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Systems Engineering and, in the recent decade, Model‐based Systems Engineering have been widely adopted in the realisation of numerous complex products. The intrinsic multi‐level and multidisciplinary nature of a complex system poses major challenges during the design stage particularly in the communication between stakeholders of the system who often speak different languages and assume different perspectives, for instance, product owners, architects, engineers and domain experts. An integral collaboration environment between domains and across levels is thus key to achieving efficient and high quality designs. This paper presents a holistic, inclusive and interactive design approach to integrate the communication between stakeholders in the design of complex and multidisciplinary systems. Holistic thinking is a fundamental practice in Systems Engineering that ensures the alignment of domain objectives with overall system objectives as the product matures. However, effective deployment of this approach is often hindered by the communication gap between system stakeholders. In this paper, we propose a simplified Systems Engineering framework as the basis to model the system using Object Process Methodology (Dori, 2002). The use of various interactive exploration methods and data visualisation techniques can facilitate an efficient collaborative design that promotes holistic thinking. The proposed approach targets the conceptual design phase, and incorporates valuable design insights that are usually only revealed in the later stages of design as the system is relatively more mature. This allows for the iteration cycle times during the conceptual design phase to be significantly shortened, well‐informed design decisions to be made resulting in a more accurate direction of resources to perform detailed engineering analyses and subsequent design optimisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is being applied in a new way at the enterprise level for the benefit of all its major programs and business units. For an enterprise to successfully implement MBSE, it must integrate models, datasets, tools, and infrastructure with appropriate processes, methods, and standards into a comprehensive, integrated MBSE "System". This paper describes an approach being put to practice, which leverages MBSE principles and methods to architect this MBSE System, focusing on the descriptive models that serve as the foundation for MBSE. The approach is named (MBSE)2 since it uses MBSE to architect and implement the MBSE System. This (MBSE)2 approach is illustrated with example models of the MBSE System, showing how these models are used to inform the architecting process, monitor agile implementation of models, and facilitate model‐based execution of SE reviews and audits. Summary For an enterprise to successfully implement MBSE, it must integrate models, datasets, tools, and infrastructure with appropriate processes, methods, and standards into a comprehensive, integrated MBSE System. This paper describes an approach that uses system architecting and MBSE principles and methods to architect this MBSE System, focusing on the descriptive models that serve as the foundation for MBSE. The approach has been named (MBSE)2 since it uses MBSE to architect and implement the MBSE System. This (MBSE)2 approach was illustrated with example models of the MBSE System, showing how system modeling tools can be used to analyze the MBSE System models to inform the architecting process, monitor the agile implementation of models, and facilitate the evolved execution of SE reviews and audits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparency is no longer limited to specific functions (e.g. illumination of the interior) but has become a tool of formal expression itself. Apart from the standard understanding of transparency as the use of light‐permeable materials in facade design, one can find other innovative and creative interpretations. Usually, technical solutions have priority over aesthetic considerations in many situations many purely formal trends find their origin in technology and design decisions that are governed by rational issues. The impression of depth was initially created as a by‐product of double facades, however, also other innovative techniques are used to enrich the spatial depth of the facade, multiply the observed plans and to achieve the picturesque effects of blur, stratification or movement. Elements of artificial or authentic space stratification are present in almost every analyzed case‐study, providing important insights for the formulation of formal, architectural trends. The presented paper describes and provides a simplified typology of the most recent and distinct trends regarding the introduction of the spatial depth into the facade. Many pre‐existing techniques (meaning existing before the year 2000) are still used, but new techniques also appear. The presented research indicates that the depth of the facade is what stimulates architects to search for new ways of utilizing light‐transmitting materials. Pane superposition could be one of the ways to achieve this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the career and architectural activities of Hiromichi Matsui and clarifies the characteristics of his architectural works. We classified his career into three distinct periods: Tokyo, Milan, and Kagoshima periods. In Tokyo, he was in charge of interior design at Isamu Kenmochi Design Associates. Matsui cultivated the philosophy proposed by Kenmochi that emphasizes the sense of scale based on full‐scale drawing. In Milan, he worked as a partner architect at Gregotti Associati and introduced Italian architectural culture to Japan. In Kagoshima, he was involved in educational and social activities, which included a role as a professor at Kagoshima University, etc. He designed three architectural works that, while reminiscent of his works at Gregotti Associati, also considered the regional features of Kagoshima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the