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The contribution of Tithonia diversifolia to the composting of coffee residues and the effect on the production of chard and soil was evaluated, in order to improve the quality of the organic fertilizer and the use of the resources of the farm. 4 compostes were made from coffee pulp, banana tree trunk, gallinaza, adding 3 different amounts of T. diversifolia; Chemical composition, microbiological analysis and nutrient supply were determined. A randomized complete block design was used with three replicates and four treatments varying the amount of gold button T1: 50% coffee pulp, 25% chicken manure, 25% banana stump; T2: with 20% of Gold Button; T3: with 33% of Gold Button, and T4: with 50% of Gold Button. The evaluated variables were plant height, number of leaves and weight per plant in two cycles of planting. It was determined that the highest increase in chard yield was obtained in T3 and T4 containing more Tithonia diversifolia. In addition, the application of composting improves the soil chemical properties by increasing CIC, pH, N, K y Si.

The present study analyzed the efficiency of the seed of M. Oleífera tree as a coagulant in the treatment of wastewater from slaughter plant. For do this, different coagulation/flocculation tests were conducted in a jar test apparatus, by using defined dose of the natural coagulant. This latter was obtained by grinding of seeds and its powder. The wastewater sample was taken at the end of slaughter plant after the treatment preliminary that consists of a cleaning manual grid. pH, turbidity, color, temperature, BOD5 , DO, total suspended solids (TSS), total and faecal coliforms were measured before and after each test in each trial, in order to calculate the removal efficiency obtained. The most important results show that, a removal of 87% and 80% can be achieved for color and turbidity, respectively, by using an optimal dose of 7500 mg /L and an optimal concentration of 5 %. In this regard, an important contribution of this study corresponds to new evidence about the advantage provided by using M. Oleífera seed powder to improve the characteristics of the wastewater, which until now had been little understood., Mediante el presente estudio se analizó la eficiencia de la semilla del árbol M. Oleífera como sustancia coagulante en tratamiento de aguas residuales de una central de sacrificio. Para ello se realizaron pruebas de coagulación/floculación, en un jar test, adicionando dosis predeterminadas del coagulante de origen natural M. Oleífera, que se obtuvo mediante la pulverización de semillas y extracción de su polvo. La muestra de agua residual se tomó a la salida de la central de sacrificio luego del tratamiento preliminar que consta de una rejilla de limpieza manual. En cada ensayo realizado se midió pH, turbiedad, color, temperatura; DBO5, DQO, sólidos suspendidos totales (SST), Coliformes totales y fecales, antes y después de cada prueba, con el fin de calcular la remoción obtenida. Los resultados más relevantes muestran que, con una aplicación de dosis óptima (7500 mg/l) y una concentración óptima del 5%, se puede lograr una eficiencia de remoción del color y turbidez de aproximadamente 87 % y 80 %, respectivamente. En este sentido, un aporte importante del trabajo corresponde a nuevas evidencias sobre la ventaja de usar polvo de semilla de M. Oleífera para mejorar las características del agua residual, lo que hasta el momento había sido poco entendido.

El presente proyecto tiene como propósito proponer una alternativa dinámica y flexible en la mejora de procesos de gestión de conocimiento en aspectos como la participación, contribución y colaboración, entre los diferentes actores del proceso de desarrollo de software. La tesis que se presenta en este documento, propone el uso de un método para el diseño de estrategias de juego basado en principios de gamificación. Para ello se ha establecido un modelo de procesos que describa los momentos esenciales durante la gestión de conocimiento en el desarrollo de productos software. Por lo tanto, este trabajo pretende definir un Framework colaborativo basado en procesos de gestión de conocimiento que permita diseñar estrategias de juego aplicadas a actividades frecuentes de gestión de conocimiento, durante el desarrollo de proyectos de software. The present project aims to propose a dynamic and flexible alternative in the improvement of knowledge management processes. This work offers an analysis on aspects such as participation, contribution and collaboration between the different actors of the software development process. La tesis que se presenta en este documento, propone el uso de un método para el diseño de estrategias de juego basado en principios de gamificación. The thesis presented in this paper proposes the use of a method for the design of game strategies based on principles of gamification. Therefore, this paper aims to define a collaborative framework based on knowledge management processes, which allows the design of game strategies applied to frequent knowledge management activities, during the development of software projects.

