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This paper reads the sale of citizenship via citizenship‐by‐investment (CBI) programmes through an offshore lens. Scholarship on offshore industries has long positioned citizenship sales as part of offshore capitalism—without exploring the phenomenon in any depth. Research on CBI, in turn, has with some notable exceptions neglected the phenomenon's offshore nature. This paper argues that CBI is an outgrowth and increasingly integral part of offshore capitalism, offering a new form of what Susan Roberts calls "regulatory arbitrage", aiding elite wealth accumulation and power. The paper establishes this relationship by examining the countries and firms selling citizenship, their marketing strategies and customers and, crucially, the nature of the product which rests on the three "offshore pillars", as described by Ronen Palan—virtual residency, easy incorporation, and secrecy. Conceptualising CBI as an offshore provision can transform how the phenomenon is understood and opens new avenues of thinking about its socio‐structural role and impact in an unequal world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, we are witnessing firms engaging in acquisitions to explore new business models. However, despite operating within similar industry sectors, integrating these business models can be challenging. Beyond the mere integration of operational aspects, this paper argues that business model integration should encompass two crucial dimensions: the integration of market architectural strategies and the assimilation of mindsets that drive market operations. The paper constructs a typology for business model integration, grounded in the integration of market architectural strategies, and mindsets and illustrates the types through international acquisition examples. The paper contributes to existing research by exploring integration within the context of business model acquisitions. The division into market architectural strategies and mindset advances past understanding of business models. The conceptualization of "value‐creation culture" extends the boundaries of past acquisition research and underscores the significance of mindsets associated with new business models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization in India has been on a rise, as can also be seen in emerging economies like Brazil, China, and Indonesia. India in 2011 was 31.2% urban with 377 million living in urban areas, which increased to 34% in 2017. The urban population is set to increase to 590 million by 2030 placing pressure on Indian infrastructure, which will necessitate the construction of 700 to 900 million square meters of commercial, residential, gardens, parks, and open spaces, in order to meet the demands of urban population. In the present study, gardens and parks in the city of Pune (Maharashtra State, India) and their revenue and expenditure heads (for year 2018–19) have been administered. The paper aims to study how public sector owned gardens and parks can be better utilized for advertising, co‐working spaces, physical fitness centers and be converted into revenue generating assets for the city, which are currently acting as liabilities. Explorative research methodology has been utilized and the study is based on secondary data collected majorly from the local Municipal Corporation office. Important findings of the paper suggest – as to how under‐utilized public gardens and parks can be converted into multifaced, revenue generating areas without hindering the core objective of open places and thereby helping the city level corporation in smoothly fulfilling its roles and responsibilities. The paper would thus play a positive role in aiding the local government to look at innovative sources of financing and thus, reduce its financial dependability on higher levels of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development and popularization of multimedia technology, people's communication and information dissemination become more and more convenient. The use of new media technology in marketing accelerates the enterprise's adaptation to market changes. With the help of new marketing technology, the quality of marketing can be improved and the effect of marketing can be maximized. This paper reviews the current literature on e-commerce marketing and then analyzes the feasibility of precision marketing in e-commerce market in the new media era. In order to screen potential consumers and improve the success rate of precision marketing, this paper establishes a prediction model for precision marketing of bank credit cards. A public dataset selected in this paper contains the basic characteristics of the customer, such as age, gender, monthly income, monthly consumption, and whether the customer has agreed to process the credit card after personalized recommendation. After data cleaning and preprocessing, XGboost algorithm is used to predict whether the customer will process the credit card. The calculation shows that the XGboost algorithm can still maintain a high accuracy when dealing with fewer characteristic variables. This study is helpful to better predict users' consumption intention, further explore potential customers, and improve the success rate of precision marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business model of traditional market is declining day by day, and people's consumption cognition has risen to a new level with the leap in science and technology. Enterprises need to adjust and optimize their marketing strategies in time according to the new consumption characteristics, so as to smoothly adapt to the environmental changes in the Internet age. This paper briefly analyzes the relationship between sales development and psychology and constructs a fusion model that can predict preferences with the help of neural network structure of the deep learning method. Describe user portraits and characteristics, analyze users' purchasing behavior and credit literacy, and push related products combined with a hash algorithm to achieve accurate e-commerce marketing purposes. The results show that (1) the model constructed in this paper and five different models are used for multi-modal recognition analysis: the accuracy is 79.56%, the recall rate is 77.43%, F1 is 0.785, and the error value can be reduced to about 0.18 by epoch iteration; the model is superior and has great use value. (2) Using the model to extract user attribute features and predict certain preferences, 13 topics and weight ratios are obtained for users of a certain platform, and the portrait model of each user is constructed. (3) According to the portrait optimization, 8 different marketing strategies are obtained, and the marketing effect is remarkable, fluctuating between 69% and 82%, and the income situation is also satisfactory. The final model design is reasonable and the data performance is good, which provides an intelligent and efficient dynamic strategy service for enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of economy, people's demand for travel is also increasing. They are no longer satisfied with the single standardized travel products of travel agencies and begin to pursue personalized. When many customers travel, the most important thing is their subjective feelings. This is also the focus of tourism enterprise research. Therefore, introducing experiential marketing into tourism and realizing experiential marketing can enhance the sense of experience of tourism, improve the economic benefits of tourism, and promote the development of tourism. This paper mainly studies the application of experiential marketing in tourism industry. In this paper, based on the tourism situation of Qingyan Ancient Town and the tourism marketing activities of other tourist attractions, combined with my own design, we developed an optimized design scheme of experiential marketing. In the process of implementation, there are still areas to be improved, and the author will continue to study and learn from the sharing of other