia patagonica inter alia (Roig 1998), also species as Haploppapus sp., Mulinum spinosum and several species of grasses (Stipa spp. and Festuca spp.) were observed. The holotype and paratypes were found by active search, but usually they were spotted basking on rocky outcrops or hiding in crevices. Liolaemus elongatus and L. kriegi are the only observed lizards that shared the same microhabitat. One species of amphibian, Pleurodema bufoninum, was observed on a little stream. No data about reproduction, diet or other natural history characteristics are available, but as in other related species of Phymaturus, Phymaturus rahuensis sp. nov. probably is viviparous and feeds on plant matter, and possibly some arthropods. Discussion, Published as part of Mar��n, Andrea Gonz��lez, P��rez, Cristian Hern��n Fulvio, Minoli, Ignacio, Morando, Mariana & Avila, Luciano Javier, 2016, A new lizard species of the Phymaturus patagonicus group (Squamata: Liolaemini) from northern Patagonia, Neuqu��n, Argentina, pp. 412-430 in Zootaxa 4121 (4) on pages 420-426, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4121.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/261343, {"references":["Lobo, F., Abdala, C. S. & Valdecantos, S. (2012 b) Morphological diversity and phylogenetic relationships within a South- American clade of iguanian lizards (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus). Zootaxa, 3315, 1 - 41.","Etheridge, R. (1995) Redescription of Ctenoblepharys adspersa Tschudi, 1845, and the taxonomy of Liolaeminae (Reptilia: Squamata: Tropiduridae). American Museum of Natural History Novitates, 3142, 1 - 34.","Scolaro, J. A., Jara, M. & Pincheira-Donoso, D. (2013) The sexual signals of speciation? A new sexually dimorphic Phymaturus species of the patagonicus clade from Patagonia Argentina. Zootaxa, 3722 (3), 317 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.3.2","Morando, M., Avila, L. J. Perez, C. H. F. Hawkins, M. & Sites, J. W. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of Phymaturus (Squamata, Liolaemini): too many lineages and few names. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 694 - 714. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.10.019","Riccardi, A. C. (1993) Formacion Los Molles. In: Riccardi, A. C. & Damborenea, S. E. (Eds.), Lexico estratigrafico de la Argentina. Volumen 9, Jurasico. Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Serie B, Didactica y Complementaria 21, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 239 - 243.","Garcia Morabito, E. (2010) Tectonica y estructura del retroarco andino entre los 38 ° 15 ' y los 40 ° S. Tesis Doctoral Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Avaliable from: http: // digital. bl. fcen. uba. ar / Download / Tesis / Tesis _ 4699 _ GarciaMorabito. pdf (Accessed 8 Jun. 2016)","Rabassa, J., Coronato, A., Ponce, J. F., Schlieder, G. & Martinez, O. (2011) Depositos glacigenicos (Cenozoico Tardio - Cuaternario) y geoformas asociadas. Relatorio XVIII Congreso Geologico Argentino, Neuquen.","Roig, A. F. (1998) La vegetacion de la Patagonia. In: Correa, M. N. (Ed.), Flora Patagonica. INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 48 - 174.","Lobo, F. & Nenda, S. J. (2015) Discovery of two new species of Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from Patagonia, Argentina, and occurrence of melanism in the patagonicus group. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 29 (1), 5 - 25.","Ocampo, M., Aguilar-Kirigin, A. & Quinteros, S. (2012) A New Species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) of the alticolor group from La Paz, Bolivia. Herpetologica, 68 (3), 410 - 417. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 12 - 00001.1","Breitman, M. F., Parra, M. & Perez, C. H. F. (2011 a) Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa, 3120, 1 - 28.","Breitman, M. F., Perez, C. H. F., Parra, M., Morando, M., Sites, J. & Avila, L. J. (2011 b) New species of lizard from the magellanicus clade of the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa, 3123, 32 - 48.","Aguilar, C., Wood, P. Jr., Cusi, J., Guzman, A., Huari, F., Lundberg, M., Mortensen, E., Ramirez, C., Robles, D., Suarez, J., Ticona, A., Vargas, V., Venegas, P. & Sites, J. (2013) Integrative taxonomy and preliminary assessment of species limits in the Liolaemus walkeri complex (Squamata, Liolaemidae) with descriptions of three new species from Peru. ZooKeys, 364, 47 - 91. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 364.6109","Claude, J. (2008) Morphometrics with R. Morphometrics with R XVIII. Springer, New York, 318 pp.","Abdi, H., Williams, L. J. & Valentin, D. (2013) Multiple factor analysis: principal component analysis for multitable and multiblock data sets. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 5 (2), 149 - 179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / wics. 1246","Bookstein, F. L. (1991) Morphometric tools for landmark data. Geometry and biology. New York: Cambridge University Press.","Adams, D. C., Rohlf, F. J. & Slice, D. E. (2004) Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the ' revolution'. Italian Journal Zoology, 71, 5 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000409356545","Kaliontzopoulou, A. (2011) Geometric morphometrics in herpetology: modern tools for enhancing the study of morphological variation in amphibians and reptiles. Basic y Applied Herpetology, 25, 5 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11160 / bah. 11016","Florio, A. M., Ingram, C. M., Rakotondravony, H. A., Louis, E. E. & Raxworthy, C. J. (2012) Detecting cryptic speciation in the widespread and morphologically conservative carpet chameleon (Furcifer lateralis) of Madagascar. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25 (7), 1399 - 1414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1420 - 9101.2012.02528. x","Kaliontzopoulou, A., Carretero, M. A. & Llorente, G. A. (2012) Morphology of the Podarcis wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae) from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa: patterns of variation in a putative cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 164, 173 - 193. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00760. x","Dayrat, B. (2005) Towards integrative taxonomy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85 (3), 407 - 415. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2005.00503. x","Padial, J. M. & De La Riva, I. (2007) Integrative taxonomists should use and produce DNA barcodes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 68, 67 - 68."]}

Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. (Fig. 1���3) 1986, Liolaemus lineomaculatus, Cei (partim); Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino. Monografia IV: 527 pp. 2011, Liolaemus lineomaculatus, Breitman, Parra, P��rez, Sites (partim); Zootaxa. 3120: 1���28. 2014, Liolaemus lineomaculatus Breitman, Minoli, Avila, Medina, Sites, Morando (partim); Cuadernos de Herpetolog��a. 28 (2): 83���110. Holotype (Fig. 1): FML 24646 (CIPD 628). Adult female. Monumento Natural Bosques Petrificados, Puerto Deseado department, Santa Cruz province, 47 �� 41��21 ���� S; 68 �� 01��03���� W. D. Procopio Col. 03/03/ 2009. Paratypes All individuals were collected in the Monumento Natural Bosques Petrificados, Puerto Deseado department, Santa Cruz province, Argentina. FML 24647 (CIPD 329). Adult male. 47 �� 41��11 ���� S; 68 �� 00��36 ���� W. D. Procopio and O. Stellatelli cols. 27 / 10 / 2006. FML 24648 (CIPD 629) Adult female. 47 �� 41��15 ���� S; 68 �� 00��38 ���� W. D. Procopio col. 06/03/ 2009. FML 24649 (CIPD 394). Adult male. 47 �� 41��39 ���� S; 68 �� 00��13 ���� W. D. Procopio col. 11 /03/ 2007. FML 24650 (CIPD 396): Adult female. 47 �� 41��42 ���� S; 68 �� 00��33 ���� W. D. Procopio col. 11 /03/ 2007. MLP.R. 5704 (CIPD 395). Adult male. 47 �� 41��48 ���� S; 68 �� 00��22 ���� W. D. Procopio col. 11 /03/ 2007. MLP.R 5705 (CIPD 643): Adult female. 47 �� 41��34 ���� S; 68 �� 00��21 ���� W. D. Procopio col. 11 /03/ 2007. MLP.R 5706 -07 (CIPD 644 - 45): Juveniles. 47 �� 41��40 ���� S; 68 �� 00��11 ���� W. D. Procopio col. 11 /03/ 2007. Diagnosis. Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. belongs to the L. lineomaculatus section (Breitman et al., 2011 b; 2013) and, within this section, it belongs to the L. lineomaculatus group (Etheridge, 1995; Abdala & Lobo, 2006), along with the L. kingii and L. magellanicus groups (Breitman et al., 2013). The most striking differences between Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. and species of the L. kingii group (L. archeforus, L. baguali, L. chacabucoense, L. escarchadosi, L. gallardoi, L. kingii, L. sarmientoi, L. scolaroi, L. somuncurae, L. tari, L. tristis, L. uptoni, and L. zullyi) are the absence of precloacal pores in males, a shorter snout-vent length (max SVL 61.1 mm vs. range between 67 and 112 mm, respectively; an exception is L. scolaroi: max SVL: 61 mm), and clearly contrasting dorsal and ventral coloration patterns. Further, L. yatel sp. nov. and the species of the L. kingii group also differ in scalation patterns and morphometry (Breitman et al., 2013). Among other diagnostic traits Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. differs from L. magellanicus and L. caparensis, that belong to the L. magellanicus group (Breitman et al., 2013), by the absence of precloacal pores in males. Morphology showed differences between the new species and the other taxa of the L. lineomaculatus group (Tables 1, 2). Within this group, the absence of trifid scales distinguish the new taxon from all members of the L. lineomaculatus group and L. magellanicus (trifid scales present in: 58 % of the examined specimens of L. magellanicus (Fig. 4), 67 % of L. lineomaculatus, and 100 % in L. avilae, L. hatcheri, L. kolengh L. morandae, and L. silvanae) (Table 1). Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. also differs from L. hatcheri, L. kolengh and L. silvanae (L. silvanae group) for lacking either keeled nuchal scales or imbricate and subimbricated postfemorals (Table 1). In addition, body dorsal scales are subimbricated, slightly keeled and without mucron in L. yatel sp. nov., in contrast to L. magellanicus (Fig. 4), L. caparensis, and species of the L. lineomaculatus group whose scales are imbricated, strongly keeled and mucronated. Table 1 shows further differences in scalation and color patterns of body spots with other species of that group. Morphological tests showed significant differences between the new species and the other taxa of the L. lineomaculatus group. Means and ranks for meristic and qualitative characters are summarized in Table 1. Univariate tests showed that the number of scales around midbody could be used to tell between L. yatel sp. nov. and all other species but L. silvanae, whereas the number of dorsal scales differed significantly between L. yatel sp. nov. and L. silvanae (Table 2). The DFA indicated that the first two discriminant functions were statistically significant (Table 3). The first discriminant function accounted for 63.70 % of the total variance; this function was significantly correlated with the number of scales around midbody, as well as the number of dorsal and ventral scales (Table 3; Fig. 5). The second discriminant function was significantly correlated with the number of nuchal scales (Table 3; Fig. 5). Based on both discriminant functions, the number of scales around midbody, and the number of dorsal, ventral and nuchal scales contributed significantly to separate the centroids of most species (Table 3; Fig. 5). Our analysis allowed the identification of L. yatel sp. nov. based on meristic traits. Table 4 indicates that the nine species (i.e. L. avilae, L. caparensis, L. hatcheri, L. kolengh, L. lineomaculatus, L. magellanicus, L. morandae, L. silvanae, and L. yatel sp. nov.) were each correctly classified with 95.86 % accuracy. All specimens of L. yatel sp. nov. were correctly classified (Table 4). These results indicate that this species possesses morphological characteristics which distinguish it from the other known species of the L. lineomaculatus group. Description of the holotype. Adult female. Snout vent length (SVL) 60.3 mm. Head 1.14 times longer (11.4 mm) than wide (10.0 mm). Head height 6.9 mm. Interorbital distance 7.9 mm. Eye-auditory meatus distance 4.0 mm. Auditory meatus height 1.6 mm; width 1.2 mm. Trunk length 32.4 mm; width 17.1 mm. Tail length 48.9 mm, and not regenerated. The tail is shorter than the SVL. Width tail base 7.0 mm. Arm length 8.0 mm; forearm length 6.6 mm; and hand 7.6 mm. Thigh length 10.2 mm; leg 10.1 mm; Foot length 12.9 mm; IV toe 9.2 mm. DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION Dorsal surface of head smooth. Rostral scale wider (2.7 mm) than high (1.6 mm), in contact with six scales. Mental scale trapezoidal, wider (3.1 mm) than high (2.8 mm), in contact with four scales. Lateral postrostral scale does not contact the first supralabial scale. There is no contact between nasal and rostral scales. Distal end of frontal scale separated from superciliaries by six scales. Six scales between rostral