types of work that jurists have historically undertaken and maps how opportunities for legal practice have been shaped by social origins across three centuries: after constitutional independence in the mid‐1800s, during industrial capitalism in the mid‐1900s, and at present‐day advanced capitalism. I analyze historical archive data on law graduates from the 19th and 20th centuries in combination with administrative registry data from the 1990s onwards and employ correspondence analysis to explore how social backgrounds shape careers, considering transformations in class structures and the changing significance of juridical expertise over time. Within each period, jurists have served in very different roles including those that craft and cater to the institutional make‐up of the state and the markets. My analysis shows that the impact of social origin on occupational outcomes has undergone significant changes, mirroring shifts in the broader social structure; from the importance of legal and political capital (within regional jurisdictions) in the 19th century to the significance of economic capital as the main structuring principle, but also a greater significance of cultural capital, in contemporary times. The ability to reach the most powerful positions among law graduates—within the polity in the 19th century, and the economy in the 21st century—has been differently structured by origins. I argue that expansion of the student body, the declining standing of the university, and heightened differentiation of the social structure and the juridical field have made intimate familiarity with the business world pivotal for forging mutually beneficial alliances between jurists and the increasingly dominant capitalist class. Today, a select group of jurists have managed to connect with and contribute to the rising power of private capital. Thus, the historical tale of jurists cannot be accurately captured by notions of uniform descent from national power structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, architecture as a discipline is gaining prominence for addressing the increasing complexity associated with enterprises, systems, software, software intensive systems and other entities. This is evident by the increasing architecture related activities that are performed as part of many of these endeavors. Many architecture frameworks, that have been found useful by communities of practice, are increasingly found applicable in different situations requiring architectural interventions. However, it is often the case that there is no foundational basis for many of these practices other than the fact that they are found to be useful. In this paper, spaces and flows are introduced as the foundational concepts for architecting any entity. An approach that utilizes these concepts is proposed. The underlying rationale for the approach and the foundational concepts is also discussed. Further, the usefulness of these concepts and approach is illustrated by means of an exemplar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collaboration with architects to develop the structural scheme of a project requires an iterative conceptual design process to create a solution that responds in the best possible way to the multiple demands of the architecture. A key aspect to improve this process is for the collaboration to start as early as possible. The best scenario would be when the engineer is involved in the conversation by the time the architects decide to participate in the competition or when they receive a project proposal from a client. Another important part of this collaboration is that both architects and engineers must be willing to understand and exploit all the possibilities that the other one has to offer. Lastly, the mutual trust is fundamental. In this paper the process followed for the definition of the structural concept of a complex building is presented, exemplified for the new Faculty of Architecture of the National University of Asuncion in Paraguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT Creating a representation of the base system architecture is one of the first and most critical steps for system development. Typically, the system architect would start by decomposing the existing or proposed system into smaller subsystems or modules. It is widely recognized that at the overall systems level a system can be viewed from different viewpoints. However, unlike often assumed, also when focusing on a single view, such as a systems view, the system decomposition can be done in many alternative ways thus resulting in a different base architecture every time. Depending on the system architect's perspective, representation of system can vary widely, having a profound impact on subsequent system architecture development. In this paper, quantitative analysis of system architecture representation, using a design structure matrix (DSM), and its effect on system modularity is presented. The analysis reveals that the results of the system analysis, namely modularity, are different for the same system, depending on the system architect's perspective. This work highlights the need for more structured approaches to system decomposition and system analysis based on that decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seiichi Shirai was an architect, but in his later years he spent a lot of time practicing calligraphy. When the characteristics of this activity are compared to his Theory of Tradition, it can be said that his intentions for both activities were similar. In addition to the commonality of emphasizing "utility," provided by the Theory of Tradition, the concept of grasping the inner potential of an object without being misled by its external form and source, can be realized by "ascetic practices," which can cause something to exceed consciousness and form by practicing calligraphy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building designers rely on predictive rendering techniques to design naturally and artificially lit environments. However, despite