scholars. The purpose of this paper is to study the validity of marketing strategies of tourist attractions based on experiential marketing. On the one hand, the research of this paper can enrich the theory of experience marketing; on the other hand, it can also provide reference for the reality of tourism marketing, which has theoretical and practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of online shopping has contributed to marketing strategy. Social presence plays an important role in the field of marketing. Therefore, this paper studies the influence of social presence on online impulse buying. The key marketing strategy is that consumers make impulsive buying behavior in online shopping. This paper proposes a research scheme for an impulsive buying sharing model based on user features and an article studied before which has some factors presented. The model is evaluated on a data analysis based on SPSS24.0 and AMOS23.0. The results show that the main factors such as interactivity, vividness, and media richness, all have positive effects on social presence. Therefore, in the variable relationship, social presence has a direct impact on impulsive buying behavior. This result has a theory contribution on the marketing theory model which also has an important practice significance in marketing strategy for enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many psychological interventions encourage sustainable consumption by altering attitudes, these modified attitudes often do not result in sustainable choices leading to the need to test alternative interventions to facilitate sustainable consumption, such as priming. Priming uses stimuli that trigger nonconscious processing that influences decisions. Despite its popularity, studies that employ priming strategies in sustainable consumption research are widely dispersed across several conceptual domains. This article unpacks and summarizes different approaches to priming sustainable behavior by delineating theoretical and methodological perspectives in various contexts across diverse consumer characteristics. The method employed is a scoping review of 74 articles published over 23 years (2000–2022). The resulting review (1) provides an overview of priming in sustainable consumption, (2) highlights knowledge gaps, (3) identifies knowledge clusters, and (4) proposes a research agenda for future investigations. Primarily, this paper provides an integrated map that deconstructs how researchers have explored priming interventions to promote sustainable consumption and to enable the best, or at least, better practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, merchants' marketing strategies have broken time and distance barriers, allowing consumers to interact with advertisements, and merchants can gather a large number of consumers' feedback at the same time. PRCB is proposed and used because it can engage and create consumers' interest prior to the release. Different from EWOM, PRCB is usually launched before product release, and such activities can be divided into three types: communication, search, and participation in experience activities. PRCB can accurately predict the development trend of products due to its dynamic nature, which was proven by introducing data on movie box office and movie trailer clicks. In addition, the VSM platform (HSX) is also introduced to show consumers' expectation and interest in new items by analyzing the evolving trend of the stock market. Finally, this paper discusses the universality of PRCB in different consumer groups and the research direction to further improve its prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to introduce an Allen‐type index of differentiation based on cost functions. With this index, we create an economic measure of product differentiation that quantifies differences between products. Applied research has some generally accepted economic measures, for example, the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index for market concentration, or the Gini coefficient for inequality. Product differentiation, however, does not yet have an established measure. Our objective is to fill that gap and introduce a measure that can be used in market‐related applied research such as market power, antitrust, price indexes, or market strategy. To operationalize the index, we introduce the concept of a core product and use cost functions to measure the degree of differentiation from the core product. To demonstrate the use of the index, we study the effect of product differentiation on price formation in the airline industry using an enhanced hedonic model. The model is empirically tested on 103,980 observations of quarterly US domestic airfare data between 2002 and 2016 and shows that product differentiation has a significant effect on both price and mark‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal flexibility aids in risk management and has a broader application than hedging instruments. This paper demonstrates how optimal hedging policies are affected by it. We develop a dynamic risk management model to capture financial and operational decisions. We first show that internal flexibility reduces the marginal value of hedging instruments. As a result, optimal financial hedging is selective and dependent on investment opportunities. These opportunities account for the majority of the difference between hedged and unhedged firms. By incorporating internal flexibility, the model becomes more realistic but also generates a complex interaction between financial hedging and marketing strategy. During the growth phase, hedging instruments are partially substitutive but have a synergistic effect on investment. In the mature or declining phase, the remedial effect of marketing strategy maintains investment, thereby increasing operating risk and the marginal value of financial hedging. These results are applicable to firms free of agency conflicts and provide a solid theoretical basis for future empirical tests. We advise that scholars thoroughly examine internal flexibility and development stages in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing scale of the domestic film industry, the output of domestic films is also increasing. The design and execution problems in ticket marketing strategies adversely affect the revenue of domestic films. This paper aims to propose solutions to optimize film companies' marketing strategies by analyzing the marketing environment and current situation to increase the income of domestic films. Firstly, the current situation of BJ's marketing is analyzed, and the main problems are clarified. Secondly, the necessity and feasibility of applying blockchain technology to the operation and management of film companies are introduced. New marketing strategies and safeguards have been developed by analyzing the target market and optimizing the program. A quantitative method is used to predict a new movie's box office in its premiere month. The proposed method introduces three factors affecting the box office: new film positioning, film marketing, and film prerating, as input variables. Besides, a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is implemented to predict the monthly box office of the premiere of new films. The results show that the predicted monthly box office of the movie adopting the optimized marketing strategy is 1,451,718.6 CNY, which is smaller than the target box office of 1414029.8. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is only 0.026. The proposed model's Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is 0.45 for the long-term prediction of a single movie price. The MAE is 0.106, and the accuracy is 0.80. The model proposed beats the unimproved Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model and the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) model. This paper provides a reference for optimizing the film company's marketing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G wireless networks are attracting attention due to their high data rates and robustness to multimedia options. Based on 5G wireless multimedia technology, this paper constructs an auxiliary marketing strategy for multipath collaboration. Based on the 5G wireless network system, the model solves the optimization problem of effective service energy consumption. The solution of the problem is obtained through a two-step solution and related algorithms, and the numerical simulation proves that the multipath cooperative transmission strategy has the advantages of network delay and effective service performance. In the simulation process, a 5G NR downlink system simulation model is established according to the wireless data transmission theory; in the marketing strategy estimation, the decision feedback marketing strategy estimation algorithm is improved to improve the marketing strategy estimation performance, which can effectively reduce insertion loss of the network. The results show that with the increase of the marketing data center density, the receiving delay decreases and the energy efficiency increases; when the number of video contents in the marketing data center is configured as 264, the effective service performance under the single-path transmission strategy can be achieved. Compared with the minimum value of the effective service energy consumption under the single-path transmission strategy, the minimum value of the effective service energy consumption under the multipath cooperative transmission strategy is reduced by 11.5%, which effectively improves the network throughput of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the arrival of the social media era and the fragmentation of consumer habits, how to develop the optimal marketing strategy for products has become a hot topic. When a consumer purchases a product, the firm provides a link for him/her to share with friends, and doing so can expand demand and increase profits. This paper considers three strategies: the referral reward strategy that does not care whether successful, the referral reward strategy that must be successful, and the dual strategy. To provide firms with advice, this paper adopts literature analysis and survey analysis to examine the three strategies of operation mode, and uses backward induction and optimization method to solve the optimal pricing. Finally, the influence of different network structures on strategy selection is studied by numerical simulation experiments. Results show that the strategy of referral reward under social network is feasible and profitable when the firm faces serious information problems and the reward cost is low. Compared with the basic model without bonuses, the introduction of rewards reduces the price of first‐period consumers and affects their motivation to share information. Among the three strategies, the distribution ratio of the unit bonus has little effect on profit. The second‐period price and profits of the dual strategy are higher than those of the two other strategies. Besides, the structure of social networks has a small impact on profits, so adopting the dual strategy can obtain higher profit than adopting either of the other two strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, sustainability has become a successful, relevant, critical factor in several food industries. The adoption of a sustainable marketing strategy contributes positively to changes in society in terms of environmental, social and economic development. The relationship between sustainability and business performance has been widely debated in management and organisational studies. However, despite its importance and relevance, fishery sustainability has not been systematically considered by scientific studies. This paper identifies and analyses the critical factors that describe the propensity towards sustainable development for large companies within the Italian fishery sector. For this purpose, the relationships among the following latent variables were analysed: sustainable social behaviour, sustainable environmental behaviour, sustainable marketing, and return on investment. A theoretical research model has been proposed and empirically tested using a methodology based on structural equation modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differentiated services and competition have made the operation of ride‐hailing platforms (i.e., Uber and Didi) more complex. Timely optimizing their pricing strategies will be conducive to the profitability of the platform enterprises. This paper considers the differentiation in service level of two ride‐hailing brands and the Bertrand price competition between platforms, and we propose dynamic, differentiated, and static pricing strategies based on the market demand fluctuation. The optimal prices in each case are derived, and the impacts of the Bertrand competition and differentiated services on the platform's optimal pricing strategies are analyzed. Our results show that competition between platforms will change the impact of the demand fluctuation on the optimal decisions of the platform. Additionally, we find that the optimal prices of two ride‐hailing brands all increase with the coefficient of service differentiation, but the optimal price of the brand with higher service level is increased faster. The numerical studies indicate that if one of the two platforms gives priority to offering differentiated services, the profit loss caused by competition can be attenuated to a great extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use a variational fuzzy neural network algorithm to conduct an in-depth analysis and research on the optimization of music intelligent marketing strategy. The music recommendation system proposed in this paper includes a user modelling module, audio feature extraction module, and recommendation algorithm module. The basic idea of the recommendation algorithm is as follows: firstly, the historical behavioural information of music users is collected, and the user preference model is constructed by using the method of matrix decomposition of the hidden semantic model; then, the audio resources in the system are preprocessed and the spectrum map that can represent the music features is extracted; the similarity between the user's preferred features and the music potential features are calculated to generate recommendations for the target user. The user-music dataset for model training and testing is constructed in-house, and the network model structure used for system experiments is designed based on a typical convolutional neural network model, while the model training tuning parameters are compared and selected. Finally, the model is trained and tested in this paper, and the system is evaluated in terms of both prediction rating accuracy and recommendation list generation accuracy using root mean square error, accuracy, recall, and F1 value as recommendation quality evaluation metrics. The experimental results show that the recommendation algorithm in this paper has certain feasibility and effectiveness. Compared with other traditional music recommendation algorithms, this paper makes full use of the powerful advantage of deep neural networks to automatically extract features and obtain higher-level music feature representations from the audio content, while incorporating the historical behavioural information of user interactions with music, which can effectively alleviate the problems such as cold start in recommendation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the usage of machine learning algorithms is subject to discussion from a legal and ethical point of view. Unwanted discrimination regarding gender or race of a prediction model can lead to legal consequences. Therefore, during predictive model learning, one needs to be aware of possible bias and adjust the model to be fair. However, in bank marketing applications, one customer can receive multiple offers instead of just one. Because of their correlation between, a multi‐label classification approach is the most suitable one. This paper proposes a fair classifier