and frontal scales. Frontal scale is divided into three parts. Two postrostral scales, with one and two scale organs respectively. Interparietal scale shorter than paritetals, in contact with seven scales. Eight smooth, juxtaposed or subjuxtaposed temporals. Subocular (length 4.2 mm) is white, with the posterior end and the upper edge dark, and in contact with four lorilabials. Eye diameter 3.1 mm. The postocular scale is not divided. Five supraocular scales. The supraorbital scales form an incomplete semicircle. Six supralabial scales, the fifth is the largest and is curved upwards at its posterior end, without contacting the subocular scale. Four infralabial scales, the second one contacts three scales. Seven lorilabial scales. One scale between preocular and lorilabials. Seven scales surround the nasal scale, which is separated from the canthal scale by two scales. Four internasal scales. Two postmental scales. Six superciliaries. Twelve upper cilliaries. Hellmich index (dorsal scales in head, from occiput to mental scale) 12. Scales around midbody 60. Seventy eight round, slightly keeled or without keels, without mucron and juxtaposed or subjuxtaposed dorsal scales (from occiput to forelimbs). Thirty-four rows of scales on the dorsum. Thirty-seven granular and smooth neck scales (counted from the posterior margin of the auditory meatus to the shoulder, along the longitudinal fold). Antehumeral scales subtriangular and differentiated. Neck folds (auricular, antehumeral and longitudinal) evident. Scales of longitudinal fold granular, juxtaposed and without keel. Thirty gular scales. Eightyeight larger than dorsals, laminar and imbricated ventral scales (from mental scale to cloaca). Thirteen pigal scales. Without precloacal pores. Sixteen infradigital lamellae on fourth finger and 22 on fourth toe. The scales of sides of the body are laminar and without keel. Anterior edge of the auditory meatus with one projected scale. Auricular scale (located in the antero-superior edge of the auditory meatus) absent. The central and lateral nuchal scales are undifferentiated, granular and without keel. Without trifid scales between nuchal areas and lateral cephalic. Coloration (Fig. 1): The dorsal pattern of the head is a pale brown background with hints of gray and a few dark, irregularly scattered spots. The body back is light brown with 11 pairs of paravertebral, dark brown, crescentshaped spots that show an anterior indentation. Flanks have spots that follow the same pattern, color and shape than that of paravertebral design. The contact between paravertebral and lateral spots forms streaks transverse to the body axis. Paravertebral spots do not contact in the vertebral region. Vertebral line, dorsolateral stripes, antehumeral arch and scapular spots are absent. Some fuzzy spots appear along the lateral body midline. The background color of the body back continues in the dorsal region of limbs and tail. A few ring-shaped dark spots appear on dorsal areas of forelimbs and hindlimbs. In the distal region of the tail, lateral and dorsal spots touch and form pseudo-rings. Ventral regions of the head and abdomen are white, with scattered black spots and scales that become denser towards the center of the ventral region, which also shows a very light orange background color. A few dark scales in the limbs and the gular region. The holotype preserved in 70 % ethanol maintains the color pattern observed in life, but shows a more grayish and less intense coloration. Variation. Based on eight paratypes. Liolaemus small, with SVL in adult males and females from 45.7 to 61.1 mm (x��= 55.2 mm). The tail length is shorter than or equal to the SVL, from 48.9 to 56.4 mm (x��= 53.1 mm, n = 5). Body length 18.3���32.4 mm (x��= 24.3 mm) and body width 14.1���18.5 mm (x��= 16.2 mm). The head is almost as wide as long (length: 10.4���12.8 mm, x��= 11.7 mm; width: 9.3���10.9 mm, x��= 10.2 mm). Head height 6.9���8.4 mm (x = 7.6 mm). Dorsal surface of head smooth, with 12���15 (x��= 13.5) scales (Hellmich index). Six to nine (x��= 7.0) scales between the frontal and rostral scales. One or two (x��= 1.7) scales between the nasal and canthal scales. Nasal surrounded by seven scales. Minimal contact between nasal and rostral scales observed in only two individuals. Interparietal lesser than or equal to parietals, surrounded by 6���8 (x��= 7.1) scales. Three to five (x��= 