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Surface mechanical strengthening is an effective way to improve the fatigue performance, among which surface rolling has been vastly utilized for its significant enhancement in fatigue strength. However, traditional rolling process is only suitable for components with rotational symmetry, limiting its application. Herein, a newly developed technology named "spinning rolling (SR)" was developed to strengthen the surfaces of platy components. A common Al alloy, 7075, was selected for verifying the effect. It is found that compared with the most popular technology, shot peening (SP), SR can provide deeper and higher residual stress, lower surface roughness, and comparable hardening layer, and consequently, significantly higher fatigue lives. Accordingly, there is a transition in the fatigue crack source from point‐like to line‐like, confirming a strong crack propagation resistance along depth direction. This study indicates the advantages of the SR technology, providing a greater resistance against fatigue damage of platy components. Highlights: We developed a new surface strengthening technology—spinning rolling (SR), which has wider applicability and better fatigue life extension effect.The fatigue lives of 7075 aluminum alloy plates processed by SR are highly improved by even one order of magnitude at the same stress amplitude.There is a transition in the fatigue crack source from point‐like to line‐like, confirming a strong crack propagation resistance along depth direction due to SR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐chromium cast iron is a good wear‐resistant material. Its heat treatment regime has an important influence on the evolution of its microstructure and properties. This study investigates the microstructural attributes and properties of Fe–4.0 C–35.0Cr–0.5Si (wt.%) low‐silicon hypereutectic high‐chromium cast iron subsequent to quenching at 1050 °C, followed by tempering at diverse temperatures. The microstructure was examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry across varied tempering conditions. Furthermore, microhardness and wear resistance were conducted via a microhardness tester and a wear testing machine. The results show that the quenching heat treatment promotes the transformation of the matrix from austenite to martensite, while also promoting the precipitation of secondary carbides of M23C6‐type. The subsequent tempering heat treatment engenders transformations involving retained austenite to martensite, amplifies the precipitation and enlargement of secondary carbides, and induces martensite decomposition. As the tempering temperature increases, primary and eutectic carbides exhibit minimal changes, while the secondary carbide morphology evolves from granular to reticular. The matrix composition predominantly comprises martensite, interspersed with a minor fraction of austenite. It is worth noting that the alloy has the highest hardness and wear resistance after quenching at 1050 °C and then tempering at 400 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines marine boundary layer cloud regime transition during a cold air outbreak (CAO) over the Norwegian Sea, simulated by a global storm‐resolving model (GSRM) known as the Simple Cloud‐Resolving Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model (SCREAM). By selecting observational references based on a combination of large‐scale conditions rather than strict time‐matched comparisons, this study finds that SCREAM qualitatively captures the CAO cloud transition, including boundary layer growth, cloud mesoscale structure, and phase partitioning. SCREAM also accurately locates the greatest ice and liquid in the mesoscale updrafts, however, underestimates supercooled liquid water in cumulus clouds. The model evaluation approach adopted by this study takes advantages of the existing computational‐expensive global simulations of GSRM and the available observations to understand model performance and can be applied to assessments of other cloud regimes in different regions. Such practice provides valuable guidance on the future effort to correct and improve biased model behaviors. Plain Language Summary: Cold air outbreaks occur when cold, dry air moves over warmer ocean regions, forming extensive boundary layer clouds. However, current climate models struggle to accurately represent these clouds due to their complex nature. This study examines the performance of the global storm‐resolving model, the Simple Cloud‐Resolving Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model (SCREAM), in simulating marine boundary layer clouds during cold air outbreaks over the Norwegian Sea. This study compares the SCREAM simulated clouds during a cold air outbreak event to observations under similar large‐scale conditions from satellites and ground‐based measurements collected during a field campaign of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program. The results indicate that SCREAM successfully simulates three distinct cloud patterns during cold air outbreaks with credible mesoscale structures. Yet, it tends to underestimate supercooled liquid water and consequently, the cloud liquid water fraction, especially in cumulus clouds. The study suggests that using high‐resolution observations under similar large‐scale conditions can effectively evaluate global storm‐resolving models. This approach helps identify areas for improvement without requiring expensive global storm‐resolving model simulation designed for specific cases. Key Points: The Simple Cloud‐Resolving Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model (SCREAMv0), at a resolution of 3 km, simulated three distinctive cloud regimes in cold air outbreaks with credible mesoscale structuresSCREAMv0 qualitatively captures the transition of the cloud phase partitioning based on high‐resolution observationsObservations selected based on similar large‐scale conditions can be important references for global storm‐resolving model evaluation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric mineral dust is a poorly constrained yet extremely important component of the climate system. Provenance studies from geologic dust archives are crucial to understand the drivers of the dust cycle over long time scales. Our multi‐technique provenance analysis of a rare Paleogene (35–27 Ma) eolian dust sequence from Ulantatal, ∼400 km northwest of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), shows that Paleogene dust transporting winds generally varied between northwesterly and westerly, the same as those in the late Neogene‐Quaternary bipolar icehouse. We propose that, as today, westerly wind circulation patterns would have been modulated by an Arctic Oscillation (AO)‐like situation, and that the warm Eocene favored a long‐term negative phase of AO, leading to meridional westerly circulation and the dominance of a northwesterly dust transport pathway. After the Eocene‐Oligocene transition (EOT), long‐term positive phase of AO‐like conditions initiated, leading to stronger and more zonal westerlies. The Siberian High (SH) also formed or strengthened at the EOT and started to control dust storm activity along the northwesterly transport pathway. We argue that increased Paleogene Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice volume was the ultimate driver of this modern‐type dust transport regime in the Ulantatal region, possibly also controlling initial Ulantatal dust sequence formation via the development of the SH and modern‐type eolian regime. The similarity between the Ulantatal and late Neogene northern CLP dust provenance signals suggests that the increased NH ice volume, via its control on the northwesterly dust transport, could have promoted increased loess formation also in the late Miocene. Plain Language Summary: Understanding the effects and responses of atmospheric mineral dust to climate changes in the geologic past is crucial for predicting future scenarios. Analysis of the source of dust deposited 35–27 million years ago in Ulantatal, Inner Mongolia, China reveals that the Central‐East Asian atmospheric circulation during this time interval was similar to that of today. Specifically, dust transport was dominated by northwesterly and westerly winds despite a significantly warmer global climate. We also propose that Arctic Oscillation (AO)‐type conditions, stemming from the temperature difference between the high and low latitudes, modulated planetary westerly winds during this period. Our results suggest that during warmer phases, a negative AO type dominated and resulted in wave‐like westerly wind patterns and a northwesterly dust transport pathway to Ulantatal. During cooler phases, the westerly circulation became stronger and more zonal. The Siberian High pressure system was possibly strengthened during increased Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice volume and further affected northwesterly dust transport. Our findings suggest that NH ice volume increase was possibly also responsible for the formation of the Ulantatal dust sequence itself. Our results imply that even under significantly warmer conditions than today, polar ice affects the long‐term dustiness in this highly populated region. Key Points: The provenance of a Paleogene (35–27 Ma) eolian dust sequence in Ulantatal, Inner Mongolia, China, reveals a modern‐type eolian regimeGlobal cooling and possibly expansion of Northern Hemisphere ice volume modulated the dust provenance by strengthening the Siberian HighLong‐term negative (positive) phase of Arctic Oscillation‐like conditions were favored in the warmhouse Eocene (coolhouse Oligocene) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogenation of biomass‐derived furan compounds provides a sustainable pathway for the production of various valuable chemicals; product selectivity among multiple reaction pathways of furan compound hydrogenation is crucially dependent on catalytic sites; however controlling reaction pathways remains challenging due to the lack of identification and understanding of active sites. In this work we reveal the role of base sites in furfural selective hydrogenation through deliberately designed and synthesized reversed catalysts, basic metal oxides and hydroxide on Cu. It is demonstrated that base species greatly enhanced the selectivity of 1, 2‐pentanediol (1, 2‐PeD) from furfural, presenting a nearly fourfold increase of 1, 2‐PeD: methyl furan ratio over the Cu based reverse catalysts. A combination of infrared spectroscopy and DFT calculations demonstrates the strong interaction between the C−O−C bond in furan ring and the catalyst surface in preferentially parallel adsorption mode in the presence