chain machine learning model for multi‐label classification. Our algorithm solves the multi‐label classification problem in an efficient manner, and it is suitable for real‐life application employment. The proposed approach allows for controlling fairness constraints during the process of machine learning. It is based on the logistic regression model, thus enabling high efficiency and understandability. We apply our model to a real‐life model from bank marketing campaign response prediction. The obtained results are promising. More specifically, our model achieves high fairness measures having an increase from 7% to 17%. However, fairness has a price of a decrease in predictive performance, up to 9% of AUC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first algorithm that introduce fairness constraints in multi‐label classification problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the role of marketing strategies of tourism providers in inducing risk‐taking behaviour deriving lessons from theoretical foundations of 'fear appeal' and 'protection‐motivation' and the stimulus–organism–response framework. We engage with their meaning‐generating identity narratives that play an indispensable role in sustaining and enhancing the market appeal of dark tourism experiences, places and products. Our findings demonstrate how providers use information‐based and emotions‐focused strategies to induce visitors to engage in different degrees of risk‐taking activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battery swapping mode is a promising way for electric vehicles (EVs) to participate in power grid frequency regulation. However, the operation mechanism and the uncertainty management in the process still lack research. Aiming at this issue, this paper proposes a day‐ahead bidding strategy for the battery swapping and charging system (BSCS) providing regulation reserve capacity in the ancillary service market. Firstly, a new BSCS‐based regulation model is established. Then, an ambiguity set based on Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence is used to manage the uncertainty of regulation signals and battery swapping demands. Furthermore, a boundary expectation approach is proposed to turn the problem into robust optimization. Finally, after using the extreme scenario method (ESM) to generate extreme scenarios, a duality‐free column‐and‐constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is employed to solve the problem. The case studies demonstrate that BSCS can provide economical and robust reserve capacity bidding plans in the day‐ahead market with the proposed strategy. At the same time, the BSCS‐based regulation service is simulated with the battery development trend in the future, and suggestions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although crowdsourcing challenges as tools for generating high levels of innovation have received much attention, little research has investigated the impact on participants when their submissions are rejected. This research is aimed at gaining a better understanding of the consequences of rejection for participants' relationships with the brand engaged in the crowdsourcing activity. To investigate these issues, two quantitative studies were carried out with participants whose challenge proposals had not been selected. The results highlight positive effects on participant–brand relationships, especially on brand attachment, proselytism, brand commitment and brand loyalty. A confirmatory, interview‐based qualitative study then identifies managerial perspectives and marketing strategies for brands and crowdsourcing platforms following the announcement of challenge results. This paper contributes to both the co‐creation and crowdsourcing literature by extending academic knowledge and provides opportunities for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market practitioners and speculators attempt to make benefits from the existence of market price gaps and profit opportunities by arbitrage strategies. Although some investors trade stocks based on the available financial and fundamental information of a particular share, there are others who make profits by risk hedging and swing trading opportunities. One of these strategies is pairs trading, which is a sub‐category of statistical arbitrage. Pairs trading can assure reasonably a risk‐free profit gaining. This paper aims to make a hypothetical portfolio composed of pairs of stocks by exploring a significant association between their prices in the Toronto Stock Exchange, TSX. We compare the profitability of distance, co‐integration, and copula functions as the pair's selection and trading strategy devices in TSX over January 2017 to June 2020. Our results show that the highest profitability comes from trading by the copula method. Our time frame includes two heterogeneous pre and post COVID‐19 periods. Although the financial markets are struggling with a hard situation over the COVID‐19 days, the performance of the methodologies is not affected by the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In markets where consumers have switching costs and firms cannot price-discriminate, firms have two conflicting strategies. A firm can either offer a low price to attract new consumers and build future market share or a firm can offer a high price to exploit the partial lock-in of their existing consumers. This paper develops a theory of competition when overlapping generations of consumers have switching costs and firms produce differentiated products. Competition takes place over an infinite horizon with any number of firms. This paper shows that the relationship between the level of switching costs, firms' discount rate, and the number of firms determines whether firms offer low or high prices. Similar to previous duopoly studies, switching costs are likely to facilitate lower (higher) equilibrium prices when switching costs are small (large) or when a firm's discount rate is large (small). Unlike previous studies, this paper demonstrates that the number of firms also determines whether switching costs are pro- or anticompetitive, and with a sufficiently large (small) number of firms switching costs are pro- (anti-) competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper provides a systematic review of consumer behaviour and order fulfilment in online retailing. The objective of this review is threefold: first, to identify elements of order‐fulfilment operations that are relevant to online consumer behaviour (purchase, repurchase, product return); second, to understand the relationship between order‐fulfilment performance and consumer behaviour; and third, to inspire future research on developing consumer service strategies that takes account of these behavioural responses to order‐fulfilment performance outcomes. The paper is based on a systematic review of literature on online consumer behaviour and order‐fulfilment operations, mainly in the fields of marketing and operations, published in international peer‐reviewed journals between 2000 and September 2015. This study indicates that the current literature on online consumer behaviour focuses mainly on the use of marketing tools to improve consumer service levels. Very little research has been conducted on the use of consumer service instruments to steer consumer behaviour or, consequently, to manage related order‐fulfilment activities better. The study culminates in a framework that encompasses elements of order‐fulfilment operations and their relationship to online consumer behaviour. This paper is the first comprehensive review of online consumer behaviour that takes aspects of order‐fulfilment operations into account from both marketing and operations perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to measure the impact of COVID‐19 and changes in economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on the US stock market volatility using Event Study, Stepwise Regression, and Vector Autoregression (VAR) models. The impact has been examined under three contexts