The co-products of the amaranth starch extraction have recently aroused the interest of the industry, mainly due to their functional characteristics. In this paper, the encapsulating efficiencies of starch-enriched fraction (SEF) and native starch (NS) obtained, respectively, by dry or wet milling were studied. The storage humidity effect (11 to 84%, 21 days) on β-carotene retention were evaluated. Significant effects of amaranth protein present in SEF matrix on emulsification and subsequent retention of β-carotene were found. The best encapsulation performance was showed by ball milled starch enriched fraction (SEF-BM) fraction, with up to three times of total β-carotene content in comparison with the NS containing matrices. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the samples decreased with the increase in relative humidity due to the plasticizing effect of the water. The starch-enriched amaranth fraction showed a high technological potential as an encapsulating agent and its own protein content served as a good emulsifier-stabilizer.

Drug use in adolescents is a problem that is increasing, negatively affecting the psychophysical health and social development of the adolescent. Health education in adolescents is based on the use of varied teaching-learning strategies that promote behavior change, having a positive impact on drug use in teens. In parallel, regular physical activity has a positive influence on prevention and drug use in this population. This narrative review aims to associate the behavior of adolescents who consume psychoactive substances, health education and practice regular physical activity, based on the most conspicuous international literature. Relevant scientific papers were searched in PubMed, Scopus and Ovid data. Studies published in Spanish, English or Portuguese to provide an objective approach in carrying out the epidemiological, conceptual context and critical-purposing the article were selected. Although the evidence supports the strategies of health education on the behavior of drug use in adolescents, no evidence linking this strategy with the planned physical activity in adolescents are, although there is the conceptual basis that justifies its implementation, El consumo de drogas en adolescentes es una problemática que va en aumento, afectando de manera negativa la salud psicofísica y el desarrollo social del adolescente. La educación en salud se fundamenta en la utilización de estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje que promueven el cambio de conductas; de forma paralela, la actividad física regular influye de forma positiva en la prevención y disminución del consumo de drogas en dicha población. Esta revisión pretende asociar el comportamiento de la población adolescente que consumen sustancias psicoactivas, la educación en salud y la práctica de actividad física regular, basándose en la literatura internacional más conspicua. Se buscaron artículos científicos desde enero del 2005 abril de 2016 en las bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus y Ovid. Se seleccionaron artículos internacionales actuales publicados en español, inglés o portugués que proporcionaran un enfoque objetivo del contexto epidemiológico, conceptual y critico-propositivo del artículo. Si bien la evidencia respalda las estrategias de educación en salud sobre las conductas de consumo de drogas en adolescentes, no se encuentra evidencia que vinculen esta estrategia con la actividad física planificada en los adolescentes, aunque existe la base conceptual que justifica su implementación.

This paper shows the results obtained in the research project entitled: “The representations around academic failing presented by the students of the seventh grade of the Agricultural Institution Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Turminá, Inzá - Cauca” this research intends to shed light about the fact of academic failure in students. For this, we sought to identify the conceptions of school failure present in students as well as its effects from the sociocultural context and describe the characteristics as to why they fail that are evident in students from the relationship between social representations and pedagogical knowledge. The methodology used was qualitative research from the historical hermeneutical approach and the method of reflective ethnography; the techniques used to collect the information were participative observation, unstructured interview and discussion groups; video recording, field diary, voice recorder, and field notes were used as data collection instruments; The information analysis technique used was the triangulation of information collection based on techniques. The results obtained reflect that the representations around school failure present in seventh grade revolve around the family as a reproductive institution of social practices and the social conditions surrounding the lives of students assigned to rural education. In brief, it was concluded that school failure has become a systematic sociocultural practice that has prevailed and is framed in the social conditions present in the environment: the family, socioeconomic level, interest in training, number of family members, work activities, lack of dialogue in the family, accompaniment of parents in school activities, work as an obligation to survive, failure of school grades, social background, dropout, and finally in the actions of teachers.

