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In recent years, I‐III‐VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have shown significant improvements that have unlocked new capabilities and end markets. Some typical examples of I‐III‐VI QDs are CuAlS2 (blue), AgInS2 (green), CuInSe2 (red) CuInSe2 (near‐IR), but other compositions and alloys are possible. These materials exhibit tunable photoluminescence (PL) emissions, and can achieve near unity PL quantum yield. They can have efficient broad emission, but also can have narrow emission, large Stokes shifts, and high optical extinction coefficients. These materials are often more stable, safer, and lower cost than alternatives such as CdSe, InP, and PbS or PbSe QDs. In this work, we discuss industrialization and scale‐up of I‐III‐VI QDs, starting with critical end uses related to spectrum optimization for greenhouses and solar energy. We also update on recent progress narrowing the emission linewidth (full‐width at half maximum) of I‐III‐VI QDs to the point that they are becoming competitive with legacy QDs used in displays and lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic paper display based on electro-fluidic technology is one of the most promising reflective displays with full color, video capability and flexibility. In this paper I will give an overview on the recent progress on this technology, in particular new developments of materials, processing, modeling, driving, flexibility and industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Availability of standard, high volume production tools and processes enabled the commercialization and commoditization of LCD and OLED. For microLED, the lack of processes standards and the proliferation of technology paths hinders the development of high‐volume manufacturing tools. This paper discusses the challenges for equipment manufacturers attempting to capture the microLED opportunity. While various technology bottlenecks remain, the microLED display industry can leverage on existing expertise and equipment from the display, semiconductor, LED and photonic industries to accelerate industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New arrangements of power are emerging in response to the turbulence generated by the quest to improve life and render it productive. This paper specifies such arrangements by developing the concept of metabolic politics: an apparatus that shifts from discipline to power regulating material, bodily, and environmental transformations. The dominant function of metabolic politics is to render the transformative capacities of living bodies and the circulatory dynamics of materials into object‐targets of governance. Through a comparative analysis of regulating pollution from industrial poultry units in Britain and India, the paper identifies logics of a metabolic politics and distinguishes these from the biopolitics of populations. Metabolic politics entails interventions targeting a milieu rather than deviant populations; its actions are directed at transformative capacities of bodies in addition to improving their productivity; its modes of governance operates via regulation and not just discipline; and its techniques of operation proceed through modulation instead of enclosure. Metabolic politics is a transversal form of power. It is situated and historically contingent, rather than uniform and universal. As a response to crises generated by the industrialisation and cheapening of life, metabolic politics furnishes vital insights into the administration and governance of the contemporary living and material world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symbiosis is a higher requirement for the sustainable development of industrial development and ecological environment, which is different from coordination or coupling. However, in the current research on the application of symbiosis theory, there are problems of conceptual confusion and unsystematic evaluation indicators, especially in the area of sustainable development. Therefore, the paper attempts to systematically identify and evaluate the symbiosis relationship between industrial development and ecological environment. The study creatively builds the theoretical framework of complex symbiotic system, including the social‐economic‐natural macrosystem and industrial‐ecological environmental microsystem. Based on DPSIR and Lotka‐Volterra model, a set of symbiotic coordination evaluation systems is proposed, and a symbiotic security pre‐warning mechanism is established. Then taking the Three Gorges Ecological Economic Corridor of the Yangtze River in China as an example, the paper demonstrates the feasibility of this method. Finally, suggestions are given to optimize the symbiosis development between industrial development and ecological environment, which also confirm the practicability of the Dimensionality Enhancement Plan we proposed to achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the conventional emulsification method, droplets generated within microfluidic devices exhibit distinct advantages such as precise control of fluids, exceptional monodispersity, uniform morphology, flexible manipulation, and narrow size distribution. These inherent benefits, including intrinsic safety, excellent heat and mass transfer capabilities, and large surface‐to‐volume ratio, have led to the widespread applications of droplet‐based microfluidics across diverse fields, encompassing chemical engineering, particle synthesis, biological detection, diagnostics, emulsion preparation, and pharmaceuticals. However, despite its promising potential for versatile applications, the practical utilization of this technology in commercial and industrial is extremely limited to the inherently low production rates achievable within a single microchannel. Over the past two decades, droplet‐based microfluidics has evolved significantly, considerably transitioning from a proof‐of‐concept stage to industrialization. And now there is a growing trend towards translating academic research into commercial and industrial applications, primarily driven by the burgeoning demands of various fields. This paper comprehensively reviews recent advancements in droplet‐based microfluidics, covering the fundamental working principles and the critical aspect of scale‐up integration from working principles to scale‐up integration. Based on the existing scale‐up strategies, the paper also outlines the future research directions, identifies the potential opportunities, and addresses the typical unsolved challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the scale‐up and commercialization of lignocellulosic biorefinery. Process simulation is a crucial preliminary study, conducted at the system level, to evaluate the feasibility of industrializing biorefinery operations. Numerous research studies have been conducted on the application of process simulation in lignocellulosic biorefinery, making it essential to provide a detailed introduction to this topic. This paper summarizes two aspects of the application of process simulation in lignocellulosic biorefinery: the production of bioenergy and the production of biochemicals. The bioenergy section describes the application of process simulation to hydrochar, syngas, and bioethanol. The biochemicals section relates to the production processes for cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. Additionally, the research status of process simulation in biorefinery are detailed from the following aspects: physical property parameters, kinetic study, the variety of raw materials and validation. Finally, this paper discusses some advances in biorefinery process simulation. It is hoped that this paper will assist the industrialization