of base species on Cu, thus facilitating the activation of C−O−C bond to produce 1, 2‐PeD. This work provides a strategy of designing reversed catalyst to study the effect of promoters and reveals the role of base sites in the hydrogenation of biomass‐derived furan compounds to diols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show theoretically that when high‐quality, low‐price counterfeits exist and are visibly indistinguishable from authentic products, the status‐seeking wealthy may embrace a "less is more" purchasing strategy or what we refer to as the minimalist luxury strategy, to signal their status. These are the wealthy who have a high disutility of shopping for counterfeits. Specifically, in our model, only buyers know the authenticity of their own purchases. Because of this information asymmetry, these wealthy buyers may purposefully restrain from consuming luxury goods as a sacrifice of functional utility to stand out, a signaling strategy that the rest are not willing to mimic. Thus, "less" functional utility allows those status‐seeking wealthy to enjoy "more" symbolic utility that the society bestows on their perceived status. This minimalist luxury strategy is in sharp contrast to Veblen's conspicuous consumption strategy, as well as to the maximalist luxury strategy proposed by Liu et al. We derive this minimalist luxury equilibrium, discuss how signaling in our context can differ from that of Veblen and Liu et al., and explore its managerial implications for the luxury goods industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies is key to the eddy‐induced heat/material transport that further affects the climate and marine ecosystem. This study explores the vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension region (KOE) and its underlying dynamics. By applying the hierarchical ascending classification to the observational and reanalysis data sets, we classify mesoscale eddies with three distinct kinds of vertical structures. Each kind of eddies exhibits clear spatial aggregation along a distinct zonal band. Eddies have core depths of 100–300 m in the northern part of the KOE and core depths of 300–500 m and 0–100 m in the southern. The eddy splitting or merging does not introduce new kind of eddy vertical structure but causes large intra‐kind variability. The different kinds of eddy vertical structures can be partially accounted for by the baroclinic instabilities at the eddy generation sites and local adjustment process. Plain Language Summary: Mesoscale eddies are swirling motions with a radius ranging from several tens to a hundred of kilometers. The mesoscale eddies can cause strong vertical displacement of isopycnals, yet the vertical structure of such displacement has not been well understood. This study examines the vertical structures of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension region based on the observational and reanalysis data sets. Mesoscale eddies with three distinct kinds of vertical structures are identified. Both the eddy generation and local adjustment during eddy propagation play important roles in the vertical structures of eddies. Key Points: Three vertical structures of mesoscale eddies are classified in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension regionMesoscale eddy splitting or merging causes significant variation of vertical eddy structuresDifferent vertical eddy structures can be partially accounted for by baroclinic instabilities and local adjustment process [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal plant Sophora tonkinensis is a characteristic Chinese shrub of karst areas. The arid climate in karst areas produces high‐quality S. tonkinensis; however, the mechanisms of drought tolerance are not clear, which restricts sustainable plantings of S. tonkinensis.This study involved a 20‐day drought stress experiment with potted S. tonkinensis and threee soil water regimes: control (CK), mild drought (MDT), and severe drought (SDT). Plant morphology, biomass, physiological indicators, alkaloid content, and other changes under drought stress were monitored.The content of soluble sugars and proteins, and activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaves and roots were higher under drought than CK, indicating that S. tonkinensis is tolerant to osmotic stress in early drought stages. Content of matrine and oxymatrine increased gradually with increasing drought duration in the short term. The epidermis of S. tonkinensis leaves have characteristics of desert plants, including upper epidermal waxy layer, lower epidermal villi, and relatively sunken stomata, suggesting that S. tonkinensis has strong drought tolerance.In conclusion, drought stress changed the cell structure of S. tonkinensis, induced antioxidant enzyme activity and increased its resistance to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the major abiotic stresses restricting the development of global agriculture, saline–alkali stress causes osmotic stress, ion poisoning, ROS damage and high pH damage, which seriously restrict sustainable development of fruit industry. Therefore, it is essential to develop and cultivate saline–alkali‐resistant apple rootstocks to improve the yield and quality of apples in China.Based on transcriptome data, MhANR (LOC114827797), which is significantly induced by saline–alkali stress, was cloned from Malus halliana. The physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships and cis‐acting elements were analysed. Subsequently, the tolerance of MhANR overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco, and apple calli to saline–alkali stress was verified through genetic transformation.Transgenic plants contained less Chl a, Chl b and proline, SOD, POD and CAT activity, and higher relative electrical conductivity (REC) compared to WT plants under saline–alkali stress. In addition, expression of saline–alkali stress‐related genes in overexpressed apple calli were also lower than in WT calli, including the antioxidant genes (MhSOD and MhCAT^), the Na+ transporter genes (MhCAX5, MhCAX5, MhSOS1, MhALT1), and the H+‐ATPase genes (MhAHA2 and MhAHA8), while expression of the K+ transporter genes (MhSKOR and MhNHX4) were higher.Expression of MhANR reduced tolerance of A. thaliana, tobacco, and apple calli to saline–alkali stress by regulating osmoregulatory substances, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and expression of saline–alkali stress‐related genes. This research provides a theoretical basis for cultivating apple rootstocks with effective saline–alkali stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective oxidation is still a challenge for targeted conversion of biomass derived substance to high‐value added products. Herein we report an efficient electrochemical strategy to transform phenol into p‐benzoquinone, by tandem oxidations of CuSO4 and CoSO4 catalysts in an electrolyte. Co3+ generated at the anode from oxidation of Co2+ diffuses to the solution and reacts with phenol to form hydroquinone, which is subsequently oxidized by Cu2+ in the solution selectively to p‐benzoquinone. The active metal ions (Cu2+ and Co3+) are continuously regenerated at the anode through electrooxidation and the targeted p‐benzoquinone is accumulated in the electrolyte solution. The Ultraviolet‐visible spectra and electrochemical test results reveal that Cu2+ reacts with hydroquinone immediately, and p‐benzoquinone remains stable in CuSO4 solution. By optimizing catalyst concentrations and reaction temperatures (0.2 M CuSO4, 0.005 M CoSO4 and 50 °C), the highest p‐benzoquinone yield was improved to 47 %. The developed copper‐cobalt co‐catalyzed system provides a promising approach to selectively prepare high‐value benzoquinone compounds under mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass oxidation in anode electrolyte solution is investigated for energy‐efficient hydrogen production. The redox of polyoxometalate (POM) as both biomass oxidation catalyst in the solution and charge carrier through regeneration at the graphite electrode promotes hydrogenation generation at the cathode, but suffers from a limited rate of biomass degradation due to the complex structure of solid lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, transition metal salts (CuCl2, CrCl3 and FeCl3) are studied as the synergistic catalysts with POM to promote the degradation of raw biomass. Notably, FeCl3 has the most significant effect in promoting the hydrolysis of cellulose by coordinating with the oxygen donor groups of carbohydrates and helps re‐oxidize reduced POM to maintain high oxidation ability of the solution. As a result, the faraday efficiency of hydrogen production at the cathode could reach 90 %. Coupling oxidation of biomass by contiguously recharged metal salts and POM with electrochemical hydrogen evolution, pure hydrogen source with improved economics is obtained at low energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold‐season methane (CH4) emissions may be poorly constrained in wetland models. We examined cold‐season CH4 emissions simulated by 16 models participating in the Global Carbon Project model intercomparison and analyzed temporal and spatial patterns in simulation results using prescribed inundation data for 2000–2020. Estimated annual CH4 emissions from northern (>60°N) wetlands averaged 10.0 ± 5.5 Tg CH4 yr−1. While summer CH4 emissions were well simulated compared to in‐situ flux measurement observations, the models underestimated CH4 during September to May relative to annual total (27 ± 9%, compared to 45% in observations) and substantially in the months with subzero air temperatures (5 ± 5%, compared to 27% in observations). Because of winter warming, nevertheless, the contribution of cold‐season emissions was simulated to increase at 0.4 ± 0.8% decade−1. Different parameterizations of processes, for example, freezing–thawing and snow insulation, caused conspicuous variability among models, implying the necessity of model refinement. Plain Language Summary: Wetlands in the northern high latitudes are a major source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere, mainly during the warm season. Previously, models have assumed that cold‐season CH4 emissions are low, but recent observations suggest high‐latitude wetlands can be substantial sources even in winter. We compared CH4 emissions simulated by 16 state‐of‐the‐art wetland models, participating in a model intercomparison project with a focus on the cold‐season in northern wetlands. The model simulations indicated that nearly one third of annual emissions were simulated to occur from September to May, and CH4 emissions to the atmosphere were not negligible even under freezing