decades of work on the correctness of global illumination rendering techniques, our ability to accurately predict light levels in buildings-and to do so in a short time frame as part of an iterative design process-remains limited. In this paper, we present a novel approach to parallelizing construction of an irradiance cache over multiple-bounce paths. Relevant points for irradiance calculation based on one or multiple cameras are located by tracing rays through multiple-bounce paths. Irradiance values are then saved to a cache in reverse bounce order so that the irradiance calculation at each bounce samples from previously calculated values. We show by comparison to high-dynamic range photography of a moderately complex space that our method can predict luminance distribution as accurately as R adiance, the most widely validated tool used today for architectural predictive rendering of daylit spaces, and that it is faster by an order of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study are to reconstruct the design process of the Yonago Public Hall (1958) by T. Murano–Mori Architect Office and to reveal the architects' formal manipulations conducted under strategic design thinking. The study materials are the original design sketches that are in the possession of the Museum and Archives, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan. Initially, the chronological order of the design sketches was established by inspecting their dates and analyzing their formal similarities. Furthermore, the transformability (variations or changes of architectural form presented in a certain state of design) of each "study" (subdivided partial process in design) was analyzed and interpreted. Finally, the architects' formal manipulations were reconstructed and presented, and relevant design intentions were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layout of a building, real or virtual, affects the flow patterns of its intended users. It is well established, for example, that the placement of pillars at proper locations can often facilitate pedestrian flow during the evacuation of a building. Such considerations are therefore important for architects, game level developers, and others whose domains involve agents navigating through buildings. In this paper, we take the first steps towards developing a simulation framework that can be used to study the optimal placement of architectural elements, such as pillars or doors, for the purposes of facilitating dense pedestrian flow during the evacuation of a building. In particular, we show that the steering algorithms used to model the local navigation abilities of the agents significantly affect the results, which motivates the need for a statistically valid approach and further study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der Entwicklung semitransparenter Photovoltaik für die architektonische Gebäudeintegration. In den vergangen Jahren wurde von verschiedenen Fassadenbauern, Bauherren oder Architekten entsprechende Lösungen nachgefragt, die sich nun aufgrund der aktuellen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung mehr oder weniger durchsetzen. In diesem Paper soll einerseits die Entwicklung dieses Trends erörtert und aufgrund der sich ständig ändernden Bedingungen in der Solarindustrie ein mögliches Zukunftsszenario gezeichnet werden. Semitransparent photovoltaic. A historical overview and the question for the future. This article addresses the development of semitransparent photovoltaic for architectural building integration. In the past years, diverse facade engineers, builders or architects have been approached for respective solutions, which are now becoming more or less popular due to the current economic development. This paper discusses these trends and provides a possible scenario for the future to accommodate the continuously changing requirements in the solar industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architect Mark W West creates work that is incredibly delicately drawn. Here he documents the construction of his drawings, while his friend, whose name is also Mark West, contributes a commentary about the creative process behind them. The two texts reveal how the works defy the damage caused by reductive traditional architectural education and general experience, and open the viewer to a sense of greater wholeness, however disturbing this may be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cranbrook campus is designed with a concerted effort to integrate art, craft and architecture. Cranbrook Center for Collections and Research curator Kevin Adkisson shares some of its stories and explores a variety of its external and internal spaces and the conceptual rigour that went into them. Collectively, the campus provides an inspiring backdrop to individual students' creative journeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we take inspiration from the evolution of the material use of glass to explore how the metaphorical use of glass could be developed to understand the emerging struggles of women in architecture. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews of architects employed in professional service firms, we suggest that the multi‐faceted nature of glass helped us to identify and understand the complex experiences of inequality for women in architecture. In so doing, we make three contributions to scholarship on gender, work, and organizations. First, we demonstrate how glass barriers were truly material in their consequences for senior women, as they prevented their rise or initiated their decline. A focus on glass barriers, however, did not fully account for the experiences of younger women in these firms. Surprisingly, and in stark contrast to the "boys club world" that left many senior women in architecture with a fractured sense of self as they struggled to construct self‐affirming identities as both women and architects, we found that the exclusive use of new technologies enabled younger women architects to melt some aspects of the traditional identity and turn