3.5) supraocular scales. Eight to nine (x��= 8.8) smooth and round temporal scales. Nine to ten (x��= 9.5) superciliar scales. The ear is always higher than wide (high: 1.6���2.5, x��= 1.9; width: 0.9���1.6, x��= 1.2). One to three auricular scales. Without differentiated supero-posterior auricular scale and supero-anterior auricular scale. Eleven to fourteen upper cilliaries (x��= 12.5). Preocular scale separated by one scale from the loreolabial scales. Postocular not divided. Six to seven (x��= 6.5) loreolabials. Three to four loreolabials (x��= 3.7) are in contact with the subocular. Five to six (x��= 5.8) supralabial scales. Mental scale in contact with four scales. Three to four (x��= 3.7) infralabial scales. The second infralabials are in contact with 2���3 (x��= 2.7) scales. Neck with 29���37 (x��= 33.5) granular scales and without keel. Neck folds (auricular, antehumeral and longitudinal) evident. The longitudinal fold contains 20���29 (x��= 24.5) scales. Antehumeral scales are imbricated, without keel, subtriangular and differentiated. Gulars 29���31 (x��= 30). Without gular fold. Nuchal central scales are cone-shaped, are granular and without keel, like lateral nuchal scales. Body dorsal scales are laminar, slightly keeled or without keel, without mucron, juxtaposed or subjuxtaposed. Scales around midbody 59���66 (x��= 62.3). Dorsal scales between occiput and hind limbs 60���78 (x��= 65.2). Ventral scales 85���92 (x��= 87.1). Pigal scales 11���14 (x��= 12.6). Males and females without precloacal pores. Sixteen to seventeen infradigital lamellae on fourth finger and 17���22 on fourth toe. Scales of the dorsum of the tail are slightly keeled, laminar, imbricated and the ventral scales are without keel, laminar and imbricated. Without sexual dichromatism in Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. (Fig. 2). Dorsal and lateral regions of the head are uniformly light brown to light gray although some specimens show dark specks. The background color of the dorsal regions of the body, limbs and tail is light brown or light gray. Vertebral line absent. Dark brown or faded black paravertebral and lateral spots of varied shapes occur. In most specimens paravertebral spots and lateral spots have a crescent shape with an anterior indentation whereas these spots have a subquadrangular shape in other specimens. In most individuals paravertebral spots join lateral spots forming irregular streaks or lines, transverse to the major body axis, that vary considerably in thickness across specimens. Several individuals show reddish-brown specks anterior to each paravertebral or lateral spot. Some specimens have pale yellow or pale reddish brown faint and discontinuous dorsolateral stripes with diffuse contours. Some dark rosettes, or discontinuous ring-shaped spots, occur in the dorsal regions of the limbs. Only a few specimens show a reddish brown coloration on the posterior flank of the thigh. The color pattern of the body back continues along most of the dorsal region of the tail. Near the end of the tail paravertebral and lateral spots approach without contact and form incomplete rings or pseudo-rings. In most cases the ventral region is pristine white in females, while males exhibit a few black scales against white background irregularly scattered across the gular region, abdomen or cloaca. Some males show a reddish and / or slightly yellowish tone in the ventral areas of the body, the hind limbs and the cloaca. Distribution (Fig. 3): Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. has been found only in its type locality, the Monumento Nacional Bosques Petrificados National Park, Puerto Deseado county, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Natural history. From a biogeographical point of view, the area inhabited by Liolaemus yatel belongs to the Patagonian province, Central Patagonian District (Cabrera & Willink, 1973), which is characterized by a mixed steppe of grasses and low-lying thorny shrubs (Soriano, 1983) with cover 60 % in the valleys and lowlands (Bertiller & Bisigato, 1998). In arid sites, vegetation is dominated by the shrubs Chuquiraga avellanedae, Nassauvia glomerulosa, and Junellia tridens and by Stipa spp. grasses. In protected and relatively mesic lowland sites, vegetation is characterized by meadows and dense grasslands dominated by Distichlis spicata and Schoenoplectus spp., and shrubs