namely inside the US, outside the US and the whole world. This study finds negative cumulative abnormal returns of the market in response to the announcement of new cases and death records whereas the market reacts positively to the announcement of the financial bailout. The negative and significant impact of reported deaths and cases on the volatility of stock indices indicates that the US stock market is highly sensitive to the COVID‐19. EPU has a significant and positive impact on the volatility of the US stock market. The COVID‐19, EPU, and volatility variables are cointegrated and move in a unidirectional way. This study considers the presence of a long‐run relationship among the variables and concludes that the US stock market is more exposed to COVID‐19 compared with the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goods in a market are typically presented in discrete categories so that consumers can easily find their way among the myriad of products available. However, sub‐categorical distinctions are often less clear. This study aimed to explore how consumer perceptions of products within a category relate to their sensory properties. By analyzing how consumers sorted energy bars and the vocabulary used to describe the resulting clusters, we found that consumers generally agree on how they perceive bars high in protein. However, energy bar consumers with high familiarity demonstrated greater levels of differentiation between clusters compared to energy bar consumers with low familiarity. They were also more consensual in their sorting. Furthermore, sensory properties were found to play a larger role in determining product clusters for consumers with high familiarity than with low familiarity. These findings shed light on the factors influencing consumer perception of energy bars. Additionally, this approach offers a simple way to investigate consumer perception of a product category and could be useful to marketers and product developers who wish to refine their offerings to better meet consumer expectations. Practical Applications: The method for category appraisal described in this paper emphasizes consumer perception of products and factors, such as sensory properties and nutrition facts, that influence these perceptions. It departs from traditional approaches that focus on individual product descriptions and instead focuses on product groupings perceived by consumers. This approach allows for deeper insights to be obtained about product categories as a whole, which can inform effective marketing strategies and efficient product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous development of the times and the application of artificial intelligence technology are more mature and common; as a new concept and way of thinking artificial intelligence technology plays an important role in brand marketing, brand marketing artificial intelligence era has truly arrived. Based on such a background, it is necessary to explore the value of artificial intelligence in brand marketing management and specific implementation strategies. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, we can realize the accurate capture of consumer demand, the accurate portrayal of consumer groups, and the high quality of brand marketing. The essence of strategic brand management is a brand management system based on brand value. With the help of the brand management system, all the company's contents are integrated and used to guide all the company's business actions. At the same time, the company's brand plan and framework are properly adjusted to constantly improve the brand's own value and promote the sustainable development of the brand and the company. In this paper, we briefly explain and analyze several brand marketing management modes and management countermeasures commonly used by modern enterprises and discuss the problems and optimization countermeasures in modern enterprise brand marketing management, hoping to enlighten the enhancement of enterprise brand marketing promotion effect and promote the sustainable development of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we leverage the concept of organizational field, currently under‐explored in international business literature, to understand how multinational enterprises (MNEs) from developed markets (DMs) strategically manage their institutional context in emerging markets (EMs). To develop theoretical arguments, we focus on institutional strategies and theorize how and to what extent MNEs in central, peripheral, and intermediate field positions engage with host country institutions in EMs. Using an international business perspective, organizational theory, and illustrations from EMs, we develop a dynamic view of field positions to identify how MNEs' intermediate repositioning trajectories in between the field's center and the periphery, driven by environmental and corporate factors, lead to the associated changes in the form and scope of institutional strategies deployed in EMs. In doing so, we offer testable propositions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides novel empirical evidence on the patterns and dynamics of exports by Irish firms over the past two decades from a highly detailed data set of export records at the firm‐product‐destination level. We identify patterns of export concentration and specialisation and how these evolved over time. Firms' strategies for export growth along product and destination markets mixes are then examined and the contributions of intensive (average sales) and extensive (number of products or markets) margins to overall exports and to export growth are calculated. We find that most exporting firms are quite small, selling a few products to a small number of destinations while export values are dominated by a relatively small group of highly globalised large firms selling many products to many destinations. Continuing exporters frequently introduce new products, drop products and enter and exit markets. Export growth in the case of Irish‐owned exporters appears largely driven by the extensive margin of product and destination changes. However, the opposite pattern holds for foreign‐owned firms with growth mainly coming from the intensive margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We investigate the bundling and product strategy in a two‐stage supply chain with the channel competition, and analyze the effect of the bundling strategy on the behavior of supply chain members. In this paper, we consider two situations of channel competitions that are from the external or internal of the supply chain, two types of selling strategies (bundling or unbundling), and two types of product strategies (low or high quality). We propose the game models for different competition situations with the bundling strategy and product‐quality strategy to obtain the optimal decisions for supply chain members. We find that the bundling is the retailer's preferred strategy in two channel competitions; the bundling strategy encourages the competitor (i.e., the new supplier of complementary component) outside the supply chain to provide the low‐quality components, while the product strategy of the channel competitor (i.e., the existing supplier of complementary component) in the supply chain is not affected by the bundling strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The network traffic monitoring and marketing strategy of online music products in the multimedia environment refers to the use of existing multimedia technologies to analyze the environment of the online music industry, accurately locate the needs of product users, and formulate more practical and effective network traffic monitoring and marketing strategies. This paper firstly gives a comprehensive overview of the concept and characteristics of online music and then analyzes the development status of the online music industry. Then, according to the current situation and marketing direction of the industry, three network traffic monitoring and marketing strategies for online music