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Background Welfare for the disabled is becoming an important issue in China and care for people with intellectual disability is challenging because of the inadequacies in formal support and the social service system. Material and Method Based on ethnographic research in two villages in North China, this paper analyses the dilemmas of family care for people with intellectual disability. The essential data is the ethnographic record of three cases. Results Rural families strive to provide care through a set of arrangements and bear tremendous stress in the process. Conclusion Family care for people with intellectual disability in rural China has been increasingly challenged by the forces of labour migration, demographic changes and the ever-growing processes of commoditization. The role of the state has to be strengthened in welfare provision to balance the weakened family care ethos in transforming societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premastication is thought to be an adaptive behavior in the introduction of complementary plant-bassed food to infants. It arouses controversy, however, because of the potential for transmitting saliva-born infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to explore whether premastication by healthy caregivers was associated with children's health and behavior. The data were collected as part of the Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Growth study. From 8 cities in China, 1341 pairs of infants/toddlers and their caregivers were recruited. An interviewer-administrated questionnaire collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, feeding behaviors, and self-reported health status. Anthropometric measurements were taken and blood samples were collected for analysis of hemoglobin levels. The overall prevalence of premastication was 26.9% and varies from 14-43% among the 8 cities. Premastication was not associated with occurrences of illness or with the nutritional indicators of height-for-age Z score, weight-for-age Z score, weight-for-height Z score, head circumference Z score and hemoglobin ( P all >.05). Premastication occurred more often among infants who were raised by their parents ( P = .005), whose mothers' education was lower ( P < .001), who were subject to more concern from their parents ( P = .022), and whose parents thought their children had an obesity problem ( P = .001). Presmastication was not associated with food picky behaviors. Premastication is still a common feeding practice in China. More studies are needed to determine the biological, economic, and cultural benefits or harm from premastication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To investigate the characteristics of the different club drugs and associated high-risk sexual behaviours in China. Design Multicentre cross-sectional study. Setting Drug Detoxification and Rehabilitation Centres in six provinces, China. Participants A total of 1434 eligible club drug users were included. Measurements Participants were investigated by trained interviewers using a self-designed structured questionnaire to collect information on club drug use and associated behaviours. Findings Methamphetamine was the most commonly abused drug in participants (73.92%), who used it in their or their friends' homes by non-injection for the purpose of feeling euphoria. Among participants with sexual behaviours after club drug use, 75.21% reported having engaged in sex with multiple partners after club drug use during the past year and 79.84% had unprotected sex after using club drug during the past year. A two-level logistic model showed that male gender [adjusted odds ratio ( AOR) = 7.14; 95% confidence interval ( CI) = 4.17-12.5], unmarried ( AOR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.04-2.79), long duration of club drug use during their life-time ( AOR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.28-2.42) and severe acute intoxication after using club drugs during the past year ( AOR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.07-4.15) were independent risk factors of multiple sex partners during the past year. Another two-level model showed that the club drug users who were female ( AOR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.03-3.11) and had polydrug use during their lifetime ( AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.01-2.34) had more risk for unprotected sex during the past year than without these characteristics. Conclusion High-risk sexual behaviours are common among club drug users in China. The prevention and intervention of club drug use could decrease the risk of sexual behaviours which further prevent HIV transmission and other sexually transmitted infections in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]