such as Prosopis denudans, Berberis heterophylla, Schinus spp., Junellia tridens and Colliguaja integerrima. Climate is cold, dry and very windy. Winter frosts are frequent and the mean summer temperature is 17 ��C. Annual rainfall ranges between 100 and 300 mm, and concentrates during autumn and winter; snowfall is rare. Prevailing western winds are often strong. Topography is characterized by plateaus defined by cliffs and steep slopes, narrow valleys and flat or rolling depressions, sometimes quite extensive. In the locality where Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. was found soil is made of sandy clay interspersed with small basalt clasts. The scarce woody vegetation of this open landscape consists of isolated individuals of Atriplex lampa and Suaedea divaricata. The rolling ground becomes remarkably muddy in the rain and large mud crusts are typical during dry periods. This type of habitat (locally known as "guadal") is representative of the type locality (47 �� 41 ' 415 " S, 68 �� 00' 06" W), placed between an intermittent lagoon (Laguna Grande) and a barren geological formation (Bajo Pobre). Specimens of Liolaemus yatel were collected between 11: 30 and 15:00. In the spot where specimen ICPD 329 was found, air temperature at ground level ranged between 23 ��C and 33 ��C in the mid-day hours. At the beginning of March, when the remaining individuals were collected, temperatures ranged from 15 ��C to 20 ��C. Most individuals were found on bare ground, where they perfectly camouflaged against the background. Escape behavior consisted in seeking shelter under bushes or in the cracks of the dry mud. We saw some individuals inside burrows dug in small mounds of sand and mud, or in the walls of small dry streams. We observed other lizard species, apparently in low density, near the spot where Liolaemus yatel sp. nov. was found. Species that coexist with L. yatel sp. nov. include Liolaemus boulengeri, L. fitzingeri, L.kingii, L. bibronii, Diplolaemus bibronii, D. darwinii, and Homonota darwini. All of them were found in the ecotone between guadal and shrub-steppe. Etymology. The species name refers to the term that the native Tehuelche people uses to name the rocky ground that surrounds the sites where the specimens were collected., Published as part of Abdala, Cristian Sim��n, Procopio, Diego Esteban, Stellatelli, Oscar An��bal, Travaini, Alejandro, Rodr��guez, Alejandro & Monachesi, Mario Ricardo Ruiz, 2014, New Patagonian species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) and novelty in the lepidosis of the southernmost lizard of the world: Liolaemus magellanicus, pp. 526-542 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on pages 528-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/225761, {"references":["Breitman, M. F., Avila, L. J., Sites, J. W. Jr. & Morando, M. (2011 b) Lizards from the end of the world: Phylogenetic relationships of the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59 (2), 364 - 376. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.02.008","Breitman, M. F., Morando, M. & Avila, L. J. (2013) Past and present taxonomy of the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Liolaemidae): is the morphological arrangement hypothesis valid?. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 168 (3), 612 - 668. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12037","Etheridge, R. E. (1995) Redescription of Ctenoblepharys adspersa Tschudi, 1845, and the taxonomy of Liolaeminae (Reptilia: Squamata: Tropiduridae). American Museum Novitates, 3142, 1 - 34.","Abdala, C. S. & Lobo, F. (2006) Description of a new Patagonian lizard species of the Liolaemus silvanae group (Iguania: Liolaemidae). South American Journal of Herpetology, 1 (1), 1 - 8. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2994 / 18089798 (2006) 1 [1: DOANPL] 2.0. CO; 2","Cabrera, A. L. & Willink, A. (1973) Biogeografia de America Latina, Monografia 13, Serie de Biologia. Secretaria General de la Organizacion de los Estados Americanos, Washington DC., USA, 120 pp.","Soriano, A. (1983) Deserts and semi-deserts of Patagonia. In: West, N. E. (Ed.), Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 440 - 454.","Bertiller, M. B. & Bisigato, A. (1998) Vegetation dynamics under grazing disturbance. The state-and-transition model for the Patagonian steppes. Ecologia Austral, 8 (2), 191 - 199."]}