The responsibility to provide the public service of healthcare in Colombia lies in the State, and it can be provided by public, private or a mixture of both institutions. Furthermore, there is a general program of social security organized in different levels of complexity and attention. The public provision is made through the State-owned Enterprises, decentralized institutions, legal identity, own budget, and administrative autonomy. As there are some risks that these enterprises must deal with when providing healthcare to their patients, they can be legally responsible upon third parties, and that is why this paper will try to determine the degree of such a responsibility. Resumen:La responsabilidad sobre la prestación del servicio de salud en Colombia radica en el Estado, y puede ser realizada por instituciones públicas, privadas o de carácter mixto. Además, existe un régimen de seguridad social organizado por niveles de complejidad y atención. La prestación estatal directa se realiza mediante las Empresas Sociales del Estado, entidades descentralizadas, con personería jurídica y patrimonio propio, y autonomía administrativa. Ante los riesgos que corren las instituciones de salud en la atención a los pacientes, por lo cual puede verse afectada su responsabilidad frente a terceros, en el presente estudio se pretende establecer el grado de dicha responsabilidad.

En este trabajo se estudian las propiedades fisicoquímicas, mecánicas y térmicas de fibras naturales de fique, susceptibles de ser usadas como refuerzo de matrices poliméricas. Las fibras fueron sometidas a modificaciones superficiales a partir de tratamientos químicos que convencionalmente son empleados para promover la compatibilidad de las fibras naturales (hidrofílicas) con matrices de naturaleza polimérica (hidrofóbicas). El proceso de modificación superficial de las fibras se llevó a cabo mediante un tratamiento de alcalinización con NaOH, seguido del injerto de un agente de acoplamiento tipo silano y finalmente una pre-impregnación con polietileno. Mediante la ejecución de ensayos de FTIR se logró observar los grupos funcionales típicos de las fibras nativas y se corroboró la correcta ejecución de las modificaciones superficiales propuestas;de igual manera, la caracterización térmica por TGA permitió evidenciar la pérdida de hemicelulosa y lignina que fueron removidas con el tratamiento alcalino, y la aparición de una nueva transición debida al polietileno depositado posteriormente con el tratamiento de preimpregnación. Finalmente, se encontró que el tratamiento alcalino condicionó las propiedades mecánicas de las fibras tratadas, siendo despreciable la influencia de la silanización y la preimpregnación en esta caracterización. In this paper are studied the physicochemical, mechanical and thermal properties of the natural fique fibers, that can be used as reinforcement of polymeric matrices. The fibers were subjected to superficial modifications from chemical treatments which are conventionally used to promote the compatibility of natural fibers (hydrophilics) with matrices of polymeric nature (hydrophobics). The superficial modification process of the fibers was carried out by alkalinization treatment with NaOH, followed by grafting of a coupling agent type silane and then a pre-impregnation with polyethylene. By running FTIR tests, it was possible to observe functional typical groups of native fibers and confirmed the proper execution of the superficial modifications proposed; in the same way, the thermal characterization by TGA allowed to demonstrate the loss of hemicellulose and lignin, that were removed with alkaline treatment, and the appearance of a new transition due to the polyethylene deposited subsequently with the pre-impregnate treatment. Finally, it was found that the alkaline treatment conditioned the mechanical properties of the treated fibers, being negligible the influence of silanization and the pre-impregnation in this characterization. Este documento estuda as propriedades físico-químicas, mecânicas e térmicas de fibras naturais de fique, susceptíveis para ser usados como reforço de matrizes poliméricas. As fibras foram sujeitas a modificações superficiais a partir de tratamentos químicos que convencionalmente são utilizados para promover a compatibilidade das fibras naturais (hidrofílicas) com matrizes de natureza poliméricas (hidrofóbicas). O processo de modificação superficial das fibras foi realizado por um tratamento de alcalinização com NaOH, seguido do enxerto de um agente de acoplamento tipo salino, e finalmente, uma pre-impregnação com polietileno. Através da execução dos ensaios de FTIR, foi possível observar os típicos grupos funcionais das fibras nativas e foi corroborada a correta execução das modificações superficiais propostas; também a caracterização térmica por TGA, permitiu evidenciar a perda de hemicelulose e lenhina, que foram removidas com o tratamento alcalino e, o aparecimento de uma nova transição devido ao polietileno depositado subsequentemente com o tratamento de pre-impregnação. Finalmente, foi encontrado que o tratamento alcalino condicionou as propriedades mecânicas das fibras tratadas, sendo insignificante a influência da silanização e, a pré- impregnação presente nesta caracterização.