products are proposed. They are marketing strategy based on big data mining, marketing strategy based on new media platform, and marketing strategy based on O2O model. These three network traffic monitoring and marketing strategies all need to rely on the existing multimedia technology. Finally, the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed network traffic monitoring and marketing strategies are analyzed by comparing the network traffic monitoring and marketing strategies of online music products with the traditional marketing strategies in the multimedia environment. The experimental results show that the number of visits to music products under the multimedia environment marketing strategy is 1.2 times that of the traditional marketing strategy, and the download volume is 1.5 times that of the traditional marketing strategy. This has a very good effect on the marketing of online music products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a quantitative survey approach, cluster analysis is used to assess the relevant target segments of a wildlife trust to develop a consumer‐focused marketing strategy. Using environmental identity and stages of change, the paper identifies and examines a number of clusters for both members and non‐members and segments the trust's target audience, providing valuable insights into the character and behaviour of each segment and their openness to different activities. It provides practical recommendations as to which specific groups would be most valuable to target for the trust as well as the potential messages and marketing strategies which be most successful in engaging these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer subversion refers to consumer acts that are intended to impede the ability of marketers to develop and implement a marketing strategy, including market segmentation, target marketing, and the formulation of a marketing mix. Consumer subversion has featured across many bodies of marketing literature, yet it has not been explicitly defined and studied. This paper identifies and organizes examples of consumer subversion from marketing literature. It delineates how consumer subversion is related to, yet different from, related terms, such as anti‐consumption, consumer revenge and retaliation, dysfunctional and deviant consumer behavior, and consumer movements. Consumer subversion can be proactive or reactive, and can be targeted at specific firms or towards the marketing function in general. Such acts range from individual exit or using ad blockers to extreme hostility via revenge or sabotage. This study derives a classification of consumer subverters, discusses the psychological "need to win" linked to consumer subversion, and presents a research agenda organized around consumers who subvert, firms that are subverted, and antecedents and consequences of subversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores Internet celebrities' personal brand development motivations and their strategies for successful personal branding practices. It divides the motivations of Internet celebrities to build their personal brands into internal and external factors as a basic framework to explore the establishment of a personal brand. We collect empirical data on 280 Internet celebrities from Taiwan through online and paper‐based questionnaires and conduct structure equation modeling to examine any causal relationships. Statistical results support the main hypothesis that both internal and external motivations push them to adopt involvement and information sharing as their main activities when building a personal brand. However, only involvement is able to create a successful personal brand, as information sharing alone fails to demonstrate the expected effects. We employ the mixed‐method approach to collect data through qualitative and quantitative sources. In‐depth qualitative interviews of successful Internet celebrities also corroborate the empirical results. This study suggests that future Internet celebrities should focus on involvement activities, rather than just sharing information, if they want to create a successful personal brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer‐to‐peer‐accommodation, a sharing economy‐based business model, enables using unutilized houses, apartments, and rooms of individuals to provide shared accommodation to tourists and travelers. On account of the importance of peer‐to‐peer accommodation, many studies have been conducted on factors/stimuli driving peer‐to‐peer accommodation adoption; however, findings remain inconsistent and fragmented. Accordingly, using the stimulus‐organism‐response model, this meta‐analysis provides generalized findings on determinants driving peer‐to‐peer accommodation adoption. Our meta‐analysis shows that stimuli (service characteristics, psychological aspects, social aspects, and technological aspects) drive the organism (perceived service quality) which in turn drives peer‐to‐peer accommodation adoption. Further, our moderation analysis shows that the relationship between these stimuli and the organism, and the relationship between the organism and peer‐to‐peer accommodation adoption, vary depending on four moderators: sample type, country of study, survey administration method, and sample size. Overall, this study contributes to the stimulus‐organism‐response theory by extending it to the meta‐analytical approach and suggesting a new organism for inclusion in the original stimulus‐organism‐response model. This meta‐analysis also contributes to the peer‐to‐peer accommodation and sharing economy literature and provides practical recommendations for accommodation platform providers and their listed houses to develop marketing strategy and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research was largely consistent in predicting a negative relationship between family ownership and research and development ( R& D) intensity until Chrisman and Patel, using a behavioral agency model ( BAM), called this general assumption into question. They argued that publicly owned family firms typically invest less in R& D than nonfamily-owned firms. This behavior may however be reversed if economic performance levels are below family aspirations or if family long-term goals, such as pursuing strong transgenerational family control, are highly valued. While most researchers, like Chrisman and Patel, primarily focused on large listed firms, more research on the relationship between family ownership and R& D intensity in privately held small- and medium-sized enterprises ( SMEs) is required. This is because firm size can play an important role in understanding the innovation management behavior of firms. Building on the BAM perspective, in the present paper it is argued that Chrisman and Patel's results can be extended to the context of SMEs, albeit with one important specification: the relationship between family ownership and R& D intensity is likely to be contingent on the way the family has invested its wealth. Specifically, it is contended that in the context of SMEs, where goals are more fluid and mixed, when there is a high overlap between family wealth and firm equity (i.e., most of the family's wealth is invested in the firm) the relationship between family ownership and R& D intensity is negative because of the family owners' greater desire to protect their socioemotional wealth ( SEW). However, if the overlap between the family's total wealth and single firm equity is low (i.e., firm equity is just a small part of the total family wealth), the relationship between family ownership and R& D intensity is positive as the low overlap between family wealth and firm equity reduces the family's loss aversion propensity. In such a situation, family ownership is likely to foster R& D intensity because of the long-term orientation of family owners that increases the family firm's propensity to bear the risk of investing in R& D activities. The hypothesis is tested and confirmed in a study of 240 small- and medium-sized firms based in Italy. The paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, adding to the literature on innovation management and R& D intensity, it increases the understanding of what drives or inhibits R& D investments in SMEs when a family is involved in the ownership of the firm. This is particularly important because research on innovation management, as well as research on R& D intensity in family firms, is primarily focused on large firms and much less on SMEs. Second, the study complements arguments from prior research on the correlates of R& D intensity in large listed firms, showing that the BAM and SEW perspective offer a theoretical framework that is also able to illustrate the complex nature of innovation management in the context of SMEs. Third, the study contributes to research on the effects of family ownership on the general functioning of a firm. In particular, it provides new insights into how family ownership may affect R& D intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show that managerial attention is a particularly important precursor of established firms' responses to discontinuous technological change. However, little is known about the factors that shape managerial attention-response patterns. Our qualitative study investigates how the attention of family firm chief executive officers ( CEOs) to discontinuous technological shifts, the interpretation and decision-making processes associated with these changes, and ultimately organizations' responses are affected by CEOs' noneconomic goals. Based on seven longitudinal case studies in the German consumer goods industry, the paper induces a process model that extends the findings of the literature on the attention-based view and helps to explain heterogeneity in family firms' adaptation to discontinuous technological change. This study shows that the family CEO's specific noneconomic goals-such as power and control, transgenerational value, the maintenance of family reputation, the continuance of personal ties, or personal affect associated with the family business-determine whether the CEO assesses an emerging technology as relevant enough to warrant a reaction from the firm. Moreover, the family CEO's noneconomic goals constrain the set of considered responses. The outcome of this sensemaking process determines the organization's response. For instance, in the specific context of this study, the goal of 'family power and control' entailed an immediate interpretation of the focal trend as important for maintaining influence, and resulted in an unconstrained set of responses and, ultimately, high innovation in the new domain. Over time, family CEOs might reevaluate the emerging trend based on their goals and adapt organizational moves accordingly. The paper identifies and discusses how ambiguities and dilemmas may arise during this process. Our findings contribute to the literature on adaptation to discontinuous technological change and to family firm research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses price competition in the case of monopoly and duopoly considering cost function under the minimum money expensed with demand probability and shows the existence of pure strategy Nash equilibrium of a Bertrand game. It also finds price strategies of two firms to earn maximum profits in a Bertrand game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally antitrust law is strongly tied to price theory economics so that prices, costs, profits, and profit sacrifice are typically examined in antitrust cases. This paper proposes broadening traditional antitrust analysis to also explicitly examine the likely effect of allegedly anticompetitive conduct on product options and consumer choice. In order to accomplish this task, this paper proposes that various aspects of marketing strategy should be considered when examining product strategies that are accused of being anticompetitive. This paper further suggests that the current list of inconsistently and poorly defined product strategies used by the courts be augmented by three more straight forward but overlapping categories based on impact on consumer choice: Lock‐Outs, Lock‐Ins, and Hold‐Ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that a firm with multiple brands can obfuscate consumer search by excluding the brands of other firms from a consumer's consideration set. This is examined empirically by regressing price data for a leading U.K. motor insurance price comparison site (or "shopbot"). It finds that multibrand firms own three-quarters of brands in this market, and that allowing for other brand strategies, they post significantly lower and clustered prices relative to other firms. The firms also conceal their brand ownership, consistent with search obfuscation. The results are not otherwise explained and they have implications for market competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents a systematic review of recent academic literature analysing the role, organization and management of marketing activities in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). To this end, 310 articles published between 2006 and 2015 in 69 main journals devoted to small firms/entrepreneurship and management/marketing fields were analysed. This review shows that SMEs’ marketing has received great attention in both management and marketing literature in recent years. Findings reveal, on the one hand, the emerging role of networks and information and communication technologies in marketing behaviour by SMEs, and on the other hand a research gap in terms of specific marketing practices. Entrepreneurial marketing has been used as the main conceptual framework in reviewed studies, even if findings overall still point out a distance between the theoretical bases of reviewed contributions and the study of SMEs’ marketing behaviour and practices. Therefore, future research on the role of resources, relationships and networks could benefit from the combination of theories developed within the field of entrepreneurship with other approaches such as the resource‐based view, the dynamic capabilities theory and the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making proper decisions in today's complex world is a challenging task for decision makers. A promising approach that can support decision makers to have a better understanding of complex systems is agent-based modeling (ABM). ABM has been developing during the last few decades as a methodology with many different applications and has enabled a better description of the dynamics of complex systems. However, the prescriptive facet of these applications is rarely portrayed. Adding a prescriptive decision-making (DM) aspect to ABM can support the decision makers in making better or, in some cases, optimized decisions for the complex problems as well as explaining the investigated phenomena. In this paper, first, the literature of DM with ABM is inquired and classified based on the methods of integration. Performing a scientometric analysis on the relevant literature lets us conclude that the number of publications attempting to integrate DM and ABM has not grown during the last two decades, while analysis of the current methodologies for integrating DM and ABM indicates that they have serious drawbacks. In this regard, a novel nature-inspired model articulation called optimal agent framework (OAF) has been proposed to ameliorate the disadvantages and enhance the realization of proper decisions in ABM at a relatively low computational cost. The framework is examined with the Bass diffusion model. The results of the simulation for the customized model developed by OAF have verified the feasibility of the framework. Moreover, sensitivity analyses on different agent populations, network structures, and marketing strategies have depicted the great potential of OAF to find the optimal strategies in various stochastic and unconventional conditions which have not been addressed prior to the implementation of the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of product updates and the