of lignocellulosic biorefinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐carbon sustainable development is considered an essential strategy for achieving economic growth and environmental protection, requiring a fundamental transformation of the industrial structure, including developing clean technologies, promoting energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable production and consumption patterns. Simultaneously, the evolving digital economy is acknowledged as an essential driver in optimizing the industrial structure. Therefore, can digital economy development reshape the industrial structure and lead to low‐carbon sustainable development? The main purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of industrial structure upgrading in the relationship between the digital economy and low‐carbon development. Its ultimate purpose is to explore more possible paths to achieve low‐carbon development. This paper builds a regression model based on the data of cities. We found that digital economic development can directly promote low‐carbon sustainable development, a conclusion that still holds after endogeneity discussion and robustness testing. Additionally, digital economy development can promote industrial structure upgrading and thus promote low‐carbon sustainable development, meaning that industrial structure upgrading is an effective mechanism for digital economy development to promote low‐carbon sustainable development. This paper provides empirical evidence for the positive environmental externalities of digital economic development and establishes a basic research framework of "digital economic development → industrial structure upgrading → low‐carbon sustainable development." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing has the potential to drive economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction, but African manufacturers face challenges in competing with global markets. Agricultural machinery manufacturing may be one niche where African manufacturers can succeed. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities facing local agricultural manufacturers in Africa based on a survey of 386 manufacturers in four countries and qualitative methods. Results show that small, dedicated entrepreneurs have created vibrant local machinery markets. These manufacturers have several comparative advantages, in particular, the ability to develop machinery adapted to local agroecological conditions but face challenges related to financing, human resources, utilities, raw materials, production equipment and the regulatory environment. The paper offers recommendations on how to support local manufacturers to make "Made in Africa" the first choice for African farmers and agro‐food processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea and related practices of slowness have received global attention, as these have been viewed as reactions to and critiques of this "go‐faster" world. Celebration of slowness has been especially prominent in South Korea, which experienced an accelerated transition to a post‐industrial society. In line with recent power‐sensitive studies of slowness, this paper develops a governmentality approach that examines how slowness shapes particular bodily behaviours. Drawing on recent work on rhythmanalysis and governmentalities, this study examines how slowness is enrolled and enacts the rhythmic governing of "Olle" walking – the South Korean countryside walking experience. It specifically relates the analysis to the site‐specific experience of accelerated modernisation, where the legacy of state‐led industrial development persists in the prevailing neoliberal capitalism. First, it examines the ways in which slow rhythm is involved in walking practice, deploying and reproducing a specific rhythm, body, and the mode of biopower. It then looks at several ways through which the emerging slow rhythm of Olle walking and the fast rhythm of everyday life are negotiated. This paper argues that slow walking can serve as an affirmative mode of rhythmic governing that fosters care of the self and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the "double carbon" target was proposed in 2020, emissions reduction has become the focus of the Chinese government's work. Industrial development is a crucial factor contributing to the increase in carbon emissions. Therefore, implementing carbon reduction in the industrial sector is an important part of China's goal of "double carbon." In this context, this paper uses a three‐stage data envelopment analysis model to calculate the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of 18 industry sectors in Shanxi Province. The results show that: (1) the external environment has influence on the GTFP of energy revolution reform pilot area industrial sectors, and the efficiency value of two industries is overestimated before excluding environmental factors; (2) the industry difference of GTFP is significant, among which pharmaceutical manufacturing industry has the greatest promoting effect on GTFP, and ferrous metal mining and dressing industry has the greatest inhibiting effect on GTFP; (3) there is a serious redundancy in R&D investment of energy revolution reform pilot area in China, and only six industries belong to zero redundancy. (4) To reflect the GTFP of various industrial sectors more clearly, this paper divides four industries: "Double‐high" industry, "High‐low" industry, "Low‐high" industry, and "Double‐low" industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines research in the area of leadership and the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) by scoping literature through a systematic approach. The purpose of this study is to identify trends and gaps relating to issues addressed, theoretical and conceptual approaches, methodologies, geographical representation of research, and future research directions in the area. In all, 45 articles were sampled through a predetermined selection criteria and analysed using descriptive statistics. The results indicate that four major issues investigated in multiple sectors dominate the area. Besides, a number of theories were found to have been used in understanding the topic, while in terms of methodology, there appears to be a fair distribution of papers using qualitative and quantitative approaches but an imbalance between cross‐sectional and longitudinal designs. Again, most of the studies were conducted at the meso and micro levels and were produced in Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Australia, and South America in that ranking order. Overall, it was realised that because of the emerging nature of the 4IR phenomenon, research work in the area is now rising, requiring further research output to address the gaps identified through this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented which includes articles on topics including recent achievements in human capital development in China, the importance of entrepreneurs' managerial human capital in the context of cluster-based industrial development and cluster-based industrialization.