air temperatures, although the results differed greatly among the models. However, field studies suggest cold‐season emissions account for an even larger fraction of annual emissions. These results highlight the contribution of cold‐season emissions to the annual CH4 budget, which future climatic warming is expected to affect severely, and they also show that simulations of cold‐season CH4 emissions from wetlands need to be improved. Key Points: Cold‐season methane (CH4) emissions simulated by 16 Global Carbon Project‐CH4 wetland models were analyzedMost models underestimate the cold‐season emissions in comparison with observational dataFurther model improvement by including cold‐season processes is required to reduce the model bias and uncertainty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of tin content in tin bronze, the rise of δ phase made the strength, hardness of tin bronze increase and the ductility decrease sharply, that difficult to process. In this paper, the Cu12Sn2Ni alloy was prepared by centrifugal casting, the microstructure and phase formation before and after heat treatment were observed by x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the as‐cast sample microstructure was composed of equiaxed grains rather than coarse dendrites. centrifugal casting inhibits tin diffusion to form metastable phase β′‐Cu13.7Sn. The as‐cast sample had good deformability and its tensile strength and elongation were 381.9 MPa and 12.4 %, respectively, which are higher than the mechanical properties of gravity casting. The tensile strength and elongation of the sample after furnace cooling at 620 °C/8 min are 439.5 MPa and 24.4 %, respectively, the increase was 16.6 % and 85.07 %, compared with the as‐cast samples, due to the solid solution strengthening, the second phase strengthening and the homogenization of the microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various modeling studies have examined the climatic effects of either the Central American Seaway or the Indonesian seaway. The co‐existence of these two tropical seaways may have a greater influence than the existence of a single seaway. Although the dual seaway situation is closer to that reconstructed during Miocene/Pliocene, relevant studies remain scarce. Here, we investigate the co‐effects of dual tropical seaway changes on the Pacific circulation through a set of sensitivity experiments. Our results show that the combined shallow opening of tropical seaways can generate an active Pacific meridional overturning circulation and maintain strong upwelling conditions along the equatorial Pacific, which may have helped favor a "biogenic bloom" during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Moreover, the logically successive closure of the tropical seaways can provide patterns of zonal sea surface temperature gradients that are similar to those recorded in the equatorial Pacific from the late Miocene to the Pliocene. Plain Language Summary: During the late Miocene and the Pliocene, changes in the Central American and the Indonesian seaways geometry are very important for ocean circulation and global climate. Various modelling studies have examined the separate effects of these two tropical seaways, especially their link to the onset of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated heat and moisture transport. Although the existence of dual tropical seaways is closer to the reality, there are very scarce modelling studies exploring the co‐effects of dual tropical seaway changes, especially on the Pacific ocean circulation. Here we provide the results of modelling study on this issue. Our results show that the combined shallow opening of tropical ways can generate an active Pacific meridional overturning circulation (i.e., absent in modern conditions) by which the meridional and zonal sea surface temperature gradient in the Pacific largely reduce. In contrast, a deeper opening of tropical seaways can not produce these changes in the Pacific ocean circulation. This study provides insights into and a better understanding of the role of tropical seaways in shaping the Pacific climate and highlights the importance of the sill depth of each seaway. Key Points: The co‐effects of opening of two tropical seaways on the Pacific circulation are investigated with climate modelShallow opening of tropical seaways can generate an active Pacific meridional overturning circulation, whilst a deeper condition can notThe stepwise closure of the tropical seaways can provide similar‐to‐record patterns of zonal sea surface temperature gradients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the growth, development, morphogenesis, signal transduction, and stress response in plants. The ICE (Inducer of CBF expression)‐CBF (C‐repeat binding factor)‐COR (Cold‐regulated gene) regulatory cascade is an important signalling pathway in plant response to low temperature stress, and it remains unknown whether this pathway is regulated by miRNAs.In this study, high‐throughput sequencing was employed for predicting and identifying the miRNAs that were likely to target the ICE‐CBF‐COR pathway in Eucalyptus camaldulensis. A novel ICE1‐targeting miRNA, eca‐novel‐miR‐259‐5p (nov‐miR259), was further analysed.A total of 392 conserved miRNAs and 97 novel miRNAs were predicted, including 80 differentially expressed miRNAs. Of these, 30 miRNAs were predicted to be associated with the ICE‐CBF‐COR pathway. The full‐length of mature nov‐miR259 was 22 bp and its precursor gene was 60 bp in length, with a typical hairpin structure. The RNA ligase‐mediated 5′ amplification of cDNA ends (5′‐RLM‐RACE) and Agrobacterium‐mediated tobacco transient expression assays demonstrated that nov‐miR259 could cleave EcaICE1 in vivo. Moreover, qRT‐PCR and Pearson's correlation analysis further revealed that the expression levels of nov‐miR259 were almost significantly negatively correlated with those of its target gene, EcaICE1, and the other genes in the ICE‐CBF‐COR pathway.We first identified the nov‐miR259 as a novel ICE1‐targeting miRNA, and the nov‐miR259‐ICE1 module may be involved in regulating the cold stress response in E. camaldulensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial patterns of body size are associated with environmental factors like temperature, seasonality, precipitation, resources, and altitude, among the most relevant. Latitudinal size patterns have been extensively studied. Studies on altitudinal gradients of body size, however, are relatively few. Besides, it is still unclear whether there is variation in the relationship between environmental factors and body size of species, or correlations within different altitudes. China provides a good opportunity to assess the altitudinal gradients of body size, because the entire terrain of China changes from high altitude in the west to low altitude in the east, with three natural terrain stages (low: less than 660 m.a.s.l.; medium: 660–2600 m.a.s.l.; and high: more than 2600 m.a.s.l.). Similarly, lizards are distributed across a wide altitudinal range (from −154.31 m to ~6000 m above sea level). We examined 211 lizard species in China and assessed the altitudinal gradients of Chinese lizard body sizes at assemblage and interspecific levels. Piecewise structural equation models (pSEM) were used to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between body size and environmental factors within different terrains (low, medium, and high altitudes). Overall, we found that body size in Chinese lizards decreases with increasing altitude. However, there were variations in the altitudinal gradients and drivers within the three terrain stages. Altitude has both direct (medium and low stages) and indirect (high stages) effects in shaping lizard size. We established that body size increased with increasing altitudes in the low and medium terrain stages. Seasonality had different effects on body size in medium (positively) and low (negatively) stages. However, among the three terrain stages, temperature was consistently negatively correlated with lizard size. Overall, we identified complex patterns and drivers of altitudinal gradients of body size within the three terrain stages, probably due to the different environmental conditions across altitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Dexmedetomidine might reduce delirium after cardiac surgery. We allocated 326 participants to an infusion of dexmedetomidine at a rate of 0.6 μg kg−1 for 10 min and then at 0.4 μg.kg−1.h−1 until the end of surgery; 326 control participants received comparable volumes of saline. We detected delirium in 98/652 (15%) participants during the first seven postoperative days: 47/326 after dexmedetomidine vs. 51/326 after placebo, p = 0.62, adjusted relative risk (95%CI) 0.86 (0.56–1.33), p = 0.51. Postoperative renal impairment (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes stages 1, 2 and 3) was detected in 46, 9 and 2 participants after dexmedetomidine and 25, 7 and 4 control participants, p = 0.040. Intra‐operative dexmedetomidine infusion did not reduce the incidence of delirium after cardiac valve surgery but might impair renal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme heat is one major warming‐related threat to food security and farmers' livelihood, especially in Asia. As an economic adaptation, weather index insurance (WII) can transfer such weather‐related risks, secure farms' incomes, and recover agricultural systems soon after yield losses. However, few relevant studies evaluate its potential in the warming future. Here, we investigated the efficiency of WII to compensate for future heat‐induced yield losses (YHloss ${Y}_{Hloss}$) under SSP1‐2.6, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5 (Shared Socioecomoic Pathways, SSP) in southern China, a typical smallholder‐dominated rice production area in the world. Combining a crop model with machine learning, we found that heat‐induced rice vulnerability showed large spatial variability. Rice vulnerability and warming scenarios co‐determined future YHloss ${Y}_{Hloss}$ and economic losses at the county scale, with more significant losses in the mid‐far future (2051–2100) than in the near future (2021–2050). Compared with the historical period (1961–2010), YHloss ${Y}_{Hloss}$ will increase approximately by up to 5% under SSP1‐2.6, 18% under SSP3‐7.0%, and 26% under SSP5‐8.5. As an ex‐ante strategy, county‐specific WII will effectively improve (by up to 13%) and stabilize (by up to 36%) farmers' incomes, even though the pure premium rate will increase by 10% at 2050 and by 30% at 2100. Overall, our study demonstrates that WII is an effective economic adaption in the future for assisting smallholder livelihood in a