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In 2015, the Indian Ocean exhibits an exceptionally weakened CO2 uptake, highlighting strong interannual variability of ocean carbon sink. By utilizing multiple ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) data and a state‐of‐the‐art ocean biogeochemical model, we show that the 2015 ocean CO2 anomaly is characterized by a basin‐wide amplification of ocean pCO2, differing from ocean pCO2 responses to other Indian Ocean Dipole events (e.g., 1997 and 2019). The distinct ocean pCO2 anomaly is attributed to an amplified warming and an unprecedented weakening Indonesian Throughflow under the influence of co‐occurrence of positive IOD and extreme El Niño in 2015. The amplified warming drives higher ocean pCO2 in the western and central Indian Ocean, while the ITF transports anomalously high ocean pCO2 water from the Pacific Ocean to the southeastern Indian Ocean. This newly identified ocean carbon response provides deeper insights into the Indian Ocean carbon interannual variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) was the strongest event since the 1960s which developed independently without coinciding El Niño. The dynamics is not fully understood. Here we show that in March–May, westward propagating oceanic Rossby waves, a remnant consequence of the weak 2018 Pacific warm condition, led to anomalous sea surface temperature warming in the southwest tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), inducing deep convection and anomalous easterly winds along the equator, which triggered the initial cooling in the east. In June–August, the easterly wind anomalies continued to evolve through ocean‐atmosphere coupling involving Bjerknes feedback and equatorial nonlinear ocean advection, until its maturity in September–November. This study clarifies the contribution of oceanic Rossby waves in the south TIO in different dynamic settings and reveals a new triggering mechanism for extreme IOD events that will help to understand IOD diversity. Plain Language Summary: The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is an ocean‐atmosphere coupled climatic phenomenon which can cause severe social and economic losses in the surrounding regions such as drought in the Maritime Continent/Australia and flooding in East Africa. The IOD features a see‐saw structure accompanied by an anomalous sea surface temperature gradient, winds, and oceanic adjustments. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the Pacific is an important trigger to a strong IOD event. However, an extreme positive IOD event occurred in 2019 without a concurrent or ensuing El Niño. We show that the thermocline warming associated with anomalous ocean downwelling in the southwest tropical Indian Ocean triggered atmospheric convection, inducing anomalous easterly winds along the equator and hence, positive feedbacks associated with an IOD event. This study may help to understand the evolution of extreme IOD and improve IOD predictability. Key Points: The oceanic downwelling Rossby waves in the south tropical Indian Ocean is key to the 2019 extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)The Rossby waves induced thermocline warming, triggering wind‐evaporation‐SST feedback thus anomalous easterly winds along the equatorThe easterly wind anomalies further triggered the Bjerknes feedback and other positive feedbacks and established an extreme IOD [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies a new triggering mechanism of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) from the Southern Hemisphere. This mechanism is independent from the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and tends to induce the IOD before its canonical peak season. The joint effects of this mechanism and ENSO may explain different lifetimes and strengths of the IOD. During its positive phase, development of sea surface temperature cold anomalies commences in the southern Indian Ocean, accompanied by an anomalous subtropical high system and anomalous southeasterly winds. The eastward movement of these anomalies enhances the monsoon off Sumatra‐Java during May–August, leading to an early positive IOD onset. The pressure variability in the subtropical area is related with the Southern Annular Mode, suggesting a teleconnection between high‐latitude and midlatitude climate that can further affect the tropics. To include the subtropical signals may help model prediction of the IOD event. Plain Language Summary: An Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) at its positive phase featuring anomalously high and low sea surface temperature (SST) in the west and east equatorial Indian Ocean, respectively, shifts atmosphere convection westward, causing severe floods and droughts in surrounding west and east Indian Ocean‐rim regions. Known triggering mechanisms, such as the external El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), cannot explain development or intensity of many IOD events. Here we find a novel triggering mechanism of the IOD from the Southern Hemisphere, in which the subtropical high pressure and wind anomalies forcing cool SST anomalies evolve to trigger onset of an IOD event via enhancing the monsoon off Sumatra‐Java. This Southern Hemisphere Mechanism can operate independently from the ENSO and commences earlier than the ENSO forcing, thus providing explanation of different IOD characteristics and a longer prediction lead time. Key Points: A triggering mechanism of the IOD originated from the Southern Hemisphere is identifiedThe Southern Hemisphere Mechanism is independent from ENSO and associated with subtropical and high‐latitude climatic variabilityThe joint effects of such mechanism and ENSO produce different characteristics of the IOD [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]