This paper offers an alternative explanation of the performance of the steel industry in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The steel industry emerged due to social mobilizations demanding changes to the colonial economy by investing natural resources in state‐led industrialization and welfare improvement. This investigation contends that the "resource curse" account that describes so‐called intrinsic social pathologies whereby postcolonial actors interfere with market freedom is misguided. A "resource curse" fundamentally offers a racialized conception of state corruption and incompetence within peripheralized economies. This study challenges this explanation showing how postcolonial arrangements reflect persistent colonial entanglements and contradictions, as resource dependence emerges from a long history of colonial exploitation and racialized subjugation within a global market predicated on a "global color line". The T&T government's industrial effort was circumvented by both domestic and international economic and political pressures revealing a racial hierarchy and power asymmetries. Anti‐competitive sanctions from the (colonial) global economic powers United States and Europe, structural adjustment that maintained this system and improper dealing by foreign players were among these discriminatory practices. Similarly, elite behavior and political decisions reflecting (neo)‐colonial tendencies also undercut the sector's long‐term development. Together, these configurations reveal continuities, changes and contradictions within the island's postcolonial economic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the research themes that are addressed in studies on industrial symbiosis (IS), from the perspective of theories. The paper method is a longitudinal analysis of retrospective nature from 1998 to 2021. This approach allowed to detects the main drivers and associated themes that structured researches on IS in the period. In general, Industrial Ecology Theory, Network Theory, Systems Theory and Organizational Theory were present in a considerable part of research themes on IS. It was observed that the IS research themes moved over the period analyzed to nine areas of study: (1) Waste as a resource, (2) development industrial symbiosis network, (3) circular economy and industrial symbiosis, (4) industrial co‐localization, (5) energy innovations, (6) closed loop chains, (7) IS's social aspects, (8) regional‐level metabolism, and (9) waste knowledge. In summary, the contributions of this paper are the thematic proposition of IS from the perspective of theories, pointing out the key‐aspects; and presentation of a research themes' diagram towards the IS buildup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to unfold how peripheral reindustrialisation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) produced multiple marginalities in local spaces. Relying on a cultural political economic (CPE) approach, we analyse how the imaginary of reindustrialisation encompassed the discourses on development and the strategies and practices of powerful agents of economic restructuring in an old mining town of Hungary, which entailed new dimensions and depths of poverty. By discussing the changing labour, housing, and environmental conditions of the local poor, we relate structural changes to the changing conditions of social reproduction and local history, and highlight how the new economic trajectory produced marginalised spaces within a dynamic region. In this way, we also extend CPE‐guided research more to the realms of social reproduction and ethnic social relations to get a more fine‐grained understanding of inequalities rooted in peripheral industrialisation and scrutinise prevailing narratives of economic development in CEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The latest developments in the industrial Internet of things (IIoT) have opened up a collection of possibilities for many industries. To solve the massive IIoT data security and efficiency problems, a potential approach is considered to satisfy the main needs of IIoT, such as high throughput, high security, and high efficiency, which is named blockchain. The blockchain mechanism is considered a significant approach to boosting data protection and performance. In the quest to amplify the capabilities of blockchain‐based IIoT, a pivotal role is accorded to the Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GSO) algorithm. Inspired by the collaborative brilliance of glowworms in nature, the GSO algorithm offers a unique approach to harmonizing these conflicting aims. This paper proposes a new approach to improve the performance optimization of blockchain‐based IIoT using the GSO algorithm due to the blockchain's contradictory objectives. The proposed blockchain‐based IIoT system using the GSO algorithm addresses scalability challenges typically associated with blockchain technology by efficiently managing interactions among nodes and dynamically adapting to network demands. The GSO algorithm optimizes the allocation of resources and decision‐making, reducing inefficiencies and bottlenecks. The method demonstrates considerable performance improvements through extensive simulations compared to traditional algorithms, offering a more scalable and efficient solution for industrial applications in the context of the IIoT. The extensive simulation and computational study have shown that the proposed method using GSO considerably improves the objective function and blockchain‐based IIoT systems' performance compared to traditional algorithms. It provides more efficient and secure systems for industries and corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghana's petroleum industry is located several nautical miles offshore in the Western Region of the country. Yet, the mechanisms and processes of production and transportation of crude petroleum are accompanied by the dispossessing of the adjoining coastal communities of their means of (re)production both on the ocean and on land. Although the insights of agrarian political economy have been deployed fruitfully to analyse land grabs in Africa, similar efforts are rare when it comes to ocean grabs. With reference to the new development thinking on the ocean economy—or 'blue economy'—as the new frontier of resource‐based industrialization in Africa, we re‐frame the agrarian question and apply it to the offshore petroleum industry, expanding agrarian political‐economic theory of industrialization beyond its traditional confines of land and agriculture. Our paper makes two main theoretical contributions. First, it contributes to efforts in agrarian political economy to incorporate the ocean and fisheries. Second, we contribute a fresh theoretical framework for analysing offshore petroleum industries and their potential to contribute to industrialization in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In global pattern reconstruction, ecological civilization construction and integrated urban–rural development in the new era as well as outlining a new framework for rural development and promoting efficient operation of the coordination mechanism for rural development are urgently required. This paper considers three northeastern provinces of China as an example, attempts to analyze the relationship between the subsystems of rural development, and examines the coupling coordination mechanism of population, land, and industry money in the four‐dimensional system. It explores the evolution path and defects of rural development in Northeast China under the background of transformation from a systematic perspective. We found that the coupling degree of "population‐land‐industry‐money" in rural Northeast China is high, while the coordination degree is low. The degree of spatial and temporal differentiation of the coupling coordination degree gradually increases, and the rural development of each province is highly unbalanced. The results also indicate that the main reasons for the low level of the coupling coordination degree are improved land development levels, a relative shortage of labor force, backward industrial development, and increasingly weak rural investment levels. Finally, this paper illustrates that the main solutions to rural revitalization are stimulating rural investment through policies and promoting the revival of agriculture, with