them into new forms. Our conceptualization of "technologies of glass" draws attention to the social, cultural, and technological resources that younger women deploy to construct a strong professional identity in the changing world of architecture. We argue that glass can be understood not just as a constraint but as a multifaceted material with limitless possibilities for design. Thus, by highlighting the material‐symbolic entanglements of the use of glass, we strengthen and refresh the metaphor of glass, to better understand the fluidity of contemporary challenges facing professional women at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with Bernd Plietker, a chemistry professor at University of Stuttgart, is presented. Topics discussed include his childhood dream to become an architect, his advice and encouragement to young people to study chemistry, and his secret of being a successful scientist. Plietker also talks about his top five research papers about iron catalyst, electronic ground state of iron, and total synthesis of hyperpapuanone.

The speeding growth of the IT market and the spreading of disruptive technologies are leading towards more and more risky operations in need of constant upkeep, monitoring as well as proactive orchestration. On the one hand, the property allowing a system to be catered by automated monitoring and healing technology is defined as observability. On the other hand, appropriate design principles to manifest observability were originally referred as event sourcing by its inventor Martin Fowler and warrant for the aforementioned sustainable software operations. Both event sourcing and observability are complex to leverage on and design for. In an effort to understand more on both concepts, we offer an experience report on their practical use, featuring: (1) a rigorous definition of software architecture observability and a set of principles to design for observability using augmented forms of well‐known design patterns in line with event sourcing; and (2) an impact analysis in the context of a case study. Our study reveals several interesting notions around the concept of observability but our findings also make explicit new architecture trade‐offs that software architects and stakeholders need to consider as first‐class architecture‐level concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The milieu in which Alsop was educated, mixed and worked was crucial to the original architect he became. Samantha Hardingham describes those heady days, particularly the influence of the Architectural Association in the early 1970s and its rich menagerie of denizens of the period. She focuses on a critical and enigmatic mentor, Cedric Price, for whom Alsop worked and asserted as a profound influence on his design thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how the design of research should follow the questions the study seeks to address. The article provides practical and diverse examples of broad research questions applicable to researchers or program architects and summarizes how different methods should be employed to respond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithuania, as a part of the former Soviet Union, has a long‐standing history of perceived equality for women in the workplace. Women played an equal role in economic production as it was a constitutional expectation that all citizens had both a right and an obligation to work. Consequently, at the time of independence in 1990 the levels of participation of women in the workplace including at managerial and professional levels were much higher than other western European countries. In architecture, women achieved parity in terms of numbers, but this equality did not transfer into all aspects of economic activity. Drawing on qualitative survey and interview data from 31 Lithuanian women architects, our findings show, despite the historical emphasis on equality, the existence of a "critical mass" of women in the profession and the adoption of EU gender equality policy, the position of women remains poor with clear evidence of sex discrimination, harassment, and lack of opportunities for career advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guest‐Editor of this AD Viola Ago interviewed the Pritzker Prizewinning architect Thom Mayne, founding member of SCI‐Arc and co‐founder of internationally renowned architectural firm Morphosis, on the publication of his recent book Strange Networks. Also the collective name of his series of speculative drawings and reliefs created over a number of years, 'Strange Networks' is an attempt to reveal incidental architectural forms and topologies to expand his architectural language. Here he explains the motivation behind the book and its contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin entstand von 1965 bis 1968 nach den Plänen des Architekten Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Nach fast 50‐jähriger Nutzung musste die denkmalgeschützte Architekturikone saniert werden. Mit der Planung dieser anspruchsvollen Sanierungsmaßnahme wurde 2012 das Büro David Chipperfield Architects beauftragt. Die Bestandsfassade wies keine Möglichkeit zur Aufnahme thermischer Dehnungen auf, was in der Vergangenheit zu Zwängungen und Verwerfungen der Konstruktion und häufig zu Glasbrüchen der übergroßen Scheiben führte. Bei der fassadentechnischen Sanierungsplanung mussten die konstruktiven Restriktionen behoben werden; das Ganze denkmalgerecht, wie das Ergebnis zur Wiedereröffnung des Mies‐Baus seit April 2021 beweist. Neue Nationalgalerie Berlin – Restoration of the facade. The „Neue Nationalgalerie" in Berlin was built from 1965 to 1968 according to the plans of the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. After almost 50 years of use, the listed architectural icon had to be renovated. In 2012, David Chipperfield Architects was commissioned to plan this ambitious renovation project. The existing facade had no possibility of absorbing thermal expansions, which in the past led to constraints and distortions of the construction and