developing country. WII has the potential to be applied in other countries for other crop failures to mitigate climate‐related risk for global food systems in the future. Plain Language Summary: The rice‐producing farmers of east and southeast Asia are particularly vulnerable to yield losses because of their smallholder status, poor infrastructure, and increasing heat extremes from global warming. In this study, we applied crop model and machine learning methods to evaluate the yield and economic losses for rice farmers in southern China in the warmer future under different scenarios, and then analyzed the future implementation of weather index insurance (WII) for smallholders under the warming world. We found that yield and economic losses tended to worsen as we moved closer to the end of the century. However, WII could effectively protect farmers by compensating for these heat‐induced losses, even though the pure premium rate of such insurance protection products would also increase. Overall, our study proved the potential of WII as an adaptation strategy to global warming for smallholder rice farmers in China, which can be extended to other crops and regions. Key Points: Heat‐induced rice yield losses in China will increase by up to 5%, 18%, and 26% at the end of this century under three SSPsThe pure premium rate of weather index insurance (WII) in China will increase by 10% at 2050 and 30% at 2100As an ex‐ante strategy, county‐specific WII will effectively improve (by up to 13%) and stabilize (by up to 36%) farmers' income [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of humidity change on spore release of the Nematodontae Polytrichaceae has never been tested experimentally. Similarly, the impact of humidity alterations on structure of the peristome have never been studied.Polytrichum commune Hedw. var. commune from Guizhou Province, China, was selected as the research object to examine effects of simulated wind in the laboratory. By controlling humidity and wind, the mechanism of spore dispersal was revealed.When humidity increased, the size of the peristome and epiphragm enlarged significantly (the peristome has no obvious spatial displacement, unlike the hygroscopic movement of Arthrodontae mosses. Thus, we named it 'sub‐hygroscopic movement'), then recovered to normal size when humidity decreased. When humidity was controlled and wind applied, the scattering of spores gradually decreased as the capsule dried out and finally reached a very low level; when the capsule was wetted or rewetted, the amount of spores released rose and returned to the initial state. Through comparison of moist and dry capsules, only enhanced humidity of the sporophytes led to increases in spore release.The results show that the dispersal of spores was significantly improved in windy conditions and the sub‐hygroscopic movement of the capsule peristome, which ensure the continuity and effectiveness of P. commune reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Introduction: b Linperlisib, a PI3K inhibitor, has shown clinically efficacy and manageable safety profile as third- or further-line treatment in patients with R/R FL from a multicenter phase 2 trial (NCT04370405). [Extracted from the article]

B Introduction: b Radiation therapy (RT) plays an important role in treating Solitary Extramedullary (EMP) and Solitary Bone (SBP) Plasmacytomas. SBP] and achieving a CR after RT (at first post-RT response and CR at any time) were analyzed. SBP), PET scan at staging versus other modalities, first post-RT response (CR, no CR), Pre-RT SUV of lesion, RT dose (>=45 Gy) and overall response to RT (if CR was achieved). [Extracted from the article]

B Introduction: b There are several suitable consolidation strategies for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) after induction therapy including whole brain radiotherapy [<=24 Gy reduced-dose, RD-WBRT or >24 Gy standard-dose, SD-WBRT], non-myeloablative chemotherapy (e.g., cytarabine, cyt) or autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (AHCT). Longitudinal consolidation patterns were analyzed by Fisher exact test. Consolidation strategies and outcomes were stratified by decade and MSKCC recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class 1 (age <50), 2 (age >=50, KPS >= 70) or 3 (age >=50, KPS < 70). [Extracted from the article]

Progression-free survival (PFS) and Overall survival (OS) were calculated using Kaplan Meier from first day of treatment. Compared to RT patients, ST patients were most likely to have been diagnosed after 2010 ( I p i = 0.002) and have stage II disease ( I p i < 0.001), while CMT patients were more likely to be female ( I p i = 0.03) and have grade 3 disease not further characterized ( I p i = 0.002). Patients were stratified by definitive treatment modality including RT monotherapy, CMT, or ST. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Ficin, a cysteine protease derived from fig‐tree latex, has been reported to elicit itch and nociceptive sensations, though quantitative sensory studies are lacking. Cowhage containing the pruritic cysteine Mucunain, on the contrary, has been widely studied as activating polymodal nociceptors and eliciting a histamine‐independent itch. Objectives: We tested whether ficin in heat‐inactivated cowhage spicules would elicit itch and nociceptive sensations in humans, and analogous behaviours in mice, which are similar to those evoked by native cowhage, and whether these behaviours in mice were dose‐dependent when ficin was injected intradermally. Methods: Human volunteers rated the magnitude of itch and nociceptive sensations evoked by either native cowhage spicules or heat‐inactivated spicules soaked in 1, 10 or 100 mg/mL ficin (0.03, 0.3 and 3 ng of ficin in spicule tip), applied to forearm. In mice, itch‐like scratching and nociceptive‐like wiping were recorded in response to either native cowhage, to heat‐inactivated spicules that were either inactive or contained 100 mg/mL ficin, or to intradermal injections of 1.25, 2.5 or 5 μg/ 5 μL, each treatment applied to the cheek. Results: The dose of 100 mg/mL ficin in spicules evoked comparable magnitudes of itch, nociceptive sensations and areas of cutaneous dysesthesia as native cowhage in humans and comparable itch‐like scratching and pain‐like wiping behaviours in mice. But to elicit similar behaviours when injected intradermally in mice a greater amount of ficin (1.25 μg) was required. Conclusion: Spicule delivery or intradermal injection of ficin elicits behaviours in mice that model itch and nociceptive sensations in humans, suggesting that ficin may be useful in translating mechanistic research on the neural mechanisms of pruritic and nociceptive effects of cysteine proteases between the two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chang'E‐5 (CE‐5) spacecraft was launched on 24 November 2020 with the purpose to implement unmanned lunar surface sampling and return. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) technique played an important role in real‐time precise trajectory determination and attitude determination of the CE‐5 spacecraft in the Earth to Moon transfer, circumlunar, landing, and ascending phases. However, tropospheric delay is one of the main error sources for VLBI observations which has to be corrected accurately for precise trajectory determination. To deal with this error properly, a prediction model (TRO_P) and a method with Global Navigation Satellite System observations (TRO_G) are proposed for tropospheric zenith delay correction for real‐time and 30 min latency trajectory determination of the CE‐5 spacecraft, respectively. The results demonstrate that the mean root mean square (RMS) of residual error of VLBI delay and delay rate for TRO_P are 0.62 ns and 0.75 ps/s at low elevation angle, respectively. Moreover, the improvement for the mean RMS of VLBI delay using TRO_G is 39.5% meaning from 0.43 to 0.26 ns compared with that using the method with meteorological data (TRO_S) at low elevation angle. This study can provide a reference for tropospheric delay calibration for trajectory determination of the spacecraft using VLBI or other techniques. Key Points: The TRO_P method is first proposed to correct tropospheric delay in the real‐time trajectory determination of Chang'E‐5 spacecraftThe mean residual root mean square of very long baseline interferometry delay using TRO_G is improved from 0.43 to 0.26 ns equivalent to 39.5%, compared with that using TRO_SThe influence of the baseline length on the tropospheric delay correction accuracy is not significant [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of high‐quality, low‐price counterfeits in many luxury markets threatens the role of luxury goods as a status symbol. If those counterfeits look and feel the same as the authentic counterparts, as many professional authenticators observe, and they are available at a fraction of the price of authentic goods, why would self‐interested consumers purchase authentic luxury goods? Then, the future of luxury goods is called into question. In this paper, we propose that the presence of high‐quality, low‐price counterfeits can, surprisingly, motivate the wealthy consumers to pursue what we term as the "maximalist luxury" strategy. In the presence of these counterfeits, the wealthy can resort to signaling their status by purchasing the maximum number of luxury goods available and put their copious consumption on display, while in the absence of such counterfeits, the wealthy consumers only need to purchase the minimum number of luxury goods to stand out. This new signaling mechanism then highlights the importance of product line decisions by a luxury brand in combating counterfeits and provides a number of managerial insights about how to maintain the role of luxury goods as a status symbol through pricing, adjusting the product line, and limiting its products' functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic‐size magnetic holes (KSMHs) can accelerate and heat the particles, resulting the energy dissipation in space plasmas. KSMHs in the terrestrial foreshock region are statistically investigated based on the Magnetospheric Multiscale data from October 2015 to December 2019. A total of 98 KSMHs are successfully selected, and most of them are accompanied by electron vortices. The fluxes of electrons at ∼90° of pitch angle enhance inside the magnetic holes, where the perpendicular and total electron temperature increase, and the parallel electron temperature slightly decreases inside these magnetic holes. Moreover, we reveal a novel phenomenon that a lot of the observed KSMHs are probably moving toward the Sun in the plasma flow frame. Such sunward propagating KSMHs are detected for the first time in the foreshock region. We propose that these observed KSMHs are probably generated in the foreshock region and then propagate to the Sun. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic hole, characterized by the significant decrease of magnetic strength, is usually observed in the planetary magnetosphere. Kinetic‐size magnetic holes (KSMHs) with the scale below ion gyroradius have attracted much interest in recent years. KSMHs can accelerate and heat the particles, resulting the energy dissipation in space plasmas. Based on the Magnetospheric Multiscale data, KSMHs in the terrestrial foreshock region are statistically investigated for the first time. We reveal some novel phenomenon for the observed KSMHs in the foreshock region. Key Points: We present the observational evidence of kinetic‐size magnetic holes (KSMHs) in the terrestrial foreshock regionA lot of the observed KSMHs are probably moving toward the Sun in the plasma flow frameThese observed KSMHs are probably generated in the foreshock region and then propagate toward the Sun [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, the sub‐structures of the separatrix region during reconnection are investigated. A small current system in the separatrix region is embedded in the large Hall current system, which appears as a quadrupole current. This small current system has an opposite direction to the Hall current and cancels part of the Hall magnetic field. The formation of the quadrupole current is possibly related to the patchy parallel electric field. The electric field in the separatrix region can be divided into three sub‐layers according to the electron frozen‐in condition. En enhances in two outside sub‐layers, where the strong En is supported by the Hall term and electron pressure gradient term, and the nearly zero En, separating the enhanced electric fields, is caused by a small flow and electron density gradient. Our observations imply complex dynamics in the separatrix region during magnetic reconnection. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic reconnection is an explosive energy conversion process that converts magnetic energy to particles. Meanwhile, the topology of the magnetic field is changed. Many phenomena in space are related to magnetic reconnection, like solar flares and aurora. The separatrix is the layer separating the plasmas not yet entered the reconnection process and those already processed by reconnection. The characteristics of plasmas are quite different at the two sides of the separatrix, which makes the separatrix dynamic. With high‐resolution data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we investigate the sub‐structures of the separatrix region in a reconnection event in the magnetotail. The quadrupole current and multi‐layer electric field are observed in the separatrix region. The quadrupole current is possibly related to the patchy parallel electric field. And the multi‐layers electric field are caused by the complex electron flow patterns. Our observations reveal the highly‐structured nature of the separatrix region and may help to improve our understanding of the reconnection process. Key Points: Quadrupole current and multi‐layer electric field are observed in the separatrix regionQuadrupole current is possibly related to the patchy parallel electric fieldMulti‐layer electric field are caused by complex electron flow patterns [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substorms are a fundamental phenomenon in planetary magnetospheric systems. Using Cassini measurements, we report a typical event in which four successive dipolarization fronts (DFs) were observed within 1 hour during the substorm in Saturn's magnetotail. The last three DFs caused a type of stepwise electron acceleration and generated energetic electrons. The pitch angle distributions of the electrons show evidence of the Fermi acceleration mechanism behind these DFs. Therefore, we infer the magnetotail dynamics process during Saturn's substorm: The stepwise acceleration by successive DFs powerfully accelerates the field‐aligned electrons and generates field‐aligned energetic electrons. These high‐energy electrons are injected into the inner magnetosphere and become an important trigger of Saturn's aurora. Our results show an efficient acceleration mechanism for the electrons caused by successive DFs and confirm an important source of energetic particles during the substorm in Saturn, and these findings improve our understanding of Saturn's substorm and magnetotail dynamics. Plain Language Summary: Substorms play a role in the energization and transport of plasmas in planetary magnetospheres. During substorms, what specific dynamic processes contribute to particle acceleration and transport remains an important question. In our work, using measurements from the Cassini spacecraft, we report a typical event in which four successive dipolarization fronts (DFs) were observed within 1 hour during the substorm in Saturn's magnetotail. The last three successive DFs cause energetic electrons by stepwise electron acceleration. The electron acceleration is possibly caused by the Fermi acceleration mechanism, which mainly enhances the electron velocity component parallel or antiparallel to the local magnetic field. Our study provides an explanation for the energetic particle injection source of Saturn's aurora and improves our understanding of Saturn's substorm and magnetotail dynamics. Key Points: Four successive dipolarization fronts (DFs) are identified in Saturn's magnetotail during one substormThree of the successive DFs cause a type of stepwise electron acceleration, generating energetic electronsAccording to the electron pitch‐angle distribution, the stepwise electron acceleration is identified as the Fermi acceleration mechanism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slag produced in mining and smelting of manganese carbonate ore potentially pollutes the environment and endangers the health of humans and other living organisms.This study investigates the uptake of six heavy metals, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cr and Cd, by bryophytes and vascular plants growing on manganese carbonate slag in the Houshangou Slag Field near Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China. Determination of heavy metal uptake in bryophytes and vascular plants may identify species suitable as biomonitors for bioremediation of polluted lands.Eight bryophyte taxa were identified in the study area; among which, Bryum argenteum and Physcomitrium eurystomum were dominant; life forms of bryophytes were predominantly short turfs. Three monocotyledons, all Poaceae, and five dicotyledons were recorded in four families. The highest heavy metal uptake in bryophytes, Mn content by B. argenteum, was more than 25,000 mg·kg−1. Furthermore, determination of heavy metal content in roots, leaves and fruits of six vascular plants demonstrated that each had a unique capacity for heavy metal accumulation: roots, leaves and fruits of similar plant species exhibited varying uptake capacity. Mn content in leaves was recorded in the order: B. davidii > A. tricolor > E. crus‐galli > C. argentea > P. acinosa > C. album.In summary, B. argenteum, Echinochloa crus‐galli and Phytolacca acinosa have strong enrichment capacity for heavy metals. These species could be used for comprehensive treatment of heavy metal pollution in electrolytic Mn slag fields, and for bioremediation of polluted areas associated with Mn mining and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plant growth and development. Fe deficiency can trigger leaf chlorosis and reduce fruit yield. Therefore, it is necessary to explore transcription factors in response to Fe deficiency stress.A total of 29 MhR2R3‐MYB transcription factors were identified based on the transcriptome of Malus halliana under Fe deficiency stress. A comprehensive analysis of physical and chemical properties, gene structures, conserved motif composition, evolutionary relationship and chromosome distribution was performed. Subsequently, based on the transcriptome, 14 genes with the most significant expression under Fe deficiency stress were screened for qRT‐PCR verification. Among them,the functional characteristics of MhR2R3‐MYB4 (MD05G1089600) were further studied in Arabidopsis thaliana.Expression of 13 out of these 14 genes was upregulated, only one was downregulated. Maximum upregulation of MhR2R3‐MYB4 under Fe deficiency was 36.39‐fold and 58.21‐fold compared with day 0 in leaves and roots, respectively. Overexpression of MhR2R3‐MYB4 enhanced tolerance to Fe deficiency in A. thaliana and led to multiple biochemical changes: transgenic lines have higher chl a, chl b and Fe2+ content, higher enzyme activity (SOD, POD, CAT and FCR) and lower chlorosis than the wild type in Fe deficiency conditions.We suggest that MhR2R3‐MYB4 plays an important part in Fe deficiency stress, which may contribute to improve Fe deficiency tolerance of apple in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important oil, food and economic crop in the world. High salinity severely affects the growth and yield of soybean. Overexpressing a specific anti‐retroviral transcription factor by biotechnology is an effective way to cultivate new stress‐tolerant varieties of soybean. TGA transcription factor is a subfamily of bZIP and plays an important role in abiotic stress responses.A TGA subfamily gene GmTGA13 was cloned and the gene expression, subcellular localization and transcriptional activity were measured. Through the Ag. tumefaciens mediated flower dip method and the Ag. rhizogenes mediated transformation of soybean hairy roots, the transgenic Arabidopsis and the 'combination' soybean plants of overexpressing GmTGA13 were obtained. The two types of transgenic plants were treated with salt stress respectively, and the related physiological indexes were determined. Furthermore, the expression levels of five abiotic stress responsive genes were analyzed in GmTGA13 overexpression hairy roots.GmTGA13 gene was highly expressed in roots and significantly induced by saline stress in soybean. GmTGA13 encoded a nuclear localization protein and had transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of GmTGA13 enhanced the saline stress tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis and the 'combination' soybean plants. Furthermore, overexpression of GmTGA13 enhanced the expression of the stress responsive genes in transgenic soybean hairy roots.In conclusion, overexpression of GmTGA13 is beneficial to the absorption of K+ and Ca2+ by the cell, thereby regulating the ion homeostasis in the cell balance. GmTGA13 enhanced salt resistance of plants