financial support as the starting point, before establishing the linkage and mutual feed development of "population‐land‐industry‐money" in rural areas. The results will help countries, especially developing countries, to further consider methods toward achieving rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconsiders the classical theoretical question on the relationship between urbanisation and development and the effects of administrative status and path dependency on urbanisation using the dual‐track urbanisation framework. It examines the different effects of the determinants of urbanisation on state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation in Fujian Province of China during the 2000–2010 period. Various explanatory variables describing administrative status and demographic and economic conditions were employed to explain the levels of dual‐track urbanisation using a multivariate statistical analysis of 67 county‐level units. It was found that administrative status affected both state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation. The initial level of urbanisation had strong positive effects on state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation. Most importantly, the development level was the most significant factor in state‐sponsored urbanisation in Fujian, although the secondary sector of the economy had the strongest effect on spontaneous urbanisation. It appears that state‐sponsored urbanisation is strongly path dependent and has advanced in highly developed areas, whereas spontaneous urbanisation is more dynamic and led by the expansion of the manufacturing sector. The paper reveals the different mechanisms of state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation processes in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way to Construction 4.0 in the production and construction of infrastructure projects The construction industry is facing profound changes. Among other things, the requirement of implementing a more sustainable building culture, the increasing shortage of skilled workers and the rising demand for infrastructure construction projects, are challenges of today. Indeed, the industry will not succeed in solving these challenges with the procedures and processes that have been practised for decades. Therefore, it is important to prepare the construction industry for the implementation of Construction 4.0. This paper explains what is behind the term Construction 4.0 and what difficulties currently exist in its implementation. Based on this, recommendations, measures and initial approaches for implementing are presented. Thereby, the paper focus on the production and construction phase of infrastructure projects, which is important for construction companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: As a result of the ban on whaling, there has been a shortage of spermaceti, a natural product with applications in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. A green and sustainable process for the biocatalytic synthesis of a wax ester mixture analogue to natural spermaceti is presented in this paper. RESULTS: Immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B by covalent binding to Purolite® Lifetech™ ECR8285 allowed for an immobilized derivative with 124.5 mg protein/g support (69.3% protein immobilization yield) that maintains 100% of its enzymatic activity after 12 months of cold storage and presents negligible loses of activity after 9 consecutive reaction cycles. The optimization of the synthesis process in a batch reactor resulted in conditions that, at 70 °C, 350 rpm, and 1.25% w/w of biocatalyst, achieved a conversion of 97% after 1 h of reaction. The simulation of a spermaceti production plant was carried out using the process simulation software aspenONE suite v10. The plant was designed for a continuous operation during 9 h per day, with a reactor of 20.25 L of working volume and a residence time of 1 h. The production of this plant would be 173.25 kg spermaceti/day, with a product purity of 99.55%. CONCLUSION: The main novelty of this work is the design of a spermaceti production plant, using the most sustainable methodologies and resulting in a product with exceptional characteristics and minimal waste generation. Moreover, a new lipase immobilized derivative is also described. The good values of sustainability indicators point to the viability of its industrial implementation. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I present a framework for GVC‐oriented industrial policy that merges the so‐called GVC perspective and the so‐called developmentalist perspective—the latter of which is a perspective that industrial policy is most often analysed through, but has been somewhat neglected by the GVC perspective. I argue that the GVC perspective too quickly dismisses the relevance of industrial policy in the East Asian development experience, particularly those in South Korea and Taiwan between roughly 1960 and 1990. By drawing on the industrialisation experiences of these two countries, my framework for industrial policy suggests that the GVC perspective's ideas for industrial policy would be strengthened by more clearly acknowledging the continued importance of three observations by the developmentalist perspective: (a) the need for governments in developing countries to bargain with foreign investors for the purpose of domestic industrialisation; (b) policy design should not only focus on increasing exports, but also focus on replacing some imports with domestic production; and (c) linking up to the value chains of transnational corporations based in high‐income countries can bring about some benefits, but ultimately, successful industrialisation necessitates a degree of competing with transnational corporations. State‐owned enterprises have historically played an important role in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence on the macroeconomic adjustment of a resource‐rich country to a resource boom using the effects of Chinese industrialization on Australia from 1988 to 2016. An SVAR model is specified, incorporating a proxy for Chinese resource demand and commodity prices to identify the effects of commodity supply and demand shocks on the Australian macroeconomy. We develop a multivariate historical decomposition to show how resource sector shocks lead the economy to deviate from a long‐run projection. The paper identifies four phases of the transmission of the resource boom before its conclusion in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to establish the contribution of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) programmes in promoting industrialization. It further seeks to establish the link between industrialization and productivity. The paper uses a gravity model to estimate a cross‐sectional time‐series (panel) dataset for the period 2001–2015. The results indicate that membership to COMESA has created large markets and promoted industrialization among member states. However, results also confirm that COMESA member states still heavily trade in industrial intermediates with non‐members. The study further reveals that the share of foreign total factor productivity (TFP) to COMESA's TFP are weaker than expected, which suggests non‐convergence to international knowledge spillovers. The study concludes that COMESA programmes have positively affected industrialization. We therefore recommend that COMESA should continue implementing strategies, policies and programmes that promote industrialization and technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been speculated that by the year 2050, technology will have progressed to the point of complete autonomy. This paper scrolls through patent pathways