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Objective: Social determinants of health, including the effects of neighborhood disadvantage, impact epilepsy prevalence, treatment, and outcomes. This study characterized the association between aberrant white matter connectivity in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and disadvantage using a US census‐based neighborhood disadvantage metric, the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), derived from measures of income, education, employment, and housing quality. Methods: Participants including 74 TLE patients (47 male, mean age = 39.2 years) and 45 healthy controls (27 male, mean age = 31.9 years) from the Epilepsy Connectome Project were classified into ADI‐defined low and high disadvantage groups. Graph theoretic metrics were applied to multishell connectome diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) measurements to derive 162 × 162 structural connectivity matrices (SCMs). The SCMs were harmonized using neuroCombat to account for interscanner differences. Threshold‐free network‐based statistics were used for analysis, and findings were correlated with ADI quintile metrics. A decrease in cross‐sectional area (CSA) indicates reduced white matter integrity. Results: Sex‐ and age‐adjusted CSA in TLE groups was significantly reduced compared to controls regardless of disadvantage status, revealing discrete aberrant white matter tract connectivity abnormalities in addition to apparent differences in graph measures of connectivity and network‐based statistics. When comparing broadly defined disadvantaged TLE groups, differences were at trend level. Sensitivity analyses of ADI quintile extremes revealed significantly lower CSA in the most compared to least disadvantaged TLE group. Significance: Our findings demonstrate (1) the general impact of TLE on DWI connectome status is larger than the association with neighborhood disadvantage; however, (2) neighborhood disadvantage, indexed by ADI, revealed modest relationships with white matter structure and integrity on sensitivity analysis in TLE. Further studies are needed to explore this relationship and determine whether the white matter relationship with ADI is driven by social drift or environmental influences on brain development. Understanding the etiology and course of the disadvantage–brain integrity relationship may serve to inform care, management, and policy for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinoviruses (RVs) can cause severe wheezing illnesses in young children and patients with asthma. Vaccine development has been hampered by the multitude of RV types with little information about cross‐neutralization. We previously showed that neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to RV‐C are detected twofold to threefold more often than those to RV‐A throughout childhood. Based on those findings, we hypothesized that RV‐C infections are more likely to induce either cross‐neutralizing or longer‐lasting antibody responses compared with RV‐A infections. We pooled RV diagnostic data from multiple studies of children with respiratory illnesses and compared the expected versus observed frequencies of sequential infections with RV‐A or RV‐C types using log‐linear regression models. We tested longitudinally collected plasma samples from children to compare the duration of RV‐A versus RV‐C nAb responses. Our models identified limited reciprocal cross‐neutralizing relationships for RV‐A (A12–A75, A12–A78, A20–A78, and A75–A78) and only one for RV‐C (C2–C40). Serologic analysis using reference mouse sera and banked human plasma samples confirmed that C40 infections induced nAb responses with modest heterotypic activity against RV‐C2. Mixed‐effects regression modeling of longitudinal human plasma samples collected from ages 2 to 18 years demonstrated that RV‐A and RV‐C illnesses induced nAb responses of similar duration. These results indicate that both RV‐A and RV‐C nAb responses have only modest cross‐reactivity that is limited to genetically similar types. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, RV‐C species may include even fewer cross‐neutralizing types than RV‐A, whereas the duration of nAb responses during childhood is similar between the two species. The modest heterotypic responses suggest that RV vaccines must have a broad representation of prevalent types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]