by regulating the expression of many stress‐responsive genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands are important ecosystems—they provide vital hydrological and ecological services such as regulating floods, storing carbon, and providing wildlife habitat. The ability to simulate their spatial extents and hydrological processes is important for valuing wetlands' function. The purpose of this study is to dynamically represent the spatial extents and hydrological processes of wetlands and investigate their feedback to regional climate in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America, where a large number of wetlands exist. In this study, we incorporated a wetland scheme into the Noah‐MP land surface model with two major modifications: (a) modifying the subgrid saturation fraction for spatial wetland extent and (b) incorporating a dynamic wetland storage to simulate hydrological processes. This scheme was evaluated at a fen site in central Saskatchewan, Canada and applied regionally in the PPR with 13‐year climate forcing produced by a high‐resolution convection‐permitting model. The differences between wetland and no‐wetland simulations are significant, with increasing latent heat and evapotranspiration while suppressing sensible heat and runoff in the wetland scheme. Finally, the dynamic wetland scheme was applied in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The wetlands scheme not only modifies the surface energy balance but also interacts with the lower atmosphere, shallowing the planetary boundary layer height and promoting cloud formation. A cooling effect of 1–3°C in summer temperature is evident where wetlands are abundant. In particular, the wetland simulation shows reduction in the number of hot days for >10 days over the summer of 2006, when a long‐lasting heatwave occurred. This research has great implications for land surface/regional climate modeling and wetland conservation, especially in mitigating extreme heatwaves under climate change. Plain Language Summary: A large number of wetlands exist in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) across the US and Canada. These wetlands are important to our environment as they can provide flood control and wildlife habitat and may cool the temperature, but they are poorly represented in previous land surface model (LSM) studies. In this study, we updated a dynamic wetland module in the Noah‐MP LSM to reasonably estimate wetland extent and seasonal variation in the PPR. This wetland module shows significant impacts to the surface environmental conditions and interactions with regional climate. The results show that wetlands would effectively cool the air temperature 1–3 °C in summer, especially for regions with high wetland coverage. The implication of this study is very useful for wetland conservation agencies and climate scientists, as this cooling effect could potentially mitigate heat stress under climate change. Key Points: An updated dynamic wetland scheme reasonably captures spatial extents and seasonal variation in the Prairie Pothole RegionImplementing this wetland scheme in Noah‐MP LSM shows strong impacts on surface energy and water budgetWetlands' effects on regional climate are evident, especially in cooling summer temperatures and mitigating heat stress from heatwaves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have analyzed a highly monochromatic (f = 1.67 mHz) and large‐amplitude Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) wave event observed at satellites and ground observatories on 23 June 2020 during super solar quiet geomagnetic conditions. The train wave was detected between 6:22 and 7:55 UT across a wide longitudinal range of ground stations from low to high latitudes. Using Deep Space Climate Observatory and THEMIS‐B spacecraft, which were in the interplanetary medium, we have identified the possible driver of such global ULF wave activity in the impact of a small pressure pulse accompanied by a discontinuity in the magnetic field. The prolonged duration (90 min) of the ULF waves as well as their latitude‐independent frequency and the small azimuthal wave number (m ∼ 0−2) can be explained in terms of a global magnetospheric waveguide mode. The amplitude and cross‐phase analysis of the wave activity at ground, together with the polarization pattern, suggest the waveguide mode coupling with field line resonance. Nevertheless, during the same time interval, indirect evidence exists of a rapid reconfiguration of the magnetotail in the form of Pi2 waves in the night‐side region. The analysis of energetic particle flux at ionospheric height (500 km) shows a direct connection between the ULF wave activity and particle precipitation. Plain Language Summary: Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) waves illustrates the highly dynamical nature of the Earth's magnetosphere since they are directly connected with energy and mass transport. The event we analyzed occurred during a very low geomagnetic activity showing 10 min period (Pc5) waves between 6:22 and 7:55 UT across a wide longitudinal range of ground stations from low to high latitudes that lead to particle precipitation. The prolonged duration (90 min) of the ULF waves as well as their latitude‐independent frequency and the small azimuthal wave number can be explained in terms of a global magnetospheric waveguide mode. The latitude and local time polarization pattern of the Pc5 wave event, suggests the waveguide mode coupling with magnetospheric field line resonances. The satellite observations in the interplanetary medium suggest that small solar wind disturbances were able to trigger the dynamic of the system directly, with Pc5 waves in response to the impact of a small jump in dynamic pressure, and indirectly, together with a rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field, triggering magnetotail processes resulting in an additional higher frequency wave activity (Pi2). Such kind of studies need scrupulous attention when trying to identify the possible source of ULF wave activity. Key Points: Global magnetospheric anomalous Ultra Low Frequency waves activity during super solar quiet conditionsCoupling between the waveguide mode and magnetospheric field line resonanceSignatures of particle precipitation at Low Earth Orbit orbit during Pc5 and Pi2 wave activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely acknowledged that positive energy dissipation J ⋅ E′ from the fields to the plasmas occurs in the electron diffusion region (EDR) during magnetic reconnection. There also exists negative J ⋅ E′ in the outer EDR, but what causes such negative J ⋅ E′ is still unclear. In the present study, we applied 2.5‐D particle‐in‐cell simulation to investigate what causes the negative J ⋅ E′ in the outer EDR through generalized Ohm's law. It is found that the region of negative J ⋅ E′ expands in space with the evolution of magnetic reconnection, and the embodiment of negative J ⋅ E′ is dominated by the electron inertial term in the generalized Ohm's law due to the deceleration of the electrons in the outer EDR. This deceleration is caused by the opposite electric field compared with the ones in the inner EDR. And the opposite electric field is induced by the newly reconnected magnetic field lines in the outer EDR. Our results give a new perspective of energy transformation between the fields and the plasmas during magnetic reconnection. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic reconnection is a widespread important physical process that allows the rapid energy conversion of the magnetic field into the plasmas, resulting in the particle's acceleration/energization and the changing of magnetic field topology. Magnetic reconnection is a key mechanism responsible for Gamma ray bursts, solar flares, auroral substorm, fusion experiments, interstellar medium, astrophysical jets, galaxy clusters, etc. Previous studies of magnetic reconnection containing energy release mostly work on positive energy dissipation. However, there also exists a negative value, which means the energy of the particles is converted into magnetic energy, and what causes this negative energy dissipation is still unclear. In this study, we apply 2.5‐D particle‐in‐cell simulation to investigate the reason for this negative energy dissipation from the perspective of generalized Ohm's law in the outer electron diffusion region. It shows that this kind of negative value is concerned with the electron inertial term. The deceleration of the electrons in the outer electron diffusion region is the main contribution. Key Points: The negative J ⋅ E′ in the outer electron diffusion region (EDR) expands in space with the time evolutionThe embodiment of negative J ⋅ E′ is dominated by the electron inertial term due to the deceleration of the electrons in the outer EDRThis deceleration is caused by the opposite electric field induced by the newly reconnected magnetic field lines in the outer EDR [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the unprecedented high‐resolution data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we investigate the energy dissipation in turbulent reconnection outflow during turbulent magnetic reconnection in the terrestrial magnetotail. It is found that this reconnection outflow has plenty of intermittent structures at kinetic scales accompanied by abundant current filaments. Strong energy dissipation occurs in the intermittent structures with a high partial variance of increments index, and the regions with strong current filaments. Further analyses reveal that electron heating with the presence of increase in electron temperature occurs in the intermittent structures and the regions with strong currents. This electron heating is more significant in the component parallel to the magnetic field. Our observations demonstrate that intermittent dissipation at kinetic scales occurs in the turbulent reconnection outflow. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic reconnection is an essential physical process in space, astrophysical, and laboratory plasmas, and it can effectively convert magnetic energy into particle energy accompanied by the change of magnetic field topology in a short time period. It has already been confirmed that magnetic reconnection can produce turbulent reconnection outflows. How and where the energy dissipation takes place in reconnection outflows remains a remarkable open question until now. Thanks to the unprecedented high time resolution data of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we investigate the energy dissipation in turbulent reconnection outflow in the terrestrial magnetotail. Our observations reveal that intermittent dissipation at kinetic scales with strong currents occurs in the turbulent reconnection outflow. Key Points: Intermittent structures at kinetic scales accompanied with strong current filaments are abundant in turbulent reconnection outflowsStrong energy dissipation and electron heating occur in the intermittent structures and the regions with strong current filamentsThere exists intermittent dissipation at kinetic scales in turbulent reconnection outflows [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma bubble, a low-entropy flux tube, is usually regarded as the bearer of plasma flux transport in the magnetotail. In this study, we perform a complete analysis of electron dynamics in a plasma bubble in the Earth's magnetotail based on the high time-resolution data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. An electron jet is observed at the center of this plasma bubble. Simultaneously, intense electric field and significant current density, as well as the strong energy dissipation are detected associated with this electron jet. The pitch angle distributions (PADs) of high-energy electrons exhibit different features at different substructures in this plasma bubble. In Region-1 and Region-3, pancake-type PAD is formed; the PAD becomes isotropic type in Region-2. The electrons pitch angle changes to field-aligned distribution in Region-4. All these changes of electron PADs in substructures can be interpreted mainly by the capture of magnetic mirror and betatron cooling. High-frequency waves, including whistler waves and electrostatic waves, are detected in several parts of the plasma bubble. The observations of abundant electron-scale phenomena or processes reveal that the electrons are very dynamic in the large-scale plasma bubble. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The park spans the Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, with a total area of 27 134 km SP 2 sp , covering 18 056 km SP 2 sp of the giant panda habitat area, in which 1631 giant pandas (87.7% of the total wild population) reside (NFGA, [5]). Down-listing pandas and upgrading conservation: China setting an example to preserve wildlife worldwide We are researching giant panda habitat and landscape ecology, understanding the characteristics of their habitat requirements, developing the design method of corridors in the region based on scientific evaluation of the status quo of giant panda habitat quality and planning the design of key giant panda habitats corridors. China is writing the giant panda protection story as a successful case for global biodiversity conservation. [Extracted from the article]

No other cutaneous lesions, no respiratory symptoms or COVID-19 associated multisystem inflammatory syndromes were detected. Furthermore, no hair grew in the scalp lesions at the follow-up; hair loss is a common symptom in COVID-19 patients. Editor, Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women and newborns have been described.1-4 It remains unclear whether the maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes harm to fetus I in utero i before birth. [Extracted from the article]

Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV) is an important pathogen of silkworm (B. mori), the economically beneficial insect. The mechanism of its interaction with host immune defence system in the process of infection is still not yet completely clear. Researches have demonstrated that virus‐encoded microRNAs (miRNA) play a crucial role in regulating host–pathogen interaction, but few reports are available so far on miRNAs encoded by insect viruses, especially the RNA viruses. In this study, a putative miRNA encoded by the 10th segment of BmCPV genomic RNA, BmCPV‐miR‐10, was identified and functionally analysed. The expression of the putative BmCPV‐miR‐10 could be detected via stem‐loop RT‐PCR (reverse transcription‐Polymerase Chain Reaction) in the midgut of silkworm larvae infected with BmCPV. BmCSDE1 (B. mori cold shock domain E1 protein) gene was predicted to be a candidate target gene for BmCPV‐miR‐10 with the miRNA binding site located in 3′ untranslated region of its mRNA. The regulation effect of the putative BmCPV‐miR‐10 on BmCSDE1 was verified in HEK293 cells by lentiviral expression system, in BmN cells by transfecting BmCPV‐miR‐10 mimics. The qRT‐PCR (quantitative real‐time PCR) results showed that the putative BmCPV‐miR‐10 could suppress the expression of BmCSDE1. By injection of BmCPV‐miR‐10 mimics into the silkworm larvae infected with BmCPV, it was further proved that the putative BmCPV‐miR‐10 could suppress the expression of BmCSDE1 in vivo, then inhibit the expression of BmApaf‐1 (B. mori apoptotic protease activating factor 1), while enhance the replication of BmCPV genomic RNAs to a certain extent. These results implied that the putative BmCPV‐miR‐10 could down‐regulate the expression of BmCSDE1, then suppress the expression of BmApaf‐1, thereby created a favourable intracellular environment for virus replication and proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipolarization front (DF) is a sharp magnetic structure featuring the increase of Bz in the magnetotail. Various types of waves have been observed around the DF. However, in the magnetic dip ahead of the DF, very few waves have been reported so far. In this study, we report broadband high‐frequency electrostatic waves in the dip region by using high resolution data from the magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) mission. The frequency range of these electrostatic emissions is higher than electron cyclotron frequency but lower than electron plasma frequency. These high‐frequency waves are quasi‐parallel propagating, and their parallel components dominate. Simultaneously, the measured field‐aligned electron distribution function (EDF) has a positive slope (df/dv|| > 0). The kinetic theory dispersion relationship curve based on the measured EDF reveals that the positive slope is responsible for the generation of high‐frequency electrostatic wave in the magnetic dip ahead of the DF. Key Points: High‐frequency electrostatic waves are observed in the dip region ahead of the dipolarization frontThese high‐frequency waves are quasi‐parallel propagating, and their parallel components dominateLinear dispersion analysis proves that these waves are excited by the positive slope of the field‐aligned electron distribution function [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pantanal region of Brazil is the largest seasonally flooded tropical grassland and, according to local chamber measurements, a substantial CH4 source. CH4 emissions from wetlands have recently become of heightened interest because global atmospheric 13CH4 data indicate they may contribute to the resumption of atmospheric CH4 growth since 2007. We have regularly measured vertical atmospheric profiles for 2 years in the center of the Pantanal with the objectives to obtain an estimate of CH4 emissions using an atmospheric approach, and provide information about flux seasonality and its relation to controlling factors. Boundary layer‐free troposphere differences observed in the Pantanal are large compared to other wetlands. Total emissions based on a planetary boundary layer budgeting technique are 2.0–2.8 TgCH4 yr−1 (maximum flux ∼0.4 gCH4 m−2 d−1) while those based on a Bayesian inversion using an atmospheric transport model are ∼3.3 TgCH4 yr−1. Compared to recent estimates for Amazonia (∼41 ± 3 TgCH4 yr−1, maximum flux ∼0.3 gCH4 m−2 d−1) these emissions are not that large. Our Pantanal data suggest a clear flux seasonality with CH4 being released in large amounts just after water levels begin to rise again after minimum levels have been reached. CH4 emissions decline substantially once the maximum water level has been reached. While predictions with prognostic wetland CH4 emission models agree well with the magnitude of the fluxes, they disagree with the phasing. Our approach shows promise for detecting and understanding longer‐term trends in CH4 emissions and the potential for future wetlands CH4 emissions climate feedbacks. Plain Language Summary: CH4 emissions contribute substantially to greenhouse warming and atmospheric concentrations continue to grow rapidly. Increases in emissions from wetlands may contribute. We have measured regularly vertical CH4 concentration profiles over the Pantanal, the largest tropical seasonally flooded grasslands, to provide an estimate of these emissions and to determine seasonal cycle. Our estimates are similar to earlier estimates based on direct flux measurements on the ground. Fluxes vary strongly seasonally. They are largest during the rise of water levels and decrease before maximum levels have been reached. Our data show that longer‐term vertical profile measurements could provide an answer whether wetland emissions are changing. Key Points: Large CH4 boundary layer‐free troposphere differences over Pantanal wetlands revealed by vertical atmospheric CH4 profile dataAccording to atmospheric data, CH4 flux is large during the early expansion phase of the inundated area and weakens at peak extentPrognostic global wetlands CH4 emission models have limited skill regarding seasonality of Pantanal emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is a critical indicator of pork quality that affects directly the purchasing desire of consumers. However, to measure IMF content is both laborious and costly, preventing our understanding of its genetic determinants and improvement. In the present study, we constructed an accurate and fast image acquisition and analysis system, to extract and calculate the digital IMF content, the proportion of fat areas in the image (PFAI) of the longissimus muscle of 1709 animals from multiple pig populations. PFAI was highly significantly correlated with marbling scores (MS; 0.95, r2 = 0.90), and also with IMF contents chemically defined for 80 samples (0.79, r2 = 0.63; more accurate than direct analysis between IMF contents and MS). The processing time for one image is only 2.31 s. Genome‐wide association analysis on PFAI for all 1709 animals identified 14 suggestive significant SNPs and 1 genome‐wide significant SNP. On MS, we identified nine suggestive significant SNPs, and seven of them were also identified in PFAI. Furthermore, the significance (−log P) values of the seven common SNPs are higher in PFAI than in MS. Novel candidate genes of biological importance for IMF content were also discovered. Our imaging systems developed for prediction of digital IMF content is closer to IMF measured by Soxhlet extraction and slightly more accurate than MS. It can achieve fast and high‐throughput IMF phenotype, which can be used in improvement of pork quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Improving litter size at birth (TNB) and the number of piglets born alive (NBA) are the main breeding goals related to litter traits, which are economically important. A better understanding of genetic architecture underlying TNB and NBA traits could increase pig production efficiency. However, most previous studies on these traits focus on additive genetic effects, while epistatic interactions underlying TNB and NBA traits has not yet been well investigated, which are essential to understand how traits‐related genes interact. Herein, we conducted genome scans of epistatic interactions underlying TNB and NBA traits in a total of 150 Chinese indigenous pigs (75 Jinhua and 75 Shengxian Spotted pigs) with high throughput genomic data. Based on SNPs with high interaction values and connectivity scores, we identified eight promising candidate genes (AKT2, TSC1, MTOR, PIK3R5, TIAM1, FGF14, RALB and ROR2) potentially associated with litter traits in pigs. Moreover, the underlying pathways, e.g., calcium ion transport, pointed out their roles in litter size‐related traits. Our findings provide new insight into genetic architecture of litter traits in pigs and will benefit economic profits in pig production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Breeding for good meat quality performance while maintaining large body size and desirable carcass traits has been the major challenge for modern swine selective breeding. To address this goal, in the present work we studied five related populations produced by two commercial breeds (Berkshire and Duroc) and two Chinese breeds (Licha black pig and Lulai black pig). A single‐trait GWAS performed on 20 body size and carcass traits using a self‐developed China Chip‐1 porcine SNP50K BeadChip identified 11 genome‐wide significant QTL on nine chromosomes and 22 suggestive QTL on 15 chromosomes. For the 11 genome‐wide significant QTL, eight were detected in at least two populations, and the rest were population‐specific and only mapped in Shanxia black pig. Most of the genome‐wide significant QTL were pleiotropic; for example, the QTL around 75.65 Mb on SSC4 was associated with four traits at genome‐wide significance level. After screening the genes within 50 kb of the top SNP for each genome‐wide significant QTL, NR6A1 and VRTN were chosen as candidate genes for vertebrae number; PLAG1 and BMP2 were identified as candidate genes for body size; and MC4R was the strong candidate gene for body weight. The four genes have been reported as candidates for thoracic vertebrae number, lumbar vertebrae number, carcass length and body weight respectively in previous studies. The effects of VRTN on thoracic vertebrae number, carcass length and body length have been verified in Shanxia black pig. Therefore, the VRTN genotype could be used in gene‐assisted selection, and this could accelerate genetic improvement of body size and carcass traits in Shanxia black pig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juno microwave radiometer (MWR) observations of Jupiter's midlatitudes reveal a strong correlation between brightness temperature contrasts and zonal winds, confirming that the banded structure extends throughout the troposphere. However, the microwave brightness gradient is observed to change sign with depth: the belts are microwave‐bright in the p<5 bar range and microwave‐dark in the p>10 bar range. The transition level (which we call the "jovicline") is evident in the MWR 11.5 cm channel, which samples the 5–14 bar range when using the limb‐darkening at all emission angles. The transition is located between 4 and 10 bars, and implies that belts change with depth from being NH3‐depleted to NH3‐enriched, or from physically warm to physically cool, or more likely a combination of both. The change in character occurs near the statically stable layer associated with water condensation. The implications of the transition are discussed in terms of ammonia redistribution via meridional circulation cells with opposing flows above and below the water condensation layer, and in terms of the "mushball" precipitation model, which predicts steeper vertical ammonia gradients in the belts versus the zones. We show via the moist thermal wind equation that both the temperature and ammonia interpretations can lead to vertical shear on the zonal winds, but the shear is ∼50× weaker if only NH3 gradients are considered. Conversely, if MWR observations are associated with kinetic temperature gradients then it would produce zonal winds that increase in strength down to the "jovicline", consistent with Galileo probe measurements; then decay slowly at higher pressures. Plain Language Summary: One of the core scientific questions for NASA's Juno mission was to explore how Jupiter's famous banded structure might change below the top‐most clouds. Did the alternating bands of temperatures, winds, composition, and clouds simply represent the top of a much deeper circulation pattern? Juno's microwave radiometer is capable of peering through the clouds to reveal structures extending to great depths, and has revealed a surprise: belts and zones do persist to pressures of 100 bars or more, but they flip their character at a level which we call the "jovicline," coinciding with the depths at which water clouds are expected to form and generate a stable layer. This transition from microwave‐bright belts (ammonia depleted and/or physically warm) in the upper layers, to microwave‐dark belts (ammonia enriched or physically cool) in the deeper layers, and vice versa for the zones, may have implications for the shear on the Jupiter's zonal winds, indicating winds that strengthen with depth down to the jovicline, before decaying slowly at higher pressures. The origins of the transition is explored in terms of meridional circulations that change with depth, and in terms of models where strong precipitation dominates in the belts. Key Points: Banded structure of Jupiter's microwave brightness is correlated with the cloud‐top winds as far down as 100 barsBelt/zone contrasts flip sign in the 5–10 bar region, a transition layer coinciding with the water condensation levelTransition can be explained by stacked meridional circulation cells and/or latitudinal gradients in precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The objective was to determine how molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum affect chemical composition, fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and the microbial community of an ensiled mixture of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriaus, AF) and rice straw. Treatments were control (C, no addition), L. plantarum (L; 2 × 105 cfu g−1 fresh weight), molasses (M; 40 g kg−1 fresh matter), and their combination (LM). All treatments were ensiled for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 30 days. RESULTS: All additives improved fermentation quality with greater lactic acid (LA), acetic acid, and lower pH than C silage over the ensiling period. The LM silage combination optimized fermentability, manifested as greater LA contents and a more rapid pH reduction during the first 7 days of ensiling than L or M silages. After 30 days of ensiling, inoculant L. plantarum increased Lactobacillus abundance and reduced bacterial diversity and Enterobacteriaceae abundance compared with silage treated with molasses. Molasses addition reduced the relative concentration of structural carbohydrates (neutral and acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose) after 30 days of ensiling. Finally, there was spoilage after 2 days and 4 days of aerobic exposure in C and LM silages respectively, whereas L silage had not spoiled after 4 days. CONCLUSIONS: Although the combination of L. plantarum and molasses further optimized fermentation characteristics, L silage had better aerobic stability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipolarization front (DF), characterized by a sharp increase of the south‐north component of the magnetic field, is suggested to play an important role in transferring plasmas, magnetic fluxes, and energy in the planetary magnetosphere. Using the measurements from the Cassini spacecraft between January 1, 2005 and June 15, 2011, we successfully selected 96 DF events, and obtained the global spatial distribution of DFs in the Saturn's magnetosphere. For the first time, we found that DFs are distributed not only in the nightside magnetotail but also in the dayside magnetosphere. The dayside DF events are mainly located from X = 10 RS to X = 30 RS (RS is the Saturn's radius) while the nightside events have a wide range, up to X∼−50 RS. Moreover, the DFs are observed to be asymmetric in the south‐northern hemisphere: ∼70% of events in the northern hemisphere and ∼30% of events in the southern hemisphere, which is likely to be due to the asymmetric orbit coverage of the Cassini in south‐northern hemisphere. The occurrence of dayside DFs provides a strong evidence that the magnetic reconnection could also occur in the dayside of Saturn's magnetosphere. Thus, our results concerning the location and distribution of DFs are helpful for the study of the site of magnetic reconnection and energy transport/dissipation in Saturn's magnetosphere. Plain Language Summary: Saturn's magnetosphere is influenced by not only the solar wind, but more importantly the internal sources. Therefore, its magnetosphere would show different characteristics from terrestrial planets. Dipolarization front (DF), characterized by a sharp increase of the south‐north component of the magnetic field, is directly and closely related to magnetic reconnection, planetary substorm and planetary aurora, and can be a great medium for studying the magnetosphere's response to the solar wind and internal sources. In this work, using the measurements from the Cassini, we selected 96 DF events and obtained the global spatial distribution of DFs in the Saturn's magnetosphere. For the first time, we found that quite a big portion of DF events appear in the dayside magnetosphere. Therefore, we propose that the dynamics processes that generally occur at the magnetotail can extend to the whole magnetosphere in Saturn. Our work provides further evidence for the previous studies that the magnetic reconnection occurs in Saturn's dayside magnetodisc. Key Points: A complete global distribution is provided to show the location and local time of dipolarization fronts in Saturn's magnetosphereThere is a surprising large portion of dipolarization fronts observed at the dayside of Saturn's magnetosphereOur results support the existence of dayside magnetodisc reconnection in Saturn [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]