and intellectual developments throughout the industrial revolutions listing significant products and services that landmarked each revolution up to Industry 4.0. The patent trails and the recent IPR inputs are expected to assist readers in fast‐tracking up to speed on the bleeding edge of the current research pools while having an eagle's eye perspective on the previous developments so far. The research pools of Industry 4.0 are classified and explored. A lack of Human‐machine workforce synergy in Industry 4.0 and the nascent "customized manufacturing" concept is addressed in subsequent sections. The paper classifies two expected phases of Industry 5.0, highlighting the subdomains touted to be its focal areas. Lastly, Industry 5.0's niche research areas are checked and a suitable pathway to achieve the goals set for the sixth revolution is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a novel Social Reproduction feminist approach to re‐evaluate the Soviet experience of industrialization within the context of global research on primitive accumulation. I analyse the first Five‐Year Plan as a unique process of 'primitive Soviet accumulation,' focusing on the Zhenotdel collectivization campaign and the often‐overlooked role of Zhenotdel peasant women delegates [krestyanki delegatki]. The study explores their involvement in peasant women's revolts against collectivization, emphasizing the significance of these events for the Zhenotdel's emancipatory programme in the village. Considering class as a social relation to the conditions of life's reproduction, I demonstrate: (1) how primitive Soviet accumulation reshaped the gendered metabolic relationship between land and labour during the first Five‐Year Plan and (2) yet, the allocation of surplus into the expanded Soviet state apparatus laid the foundation for the distinctive Soviet mother–worker gender contract and social citizenship model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to complexity increases in modern systems and the digitalization paradigm shift, industrial development requires the integration of new technologies and methods to keep product quality high while reducing time to market. One emerging paradigm in the Systems Engineering (SE) discipline is ModelBased methods and technologies, and correspondingly Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is seeing increased adoption. With mature MBSE application, several benefits can be expected from the availability of models, even from the very early stages of development, enabling increased communication clarity, cross‐domain collaboration, traceability, and analysis. Notably, MBSE enables (Co‐)simulation even at the early stage of architecture/design by leveraging model‐based capabilities. Co‐simulation specifically enables a smooth and seamless integration of different models defined across layers of abstraction, for example, system logical architecture and system physical architecture. However, while MBSE is assisting with many aspects of development it is still a predominantly isolated set of activities throughout the development, especially on the left‐hand side of the traditional V‐model. In this work we discuss the status of Co‐simulation in industrial MBSE and list several existing challenges, then we propose a novel framework for implementing Co‐simulation and exemplify using a real scenario how we might address the observed challenges. The framework hinges on the newly proposed SSP standard and extends the currently industrially adopted FMI (version 3) standard through embedding the FMI file format using various scripts, demonstrated in the Python language for this paper. Finally, we propose a set of recommendations for future investigations to strengthen Co‐simulation in industrial MBSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technologies and digitalisation are emerging as new drivers of structural transformation in developing countries. At the firm level, adopting advanced digital technologies offers prospects for improved productivity and competitiveness and, hence, digital industrialisation. However, the determinants of adopting digital technologies in manufacturing firms in developing countries remain anecdotal. This paper uses unique survey data on 516 manufacturing firms in South Africa and a multivariate probit model to examine the determinants of digital technology adoption in South African manufacturing firms. Our results show heterogeneity in the factors explaining digital technology adoption across business functions. Overall, the empirical results reveal that innovation, foreign ownership, exposure to export markets, and higher skilled human capital propel the adoption of digital technologies. In contrast, the lack of capital inhibits the adoption of digital technologies in sampled manufacturing firms in South Africa. We discuss the possible policy implications of these findings and how they fit into the South African Digital Skills policy discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Internet of Things (IoT) specifies a transparent and coherent integration of assorted and composite nodes. Unification of these nodes with large resources and servers has brought advancement in technology for industrial and government services. The industrial IoT (IIoT), with smart nodes, enhance the development and manufacturing of industrial process, which is on demand now. However, the security concern is substantial, and it is required to control to perform prosperous assimilation of IIoT. Authentication of these smart nodes and establishing mutual trust among them is essential to keep vulnerabilities and potential risks out. Hence, this paper presents an efficient lightweight secure authentication protocol from the perspective of human‐centered IIoT. This proposed scheme assumes a registration center which simply generates public and secret information for a node when it initially joins the network. Once registration is done, the registration center is not needed anymore, and advanced processes like mutual authentication, secure key exchange, and communications are independently done by nodes involved. Furthermore, we show that this scheme can reduce exponential computations and computational overhead and resolves various possible attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

System reconfiguration is essential in complex systems management, as it is an enabler of system flexibility and adaptability. It ensures system operation and increases reliability, availability, maintainability, testability, safety, and reuse of system entities and technologies. For the reconfiguration of a system in use, it is necessary to assess, in continuity, the system's state with regard to its context. Identifying data supporting system reconfiguration represents a major industrial challenge and is linked directly to the development of industrial reconfiguration tools. Reconfiguration tools are based on a data model, also called ontology, which represents key concepts of system reconfiguration and their relationships. A particular difficulty of developing the data model is the multi‐domain nature of reconfiguration. Furthermore, it needs to address a considerable diversity of system types. Few publications propose an ontology supporting data identification and tool development for the entire process. Hence, in this paper we propose to formalize the system reconfiguration process and propose an overarching ontology, which we call OSysRec. This ontology considers data at the management, dynamics, and structure level. The proposed ontology has been developed based upon expert knowledge and several industrial uses cases. The OSysRec ontology allowed a better understanding of the reconfiguration process, and hence it can