intensification of product competition, product market strategies become the primary consideration for the enterprises, and the advertisement and promotion strategies are considered the two important strategies implemented by enterprises. This paper considers the enterprises of similar products and substitute, their formation of a competition between traditional products and innovative products, and establishes a mixed node-level information diffusion model to describe the dynamic product diffusion process with complex network theories. We implement advertising strategies for potential buyers who have not obtained product information and implement promotional strategies for those who have obtained product information. In accordance with Pontryagin maximization principle, we seek the best strategy to maximize the impact of innovative products and use numerical calculations to simulate the diffusion state of products. We found that the advertisement strategies play a decisive role in the marketing of innovative products. If product promotion strategies are added, the spread of innovative products will be more effective and more influential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing means the strategies and tactics an organization undertakes for attracting consumers to promote the buying or selling of a product or service. Active marketing is about receiving messages from potential buyers to create ways to influence their purchasing decisions. Advertising is one of the most prominent marketing strategies to promote products to consumers. It is well known that advertisement has a significant impact on the sale of certain goods or services. In this paper, we consider two mediums of advertisement, such as Facebook (which is an online medium) and Newspaper (which is a printed medium). We consider a dataset representing the advertising budget (in hundreds of US dollars) of an electronic company and the sales of that company. We apply the quantitative research approach, and the data which are used in this research are secondary data. For analysis purposes, we consider a statistical tool called simple linear regression modeling. To check the significance of the advertising on sale, definite statistical tests are applied. Based on the findings of this research, it is observed that advertising has a significant impact on sales. It is also showed that spending money on advertising through Facebook has better sales than newspapers. The finding of this research shows that the use of computer-based technologies and online mediums has a brighter future for advertising. Furthermore, a new statistical model is introduced using the Z family approach. The proposed model is very interesting and possesses heavy-tailed properties. Finally, the applicability of the proposed model is illustrated by considering the financial dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinationals from emerging economies are relatively new players in the global economy. This Special Issue includes five articles that cover several important aspects of the market and nonmarket strategies pursued by emerging market multinational corporations (EMNCs). Given that only a few firms from emerging markets embrace the possibilities and challenges of going global, we highlight the need to examine country, industry, and firm level antecedents of the emergence of EMNCs. We also draw attention to the need to study the role played by immigrant populations in EMNC internationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advance selling occurs when consumers order a firm's product prior to the regular selling season. It reduces uncertainty for both the firm and the buyers and enables the firm to better forecast its future demand. The distinctive feature of this paper is that there are both experienced and inexperienced consumers, with the former knowing their valuations of the product in advance. We show that pre-orders from experienced consumers lead to a more precise forecast of future demand by the firm and that the optimal pre-order price may be at a discount or a premium relative to the regular selling price. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks into how new ventures organize their business models in order to meet their available resources. It employs the business model as the unit of analysis to investigate the role and nature of business model adaptation as a coping mechanism with resource constraints. By drawing on a case study with two ventures starting with different resources, the paper shows how those ventures use business model adaptation under resource constraints as a way to create comparable offerings. Business model adaptation involves a process of continuous search, selection, and improvement in value creation, value proposition, and value capture, based on the surrounding environment. For the two new ventures included in this study, early business model adaptations were related to (1) market - geography and customer, (2) strategy - marketing, sales, and growth, (3) profit - profit formula and cost structure, and (4) structures, processes, and capabilities. This paper also shows how the adaptation process is conditioned by the venture's stock and flow of resources. Bringing a resource perspective into the process of business model adaptation implies practical implications for new ventures that are developing and adapting their business models to strategically co-develop their offering with their resources such that they match required adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine a revenue-enhancing opportunity for perishable products that face demand uncertainty with fixed capacity and limited product options, and where customers have distinct preferences in product selection. We use an airline as an example of such products in this paper. An airline provides several product options for customers, as it operates multiple flights between the same origin-destination at different times of the same day. We consider customers with a strong preference for a specific flight and introduce a segment of customers who are flexible with their travel plans and have no specific flight preference on that day. We find that under some circumstances, the airline offering the flexible ticket to attract price-sensitive, flexible customers will enhance revenues. We investigate the optimal number of seats to reserve from the flights for the various fare classes and the fare for the flexible ticket. The implications of this research for the product with market disruption are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the development of strategies by multinational corporations (MNCs) for serving markets at the base of the economic pyramid (BoP). MNCs play an important role in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) formulated by the United Nations (UN), as they are responsible for one‐third of the total economic output and the majority of world trade. However, little is known about how MNCs contribute to meeting the UN SDGs. Through an in‐depth analysis of how Grundfos, a Danish MNC and a leading supplier of pumps, developed a solution for supplying fresh potable water to rural villages in Kenya, we investigate some challenges MNCs face and demonstrate the importance of intimate engagement with the context of strategic action. Tackling sustainable development issues in the context of BoP markets represents a distinctive challenge to MNCs, which often do not have a good understanding of BoP environments. Drawing on contrasting ideas of strategy as navigation or wayfaring, we highlight the dangers of trying to impose existing strategies and business practices in market contexts, which are fundamentally different from existing ones. We add to the existing research by exploring how such frameworks interact with strategizing processes in a novel environment for the operating firm. Specifically, we explore the interrelatedness between planned and emergent approaches to strategizing in BoP market environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]