Currently, innovation depends largely on the efficiency of the legislation concerning means to transform knowledge into innovation, and the mechanisms of international innovation transfer. The way and speed of knowledge transmission and know-how are crucial for the economic development of a nation. The following paper explores, first, the status of the legal framework for innovation transfer articulated with an economic analysis; then, the main features of the regulations on intangible property for the Colombian case are identified; finally, conclusions are drawn in terms of economic and legislative policies.

Utilizar robots en procedimientos quirúrgicos ha demostrado que brinda la seguridad y eficiencia requerida para intervenciones normales o complejas, tal como lo corroboran múltiples estudios e innumerables operaciones realizadas por los robots aceptados en la FDA tal como el Sistema Da Vinci. Esta técnica además de ofrecer todas las ventajas de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, provee mayor precisión y escalado del movimiento, con lo cual se pueden realizar procedimientos muy complejos dado que los instrumentos son articulados y permiten realizar maniobras que no son posibles con laparoscopia convencional. Los robots quirúrgicos son teledirigidos o guiados por el cirujano mediante mandos de tipo joystick, que le permiten orientar y operar el instrumental. En el presente trabajo se desarrolla una alternativa para su manejo al utilizar gestos o movimientos de las manos para manipularlos. Los robots utilizados son Lapbot e Hibou, producto de varios trabajos del grupo de investigación en Automática Industrial de la Universidad del Cauca. La aplicación se implementó en un prototipo de simulador quirúrgico que ofrece un entorno 3D en el que se logró modelar y probar los algoritmos de operación permitiendo acciones como trasladar el órgano terminal del robot, abrir y cerrar pinzas, colocar clips, realizar cortes y orientación del instrumental, las cuales son necesarias para efectuar un procedimiento quirúrgico. En el simulador se implementó un protocolo para la ejecución de una colecistectomía con los pasos básicos que componen esta cirugía. Este enfoque promete mejorar la experiencia y usabilidad de los cirujanos. Using robots in surgical procedures has shown that provides the security and efficiency required for normal or complex interventions and as corroborates several studies and countless operations performed by robots accepted by the FDA as the Da Vinci system. This technique as well as offering all the benefits of minimally invasive surgery provides greater precision scaling of motion, moreover can be performed very complex procedures, since the instruments are articulated and allow movements that are not possible with conventional laparoscopy . Surgical robots they are controlled remotely or guided by the surgeon using joystick type controls, which allow you to target and operate the instruments. In this paper an alternative for handling takes place, using gestures and hand movements to directing. The robots used are Lapbot and Hibou, a product of several investigations of the research group in Industrial Automation at the University of Cauca, the application was implemented in a prototype surgical simulator provides a 3D environment in which it was possible to model and test algorithms operation, allowing actions such as moving the body of the robot terminal, blink tweezers, place clip, make cuts and orientation of instruments, which are necessary to perform a surgical procedure. In the simulator a protocol for performing a cholecystectomy, with the basic steps that make this surgery was implemented. This approach promises to improve the experience and usability of surgeons.

Background: This work began with the aim of finding a way to mark up educational multimedia IPTV content. It focused on the idea that a metadata schema for educational multimedia content in an IPTV environment would identify educational contents or educational segments of content in that environment. Therefore, the metadata schemas options were reviewed for this purpose, finding that they were null, which supported the idea and led to the development of a schema with the necessary properties for the television context. Aims: The aim of this paper is to propose a metadata schema for marking up educational multimedia content in IPTV environments. Then, four general objectives were established. First, to define relevant characteristics of both existing metadata schemas for the marking of educational content on the web and multimedia content in IPTV. Second, adapt and implement an existing metadata schema that can be modified to the educational IPTV context. Third, verify the utility of the proposed schema using a manual marking up prototype within the framework of UsabiliTV project. Fourth, evaluate the schema functionality through a case study in the educational context, within the framework of UsabiliTV project. Method(s): To propose a metadata schema according to the aim of this work, first it adapted an existing metadata standard instead of choose to create a new schema with their own metadata vocabularies starting from scratch, for this, a study and comprehensive analysis of the most known and used current schemas for television resources description metadata television was made, selecting TV-Anytime as a basis metadata schema. The next step was the selection of educational metadata set thath would adapt to TV-Anytime, so the different schemas used today to describe educational content were studied. As a result a mapping between the highlights educational metadata was made, obtaining the necessary metadata to describe an educational resource. From this, the process of adaptation of TV-Anytime was performed and then the proposal was verified with the development of two prototypes: an authoring tool to mark-up educational content of television through EduTVA and a search service of educational content through IPTV. Results: Metadata scheme (EduTVA) for marking up multimedida educational content of television, an authoring tool to mark-up educational content of television through EduTVA, and a search service of educational content of television. Conclusions: The metadata schema EduTVA allows as simple or as detailed educational description as desired through creating segments. It has the appropriate metadata for describing educational content of television. EduTVA can be extended naturally focusing primarily in enhancing the definition of the elements that allow to describe the relationship with other content, with the aim of establishing relations between educational multimedia resources to create formal learning processes in this environment. Also, it can be extended with the definition of the elements that allow to add accessibility properties in order to describe the degree which a user can interact or access to an educational resource of television regardless of their physical, technical or cognitive skills.

