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Transcription factors, as the convergence points of multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells, are closely involved in disease development. Pax‐8, an important transcription factor belonging to the Pax family, exerts a crucial influence on the regulation of gene expression required for both physiological conditions and pathological processes. Pax‐8 contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases, ranging from cardiovascular disease to many cancers, and therefore, it can be imagined that Pax‐8 holds great therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the structure, distribution, function, and regulatory mechanisms of Pax‐8 to provide a new research direction for Pax‐8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Whirl (GW) and the Socotra Gyre (SoG), two prominent anticyclonic eddies in the western Arabian Sea, exhibit strong dynamic interactions. This study reports a case of the merging of the GW and the SoG recorded by Argo floats in September 2019. Combined with satellite observations and a state‐of‐the‐art ocean reanalysis, we show that the merging process was first detected at the subsurface layer (∼150 m depth) rather than the surface. As the original water inside the GW is cooler than the SoG, the merging created a baroclinic structure between the eddies. The density gradients associated with the baroclinic structure drive strong subsurface geostrophic currents following the thermal wind relationship, leading to the fast merging at 100–200 m depth. Energy analysis shows that the predominant energy source for the merged eddy was the barotropic and baroclinic instability. The dissipative processes caused the rapid decay of the merged eddy. The merging process induced submesoscale activities and promoted ocean vertical exchanges south of Socotra Island. Plain Language Summary: The Great Whirl (GW) and the Socotra Gyre (SoG) are two large clockwise eddies in the western Arabian Sea. Ocean observations caught the merging process of these two eddies in September 2019. The Argo floats detected the process first at the subsurface layer. Ocean reanalysis reveals that the water inside the GW was cooler than the SoG, which led to the density difference that enhanced the subsurface flow. The subsurface flow transported the warm and salty water from the SoG faster than the surface in the interior of the eddy. During the merging process, the smaller‐scale motions led to increased surface chlorophyll concentrations in the region, with replenished nutrients and dissolved oxygen. Key Points: The merging process of the Great Whirl (GW) and the Socotra Gyre (SoG) was faster at the subsurface, resulting from density gradientsThe barotropic and baroclinic instability provided the predominant energy for the mergingThe merging process stimulated submesoscale activities and promoted ocean vertical exchanges [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diurnal variability of the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) at the sea surface (pCO2sea) and its impact on air‐sea CO2 flux estimations are currently poorly understood. In this work, diurnal variations in pCO2sea were examined in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) based on 3‐hourly observations collected at the BoB Ocean Acidification moored buoy between November 2013 and November 2018 by a moored autonomous pCO2 system. Significant mean diurnal pCO2sea cycles and a mean diurnal amplitude of 11 ± 9 μatm were observed based on 1215 complete diurnal cycles. One‐dimensional mass budget model calculations suggest that temperature was responsible for these mean diurnal variations in pCO2sea and that these variations were intensified by biological activity. The effects of air‐sea gas fluxes and mixing on the mean diurnal pCO2sea variability were very low. A weak annual net source of 12.1 mmol m−2 year−1 was estimated at this site. The sampling frequency greatly impacted the annual air‐sea CO2 flux estimations. Compared to the 3‐hr sampling frequency, random daily sampling resulted in a bias of ±7.7 mmol m−2 year−1 or 64%, and regular daily sampling resulted in a maximum bias of 400%. Factorial experiments showed that wind speed had the largest impact on the air‐sea CO2 flux estimations, followed by pCO2sea and atmospheric pCO2 (pCO2air). These findings indicate the importance of obtaining continuous pCO2 measurements to accurately estimate air‐sea CO2 flux; additionally, pCO2 and wind speed measurements should be obtained at frequencies higher than 6 hr. Plain Language Summary: Approximately 25% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions have been absorbed in the oceans through air‐sea CO2 fluxes (FCO2) over the last decade. The direction and magnitude of FCO2 are determined by the difference between the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) at the sea surface (pCO2sea) and that in the atmosphere (pCO2air). However, our understanding of diurnal pCO2sea variations and their drivers is limited, and how these drivers impact FCO2 estimations is unclear. In the present study, significant mean diurnal pCO2sea variations were observed using multiyear 3‐hourly observations obtained in the Bay of Bengal. A one‐dimensional mass budget model suggests that temperature was the largest contributor to the mean diurnal pCO2sea variability, leading to a maximum pCO2sea value recorded at 15:17 (local time, hereinafter) and a minimum at 06:17. Biological activity was the second most important contributor to mean diurnal pCO2sea changes. The air‐sea fluxes and mixing had negligible effects on pCO2sea variations. Diurnal variability greatly impacted the FCO2 estimations when the sampling frequency was reduced to fewer than four times per day. The relative deviations induced by the sampling frequency were larger in the open ocean than in coastal waters. Key Points: A mean diurnal amplitude of 11 ± 9 μatm for sea surface pCO2 was observed using 4 years of 3‐h Bay of Bengal observationsThe mean diurnal cycle of sea surface pCO2 was primarily controlled by temperature, and its variation was intensified by biologyThe sampling frequency greatly impacts annual air‐sea CO2 flux estimations in the open ocean areas more than in the coastal waters [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China‐France ocean satellite (CFOSAT) has obtained synchronized observations of sea winds and sea waves for the first time in the world, providing accurate data support for the study of swells. In this paper, the accuracy of key parameters and the wave spectrum of CFOSAT surface waves investigation and monitoring (SWIM) L2 data are analyzed and evaluated using a spatial‐temporal matching criterion. The accuracies of the significant wave height (SWH), spectrum peak period (Tp) and dominant azimuth (Azi) are 0.76 m, 2.89 s and −24.02°, respectively, in the coastal area of the South China Sea (SCS) and 0.30 m, 0.97 s and 13.02° in the offshore area of the SCS. Calculated based on CFOSAT SWIM data, the annual average SWH of mixed waves in the SCS is 1.47 m, and 80% of them are between 0.5 and 3 m. There are high value areas in the central, northeastern and southwestern parts of the SCS. The average annual SWH of swells is 0.93 m, and 99% of swells are less than 2 m. A high swell SWH also exists in the central part of the SCS. Plain Language Summary: Swells are an important marine resource. Due to their long propagation distance and fast propagation speed, they can effectively forecast storm surge. They also have large energy and good stability, which are conducive to acquisition and conversion, and they have become a new method for offshore power generation. China‐France ocean satellite provides a convenient means to observe waves and to verify the accuracy of wave parameters, which is an important step for wave detection. The South China Sea, with its vast sea area and abundant swell energy reserves, is an ideal area for offshore power generation. Understanding the distribution of swell energy in the South China Sea (SCS) provides an opportunity to explore a sustainable and reliable renewable energy source. The SCS is also important and significant to the development and utilization of swell energy and for the site selection of offshore power stations. Key Points: Precision valuation of surface waves investigation and monitoring L2 data such as significant wave height (SWH), spectrum peak period (Tp), dominant azimuth (Azi) were carried out and it was determined that the data were stableThe annual average SWH in the South China Sea is 1.47 m and 80% of them are between 0.5 and 3 mWind‐swell separation was carried out, and the distribution of swell SWH shows a high value in the central part of the South China Sea [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common comorbidity of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Since the distal esophagus and heart share a common afferent vagal supply, the delivery of radiofrequency in the distal esophagus can stimulate the coronary artery and induce acute myocardial infarction in a patient with CAD. Acute myocardial infarction may occur after esophageal radiofrequency (RF) therapy on patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Coronary artery disease and related risk factors should be reasonably excluded before treating GERD with esophageal RF therapy (Stretta procedure). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southwest monsoon between June and October induces upwelling and offshore cold‐water transport in the western South China Sea (SCS). A seasonal collocated chlorophyll bloom also occurs, resulting in a productivity increase in the oligotrophic SCS basin. To accurately quantify productivity transported toward the open ocean, it is necessary to determine whether the transport is continuous or intermittent (intraseasonal oscillation). However, intraseasonal chlorophyll oscillations during summer have not been investigated. The influences of upwelling and an eddy dipole on intraseasonal chlorophyll oscillation also remain unclear. Merged daily chlorophyll data obtained from a multisatellite ocean color product are used to investigate intraseasonal chlorophyll oscillations. Our results indicate that summer chlorophyll development is characterized by an intraseasonal double‐bloom pattern in July‐August and September‐October in 11 out of 20 years (1998–2017). The time interval between the two blooms varies between 23 and 45 days. The timing of the first bloom is correlated with upwelling (R2 = 0.70), but the secondary bloom is not (R2 = 0.26). During the second chlorophyll bloom period, high chlorophyll is observed in the interaction region of an eddy dipole, which is locally generated rather than transported from nearshore areas. A new index is proposed based on finite‐size Lyapunov exponents and the orientations of the associated eigenvectors to represent frontogenetic processes. The index coincides not only spatially with the chlorophyll bloom but also temporally with the chlorophyll variation during the second bloom period (R2 = 0.73). Plain Language Summary: Wind‐driven coastal upwelling occurs in the western South China Sea in summer during the southwest monsoon. Cold water near the coast extends offshore and develops into a cold eastward jet. The upwelling can transport deep nutrient‐rich water to the surface and support phytoplankton growth, generating chlorophyll blooms on a seasonal time scale. We find that due to the synergistic influences of upwelling and an eddy dipole, this seasonal chlorophyll bloom fluctuates on intraseasonal time scales. There are two chlorophyll blooms during summer in 11 out of 20 years (1998–2017). Upwelling contributes to the first chlorophyll bloom, and submesoscale frontogenetic processes associated with an eddy dipole are responsible for the second chlorophyll bloom. Key Points: An intraseasonal double peak of chlorophyll occurs in the western South China Sea in summer in 11 out of 20 years (1998–2017)Upwelling and offshore transport contribute to the first chlorophyll bloomSubmesoscale frontogenetic processes associated with an eddy dipole are responsible for the second chlorophyll bloom [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Phytoplankton blooms induced by the interaction between typhoons and oceanic mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea were investigated using the composite averaging method based on cyclone‐centric coordinates from nine years (2002–2010) of satellite observations. Increases in the chlorophyll (Chl) concentration following the passage of a typhoon differed greatly among the pre‐existing cyclonic eddy (PCE), pre‐existing anticyclonic eddy (PACE) and non‐eddy (NE) ocean conditions (with Chl increases of approximately 35%, 6% and 12%, respectively), but the magnitude of sea surface temperature (SST) cooling was similar under the three conditions (∼1°C). Under the same level of SST decreases, the greater increase in the Chl concentration in the PCE condition was attributed to the longer persistence of both SST cooling and nutrient input caused by the typhoon‐strengthened PCE (associated with upwelling), which stopped the re‐warming of the typhoon‐induced cold water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]