often to glass breaks of the oversized panes. In the facade renovation planning, the structural restrictions had to be removed; the whole thing is in accordance with monument regulations, as the result for the reopening of the Mies building since April 2021 proves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of the 'paracosm' is a useful one for architects to understand. Some of the best writers and designers often work within personal, modelled imaginary worlds, sometimes constructed over decades, enabling them to give birth to their narrative scenarios and spaces. Here, Guest‐Editor Mark Morris looks at various literary and architectural paracosmic precedents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Britain tightly restricts the supply of office space, creating substantial economic rents, but its development restrictions are politically administered and therefore gameable, inducing rent‐seeking activity. We find that 'trophy architects' (TAs)—prior winners of a lifetime achievement award—obtain more space on a given site apparently by signalling architectural merit. Analysis of 2039 office buildings shows that TAs build 14 stories taller, thereby increasing a representative site value by 152% and capturing potential economic rents of £148m. However, we argue that this apparent premium is merely compensation for the extra costs, risks and delays of using a TA to game the planning system; it is therefore an indirect measure of the deadweight costs of this form of rent‐seeking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architects have often neglected documenting the value of architectural design in terms their stakeholders understand, with detrimental effects on their fees and the esteem of their profession. But there are ways forward. Architect Peter Andreas Sattrup, Senior Advisor on Sustainability for the Danish Association of Architectural Firms, explains the association's framework for value creation by architectural design and how it can open up new business opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mhairi McVicar is Reader at the Welsh School of Architecture in Cardiff and Academic Lead of Community Gateway, an organisation that seeks to link Cardiff academics and design professionals with residents and businesses in the city's Grangetown district through a spirit of strong, proactive support. One initiative has been the rejuvenation of the dilapidated Grange Bowls Pavilion and its asset transfer to the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented is a novel framework for interactive systems architecture definition at early design stages. It incorporates graph‐theoretic data structures, entity relationships, and algorithms that enable the systems architect to operate interactively and simultaneously in different domains. It explicitly captures the "zigzagging" of the functional reasoning process, including not only allocated, but also the derived functions. A prototype software tool, AirCADia Architect, was implemented, which allowed the framework to be demonstrated to and tried hands‐on by practicing aircraft systems architects. The tool enables architects to effectively express their ideas when interactively synthesizing new architectures, while still retaining control over the process. The proposed approach was especially acknowledged as the way forward for rationale capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although architects are often made responsible for enterprise architecture implementation (EAI), they are dependent on business executives to fund the technology products and technology executives to provide staff and resources to support their implementation. Moreover, existing research into EAI focuses on the technical and social conditions associated with EAI success and failure and, to a lesser extent, on the influence of interpersonal interactions between architects and their stakeholders through which the EAI is enacted. Against that backdrop, we examine EAI from the perspective of the architects and their stakeholders with a focus on how architects can build commitment to and support for implementation of the selected technology products and programmes. Specifically, we rely on communities of practice (CoP) theory to investigate two cases of EAI with a focus on practices that enabled or prevented the architects from building communities with requisite commitment to and support for their efforts. We find that whilst the involved architects were required to liaise with business and technology stakeholders, their practices did not allow them to effectively build the necessary connections, and their EAI initiatives suffered accordingly. As a result, we theorize the permeability of community boundaries around architects as key to the success of EAI: When architects prioritize what they think is important over the views and concerns of business and technology stakeholders community, a dominant intra‐CoP perspective will emerge, and boundaries around the community of architects will be reinforced, preventing stakeholders with legitimate interests in the EAI to influence the process; in contrast, when architects prioritize engaging with the viewpoints and concerns of business and technology stakeholders community, boundaries will become permeable, and an intercommunity CoP will emerge, enabling knowledge sharing and negotiations between everyone with legitimate interests in the EAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We exploit an exogenous price increase of 10 per cent for architectural services to answer the question how price regulation affects income inequality and service quality. Using individual‐level data from the German microcensus for the years 2006–2012, we find a significant reform effect of 8 per cent on personal net income for self‐employed architects and construction engineers. This group moved from the second lowest to the highest quintile of the net income distribution. This increase in inequality is associated with a deterioration of service quality. The reform reduced average scores of a peer