be deployed for developing efficient and effective reconfiguration tools at the industrial scale. The ontology has been tested on an industrial case study to validate the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree of inflation persistence fluctuates more in developing countries than in industrialized countries. This is because there are more economic reforms in developing countries than in industrialized countries. Hence, it is important to study the inflation persistence in developing countries. The present paper investigates the pattern of inflation persistence in China, a developing and transitional economy. Specifically, the paper studies statistically the number of structural breaks in China's inflation persistence based on the monthly retail price index ( MRPI) and the quarterly retail price index ( QRPI) inflation series from 1983 to 2011. The findings show that there are five and three structural breaks in the MRPI and QRPI inflation persistence, respectively. The present paper also exposes a high degree of persistence over the whole sample period and a slight decline in the level of the persistence since 1994. Furthermore, the persistence of two inflation series does not change monotonously but with obvious cyclical patterns. Using these derived estimated structural breakpoints, likely causes of the breakpoints in inflation persistence are investigated. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the booming development of deep learning techniques facilitates remarkable progress in a wide range of applications, has provided insightful cues in today's modern industry and research societies. For instance, the manufacturing and agricultural industries have witnessed the unparallel dominance in AI vision to integrate the production management. Therefore, owing to its impressive learning capability, this article aims to develop an automated system that can integrate data processing and packaging operations. Notably, the inspection system can capture the geometric properties of an ellipsoidal ham and thus can be grasped by the robotic arm. Prior to the centroid detection, a series of instant segmentation procedures is introduced to determine the position of the object, which incorporates both the object localization and semantic segmentation processes. As a result, the proposed model yields a promising segmentation accuracy when experimented on the ham dataset that consists of 293 images. The best Sørensen–Dice coefficient achieved is 91%, which indicates the compelling performance. To further verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework, quantitative and qualitative visualization are presented to demonstrate the quality of the image segmentation task. The proposed algorithm and the raw data are publicly available at https://github.com/jason2303779/Ham-Centroid. Practical Applications: Recently, the booming development of deep learning techniques facilitates remarkable progress in a wide range of applications has provided insightful cues in today's modern industry and research societies. For instance, the manufacturing and agricultural industries have witnessed the unparallel dominance in AI vision to integrate production management. Therefore, this paper aims to develop an automated system that can integrate data processing and packaging operations due to its impressive learning capability. In brief, this paper introduces the first plausible mechanism to precisely identify the geometric center of an irregular‐shaped object, viz, ellipsoidal ham. A novel pipeline that composes both the object detection and semantic segmentation architectures is proposed to facilitate the vision understanding process. Succinctly, the inspection system can capture an ellipsoidal ham's geometry properties and thus facilitate the robotics vision for food products, especially in stimulating automatic industrial manufacturing development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae is one of the most important components in the aquatic ecosystem, and they are increasingly used in food and medicine production for human consumption due to their rapid growth cycle and survival ability in the harsh environment. Now, the exploration of microalgae has been gradually deepening, mainly focused on the field of nutrition, medicine, and cosmetics. A great deal of studies has shown that microalgae have a variety of functions in regulating the body health and preventing disease, such as nitrogen fixation, antitumor, antivirus, antioxidation, anti‐inflammatory, and antithrombotic. Furthermore, microalgae can synthesize various high‐valued bioactive substances, such as proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and pigments. In this paper, we have briefly reviewed the research progress of main bioactive components in microalgae, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, pigments, and other nutrients included, as well as their present application situation. This paper can provide the guidance for research and development of industrial production of microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation sector has a strong negative impact on the environment and therefore requires new sustainable development measures. This paper proposes a new indicator of sustainability in transport obtained through a multi‐criteria analysis based on Eurostat data and a panel of 10 academics. The results show a positive performance of Sweden in the period 2015–2019 and a small number of countries above the European average. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis based on these experts identifies the critical success factors associated with purchasing electric vehicles. The greatest importance is assigned to purchase cost, followed by battery autonomy. Our analysis proposes that electric vehicles are unable to achieve a sustainable transition unless three conditions are met: (i) use of renewable sources, (ii) local industrial development of the sector, and (iii) battery recycling. Therefore, Europe urgently needs to realize new industrial activities and avoid social unsustainability. The long‐term objective of a policy plan is to promote independence from external sources of energy, materials, and other resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to provide an integrated survey of the literature devoted to identifying the drivers of structural change, broadly defined as the process of reallocation of economic activity across the three broad sectors agriculture, manufacturing and services. Using the GGDC 10‐Sector Database, this paper first presents the empirical facts associated with structural change in different regions of the world – that is Europe and the USA, Asia, Latin America, and Africa – then reviews four determinants of structural change: (i) changes in income, (ii) changes in relative (sectoral) prices, (iii) changes in input–output linkages and (iv) changes in comparative advantage(s) via globalization and trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study exposes and maps a hitherto little‐known dimension of China's urban geography – that of shrinkage, directly affecting one in 10 of its cities. Urban shrinkage is revealed to be a growing concern for the most populous country on earth, with the absolute number of shrinking cities rising by 71% from 164 in the 1990s to 281 in the 2000s. By developing its own definition of the city as an urban area (UA) in the Chinese political‐administrative context, this paper builds a morphologic taxonomy of China's shrinking cities. This reveals the overall net population loss across Chinese shrinking cities more than doubling since 1990, reaching 7.3 million inhabitants in 2010. Sixty‐eight Chinese UAs, mostly in north‐eastern China, are found to have been shrinking continuously since 1990. Despite the multifaceted and entangled make‐up of urban shrinkage, the paper identifies four distinct causes of this geographical phenomenon in China: (1) state‐incubated reindustrialisation and economic restructuring, impacting upon 63% of all shrinking UAs; (2) the country's new economic geography, with the underlying centripetal forces of agglomeration pushing around 34% of all shrinking cities towards marginalisation; (3) state‐propelled demographic change, leading to natural population decline in 26% of Chinese shrinking cities; and (4) state‐sponsored mega‐shrinkage, responsible for urban population loss in almost 20% of all the cases. This study further provides a theoretically informed reflection on the peculiarity of shrinkage in China and its public policy implications. This study exposes and maps a hitherto little‐known dimension of China's urban geography – that of shrinkage, directly affecting one in ten of its cities. The paper also identifies four distinct causes of this geographical phenomenon in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefitting from the development of industrial intelligence, data‐driven soft sensors have been widely applied in industrial processes in recent years. Driven by fluctuations in raw material quality, varying loads, and uncertain disturbances, industrial processes are often characterized by nonstationary properties. However, the nonstationary characteristics of the process are not considered in traditional data‐driven methods, leading to the poor prediction performance of soft sensors. Meanwhile, numerous nonstationary modelling methods have been proposed for process monitoring, with probabilistic stationary subspace analysis (PSSA) showing significant application potential. Unfortunately, PSSA has not yet been used to develop effective soft sensors for nonstationary processes. Therefore, the PSSA model is extended to the regression form (PSSR), and a corresponding soft sensing model is developed in this paper. Unlike previous approaches, the proposed PSSR can offer a suitable description of nonstationary processes and fully capture the mathematical correlation between input and output variables. Finally, the prediction performance of PSSR is verified through case studies on a numerical example and penicillin fermentation process. The experimental results indicate that PSSR can provide a superior solution for soft sensing modelling of nonstationary industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper empirically examines the internationalization‐output nexus in 15 late‐industrialized countries from 1976 to 2018 using fixed and random effects techniques. The findings reveal that trade openness negatively impacts the industrial output, while the labor force shows a positive and statistically significant impact. Domestic investment and education show negligible and insignificant positive and negative impacts on output, respectively. Investment is supposedly incurring zero marginal productivity of capital as it is high in excess of labor. In a nutshell, it is capital bias. Furthermore, bias in terms of complex skill requirements in production prevents the entry of less‐skilled labor force. Given these outcomes, we conclude that the incremental capital‐output ratio (ICOR) needs to be tested to find out additional intricate issues involved in investment. Besides, the comparative advantage in less skilled labor is underutilized. To overcome this, the policymakers should ensure absorption of such semi‐skilled human capital. This requires removing skill bias and capital bias to a reasonable extent without damaging output generation. Hence, the study suggested that the late‐industrialized nations may use the potential labor force and capital to speed‐up long‐term industrial development by enhancing human capital through training, technical know‐how, etc., to attain sustainable industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the long‐ and short‐run impacts of the railway zones associated with the China Eastern and South Manchuria Railways in Manchuria, which were administered by Russia and Japan, respectively, from the early 1900s to the 1920s. Despite the fact that 'railway imperialism' impaired China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and constituted a humiliating quasi‐colonial episode in Chinese history, railway zones nevertheless had a noticeable impact on Manchuria's local economies. Through a reconstruction of the historical dataset and cliometrics, we show that, among the railway zones in northeastern China, only those attached to the South Manchuria Railway exerted a significant and positive impact. Specifically, its railway zone had higher urbanisation and literacy rates and a higher percentage of professionals in its industrial and commercial sectors in the 1930s, and these effects persist to the present day as an unintended outcome. Apart from the agglomeration of direct manufacturing investment in these railway zones, an additional channel through which the impact took effect was the provision of public goods, such as schools and hospitals, which served as necessary conditions for long‐term development. This study sheds light on understanding the persistence of colonial history as a root of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the considerable constraints of karst rocky desertification on the production and life of the locals and the regional economy, few studies have been conducted on areas with karst rocky desertification with the aim of exploring the balance between ecological governance and industrial development. In light of the promotion of featured advantageous industries to ecological governance and industrial development, this study aims to explore the mechanism of industrial revitalization in areas with karst rocky desertification to provide theoretical support for their industrial revitalization. Based on actor‐network theory, this paper presents a case study of Bashan village, a typical area in Guizhou province, China, with karst rocky desertification, to clarify the course of development of its Zanthoxylum bungeanum industry and propose a mechanism for its revitalization. The findings identify the main actors of the revitalization of the Z. bungeanum industry and reveal the driving forces behind it. Moreover, the study found that the industrial revitalization model is a bottom‐up process, which suggests strong endogenous dynamics. Through the revitalization of the featured industries, the results of the management of rocky desertification are transformed into economic output, which improved the livelihood of farmers and consolidated the effectiveness of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtually all theories of economic growth predict a positive relationship between population size and productivity. In this paper, I study a particular historical episode to provide direct evidence for the empirical relevance of such scale effects. In the aftermath of the Second World War, 8 million ethnic Germans were expelled from their domiciles in Eastern Europe and transferred to West Germany. This inflow increased the German population by almost 20%. Using variation across counties, I show that the settlement of refugees had large and persistent effects on the size of the local population, manufacturing employment, and income per capita. These findings are quantitatively consistent with an idea‐based model of spatial growth if population mobility is subject to frictions and productivity spillovers occur locally. The estimated model implies that the refugee settlement increased aggregate income per capita by about 12% after 25 years and triggered a process of industrialization in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine how changes in relative national prices affect innovation input, this paper studies the impact of changes in industry‐specific effective real exchange rates on industrial R&D expenditures in Korea. In particular, it explores the heterogeneous responses of industries with different export intensities. Employing dynamic panel data estimation techniques, the results suggest that among industries with medium levels of export intensity a lagged depreciation in industry‐specific effective real exchange rate leads to a decline in contemporaneous industry‐level R&D expenditures. However, this adverse effect is insignificant for industries that either mostly serve the domestic markets or that are heavily engaged in foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the substantial liberalization of China's film industry, it is still highly regulated and protected from foreign competition through a series of policy measures. In the midst of pushing both liberalization and protectionism, Chinese firms tend to exploit favorable government policies and avoid restrictive regulations through alternative options to maximize profits. Most preceding studies emphasized the liberalization efforts by the Chinese government as a significant contribution to the film industry, while neglecting the response and strategies of Chinese filmmakers that have upgraded their overall competitiveness. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the government‐firm interplay and their influences on the enhanced competitive advantages of Chinese filmmakers and the film industry, by utilizing the theoretical framework of the ABCD model to demonstrate this interaction. Based on the comprehensive analysis of both Chinese achievements and remaining challenges, this study further provides useful policy implications for improving China's film industry. For long‐term industrial development, China should more proactively deregulate the industry to make it more globally attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to enormous growth in industrial development, the consumption of cement is substantially increased in the recent times and the cement manufacturing industry produces annually about 1.35 billion tons of the greenhouse gas emissions which are about 7% of the total greenhouse gas emission by man‐made to the atmosphere. At the same time, the thermal power plants have been generating huge quantity of fly‐ash, which is not being recycled properly. This creates huge burden on solid waste management. Hence, to minimize the emission of CO2 from cement industry and to increase the utilization of fly‐ash, a geopolymer technology is one of the viable solutions. In terms of global warming, the geopolymer technology‐based fly‐ash activated by an alkaline activators not only have potential to significantly reduce carbon footprint of ordinary portland cement concrete, but also shows considerable promise for applications in concrete industry as an alternative binder to the Portland cement. This paper provides a brief status of fly‐ash based geopolymer paste and concrete, encapsulates, and analyses critically the most significant research findings on various properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) over the past two decades. Also, it identifies the important factors to be considered in improving the performance of GPC at elevated temperatures as well as at ambient temperatures. Collation and analysis of more than 100 research papers in this area may provide a valuable stating document for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes environmental convergence and its determinants. We construct our analysis in a bilateral setting and hypothesize that, through foreign direct investment (FDI), one or more investor countries could impact the environmental performance of their hosts, leading thus to a possible environmental convergence between home and host economies. To do this, we construct an original database on bilateral FDI encompassing 128 countries for the period 2000-2012. Our results suggest that, in general, FDI does not directly impact environmental convergence, except for the case of FDI originating from major investor countries. Under specific conditions, FDI can be expected to influence environmental convergence along with other variables such as GDP per capita, industrial development, geographical proximity, or cultural and historical ties. Overall, these effects may vary depending on the type of partnership considered (North-North, North-South, South-North, and South-South). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the institutional root of China's rural industrialization to a historical policy, which paired factories in urban areas with people's communes in the countryside during the Send‐Down Movement in the 1970s. The policy, initially intended to improve the lives of sent‐down youth (SDY), is believed to have provided some initial impetus for industrial development in rural areas before the marketization reform that began in the late 1970s. Based on a manually collected county‐level panel dataset of Zhejiang Province, we find that following the implementation of the pairing policy in 1974, counties that received a higher concentration of SDY, relative to their rural population, achieved faster growth in per capita industrial output of commune enterprises. Our results are consistent with various historical accounts. In addition, our tentative evidence shows that the pairing policy had a prolonged effect on rural economic development, lasting into the 1980s. Overall, our findings reveal the importance of some pre‐reform institutions in shaping China's unique paths towards industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization constitutes one of the strategies of structural transformation in many sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries. In this paper, we re‐examine the effect of financial development on the industrialization of 35 SSA countries over the period 1996–2018. Contrary to previous work, we formulate the hypothesis that there exists a threshold of financial development beyond which financial development positively influences industrialization. Using the dynamic panel threshold regression model, and system generalized methods of moment models, we find two main results. First, financial development has a negative and significant impact on the development of industrialization. Secondly, the findings show the existence of a nonlinear relationship between financial development and industrialization development. Thus, we find that financial development has a negative effect on industrialization below the threshold while the effect is significantly positive on industrialization in countries whose financial development is above the threshold. The results are stable to the different robustness tests used. These findings highlight the need for SSA countries to develop better financial institutions if they hope to boost the manufacturing sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine from a multidimensional perspective the possible existence of a single path that could have conditioned the degree of welfare state development ( WSD) in Latin America. Economic/industrial development, trade-openness, democracy and the strength of leftist parties-labour movement are used as explanatory variables in the qualitative comparative analysis. In contrast to previous findings, this paper shows that there is no evidence of a common path followed by countries with a relatively high/medium WSD. Nevertheless, countries that experienced a low economic/industrial development combined with a low democratic experience were conditioned to have low WSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]