ranking for architects by 18 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the top of Bridge building, the architect designed two crossings between opposing structural blocks, creating unique and privileged workspaces. They form the main structure of the various levels of roofs and give support to gardens, leisure areas and large glazed skylights. They are independent structural pieces supported by the building structure. This article addresses the solutions used as well as the cantilever construction method that has been implemented given the central and elevated location on site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian architect Aldo Rossi's rise to fame, and recognition by professionals and public alike, was predicated on him putting across his personal passions and memories of life experience. Italian‐born, London‐based architect and tutor Robin Monotti Graziadei investigates how the intertwining of architecture with the personal imperatives of the architect produced some extraordinary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small‐scale London development and investment company Baylight Properties encourages a nimble spatial and material dialogue away from the normal slick representation of fait‐accompli solutions. Its founder, architect Crispin Kelly, describes how this produces highly particular architecture born out of exploration and mutual respect – such as the extraordinary Walmer Yard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Recent academic works have shed light upon the motives and negotiation dynamics leading to the creation of the New Development Bank (NDB) and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). We know less about their day‐to‐day activities and if (and if so why) they are being innovative in the field of multilateral development lending. This article evaluates novelty in the two banks. It uncovers and suggests an explanation to the puzzle of why the NDB appears more innovative (in terms of institutional design, staffing, and lending policy guidelines) than the AIIB by exploring the cases of China and Brazil. The two countries played central roles in the set‐up of each the AIIB and NDB. Drawing on extensive field research, the article proposes that their preferences and capability to engage in institutional innovation depend on interests, status, economic power, and regulatory capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of Shirai's essay "The Jomon style" was not to admire the Jomon culture but to consider how to understand the inner potential of the object without being misled by its external form. His theory of tradition subsequently developed into the "theory of expansive tradition." He objected to confining the argument over tradition to Japan and set out to consider the concept from a universal viewpoint. He gave shape to it and proposed a new concept, namely the "Eurasian" style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architect, urbanist, writer and New York's éminence grise Michael Sorkin laments the lacuna of politic radical thought that he sees in the nostalgia for the 1960s and 1970s avant‐garde, appropriated purely for its form‐making, and warns that our historic navel‐gazing will not solve anything. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of sustainability is widely accepted in the design of the built environment; however, in architectural practice, there exist multiple, often competing, interpretations and agendas. This research analyses this variety and develops a unique framework that reveals actual and potential paths for sustainable design. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 24 high‐profile sustainable architecture practices in the United Kingdom. The data reveal a range of sustainable practice, which is grouped into consistent strategies. This forms the basis of an original evaluative framework that classifies alternative approaches providing a means to contextualise different, yet equally valid, design scenarios. The findings reconceptualise sustainable design paradigms and reveal new opportunities for enhancing practice. This has implications for professional organisations, who are able to shape practice through recognised standards, as well as designers themselves. It also has significance for the education of architects who are able to explore new avenues for sustainable design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Securing critical infrastructure against attack presents significant challenges. As new infrastructure is built and existing infrastructure is maintained, a method to assess the vulnerabilities and support decision makers in determining the best use of security resources is needed. In response to this need, this research develops a methodology for performing vulnerability assessment and decision analysis of critical infrastructure using model‐based systems engineering, an approach that has not been applied to this problem. The approach presented allows architects to link regulatory requirements, system architecture, subject matter expert opinion and attack vectors to a Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF)‐based model that allows decision makers to evaluate system vulnerability and determine alternatives to securing their systems based on their budget constraints. The decision analysis is done using an integer linear program that is integrated with DoDAF to provide solutions for how to allocate scarce security resources. Securing an electrical substation is used as an illustrative case study to demonstrate the methodology. The case study shows that the method presented here can be used to answer key questions, for example, what security resources should a decision maker invest in based on their budget constraints? Results show that the modeling and analysis approach provides a means to effectively evaluate the infrastructure vulnerability and presents a set of security alternatives for decision makers to choose from, based on their vulnerabilities and budget profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the defining qualities of China's current homegrown architectural pioneers, and how might they next evolve? Murray Fraser, Professor of Architecture and Global Culture and Vice‐Dean of Research at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, charts the background of design research from its Western roots, and investigates how recent generations of Chinese architects have been taking it in a new direction – from Wang Shu and Lu Wenyu's Amateur Architecture Studio to Atelier Deshaus, Atelier Archmixing and TAO (Trace Architecture Office). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on topics related to experimentalism in architectural design. Topics mentioned include the effects of cultural revolution in China to architectural design, the contribution of several visionary architects such as Yung Ho Chang, Zaiyuan Zhang, and Hua Tang in the development of Chinese experimental architecture, and the effects of urbanization to architectural design.

This article shows the importance and value of ambiguity to reveal opportunities hidden in problems and the manner in which ambiguity is removed from applications of design thinking. It describes the value of introducing, sustaining, and using ambiguity and explains the different types of ambiguity. It follows up by describing the events when a designer encounters ambiguity. This article proposes that an understanding of ambiguity is needed to harness its capabilities in finding innovative opportunities. To do so, design practitioners should consider (1) identifying the type of ambiguity needed to expand the scope of opportunity exploration and (2) becoming aware of and managing one's ability to work with ambiguity. Finally, it identifies the lack of literature on the impact of independent and collective experience on using ambiguity in design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The move towards digital connectivity demands a major rethink of processes, professional obligations and value propositions in architecture. Here, Phillip G Bernstein - architect, educator, technologist, and a vice-president of Autodesk, Inc - examines how digital modelling is destroying the barriers between design and execution. He considers what impact this has on liabilities and copyright, and investigates the possibilities for architects and builders to be financially rewarded for the performance promises that the new technology makes possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Governments are increasingly using public–private partnerships (PPPs) to deliver public infrastructures and facilities. The prime motivation to embark on these partnerships is often to deliver products and services on time and on budget. It is generally assumed that by transferring project risks and responsibilities to private‐sector actors, governments can achieve better value for money. This article provides a novel perspective on the standards applied in PPP endeavors as it examines the tensions between the public management rationale behind value for money on the one hand, and conceptions of design and city building on the other. We focus on planning practice in the Canadian province of Ontario to show that governments apply different understandings of value in PPPs which, in turn, affect the way the design process is run. Architects, who are used to playing the role of master builder in a traditional public infrastructure project, are shifted into a less influential position and struggle with their new role. Furthermore, a different set of priorities applies in the new procurement process. The increasing use of PPPs can thus have significant consequences for city building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various radical thinkers have categorised architectural ordering as ‘violence’ and architecture as ‘prison’. But the built environment is an integral part of all human society. Could individual and societal freedom be enhanced by a shift from the ‘hard order’ of the past to a new, libertarian ‘soft order’? Patrik Schumacher, principal of Zaha Hadid Architects, examines the theoretical background of the subject and points to such a new order, in which intervisibility is key and physical boundaries are replaced by expressive thresholds that act as guiding orientations rather than tools of exclusion or containment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture begins when ‘building’ ends. This may make it sound like an unnecessary add‐on to construction, but – argues London‐based designer, educator and writer Adam Nathaniel Furman – the architect's function as a spatialiser of aesthetics and meaning is precisely what makes the profession crucially enriching to human existence. Observing how it is too often dominated by a consensus on style and approach that prevents it from embodying the full complexity of its time, he highlights brief past periods of greater aesthetic freedom, and invites today's architects to a similarly open attitude, to create works that are truly inspired – and inspiring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital documentation in architecture usually focuses entirely on form – but architectural professor Ines Weizman sees ways of using it more imaginatively. As Director of the Centre for Documentary Architecture at the Bauhaus‐Universität Weimar, she recently led a research project investigating the domestic work of Adolf Loos in the 1910s‐20s and how it has evolved since. Here she presents its background and results, which reveal not only the material evidence but the stories behind it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Cape Town‐based architect Jo Noero, there is no reason why a complex brief should restrict architectural creativity and vision. But what are the keys to achieving the right balance between ethics, aesthetics, and fitness for initial and possible future purposes? Drawing on the writings of several theorists, he examines architecture's moral dimension and seeks out strategies for designing freely, ethically and effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]