The objective of this article is to take a look to physiotherapist as a professional in health intervention in patients diagnosed with Chikungunya, within the clinical course of the patient´s functionality which is affected, which not only affects the patient´s health but also his/her professional and personal actions. This paper presents Chikungunya from Epidemiology, the natural history of the disease, the etiology and patokinesiology. The purpose of the physiotherapy intervention is to improve the functionality of the patient and to contribute to the development in the quality of life of whom may suffer from this disease., Se pretende dar una mirada al rol del fisioterapeuta como profesional de la salud en la intervención de los pacientes diagnosticados con la enfermedad de chikungunya, dentro del curso clínico de la enfermedad pues se afecta la funcionalidad y por ende la participación social del individuo en sus ámbitos escolares y laborales. Esta reflexión presenta una mirada de la enfermedad por chikungunya desde la epidemiologia, la historia natural de la enfermedad, la etiología y la patokinesiologia con la finalidad de presentar una propuesta de intervención fisioterápica por objetivos a fin de mejorar la funcionalidad y contribuir al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de quien padece la sintomatología limitante de ésta entidad.

Este trabajo presenta una vía de rastreo de producción de enzimas lignocelulolíticas en diez especies de hongos de pudrición blanca: Lentinula edodes, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes trogii, Coriolus versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus ostreatus y Auricularia delicata. Estas especies primero fueron rastreadas sobre medios de cultivo sólido que contienen carboximetil celulosa, celulosa cristalina, ABTS (2,2´-azino-bis(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfonato)) y azure B, los cuales evidenciaron la producción de las enzimas endoglucanasa, exoglucanasa, lacasa y lignina peroxidasa (LiP). Las actividades celulolíticas fueron detectadas a los cinco días de incubación con el indicador rojo congo, formándose un halo claro-blanco en las zonas donde se degrada la celulosa. Para las ligninasas, este rastreo consistió en el seguimiento a la formación de halos verdes por oxidación del ABTS para lacasa y halos de decoloración sobre el azure B para la LiP durante 14 días de incubación. De este rastreo cualitativo, se seleccionaron cuatro cepas (G. lucidum, L. edodes, C. versicolor y T. Trogii), como las mejores productoras de enzimas celulolíticas y ligninolíticas. Estas cuatro especies fueron inoculadas sobre un sustrato de aserrín de roble, obteniéndose 51,8% de lignina degradada por L. edodes y 22% de celulosa degrada por C. versicolor. This paper presents a way of tracking the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in ten species of white rot fungi: Lentinula edodes, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes trogii, Coriolus versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus ostreatus and Auricularia delicata. These species were first screened on solid culture media containing carboxymethyl cellulose, crystalline cellulose, ABTS (2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate)) and azure B, which showed the production of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, laccase and lignin peroxidase (LiP) enzymes. Cellulolytic activities were detected after five days of incubation with congo red indicator, forming a clear-white halo in areas where cellulose was degraded. For ligninases, the tracking consisted of the monitoring in the formation of green halos due to ABTS oxidation for laccase, and decolorization halos on azure B for LiP during 14 days of incubation. From this qualitative screening, four strains were selected (G. lucidum, L. edodes, C. versicolor and T. trogii) as the best producers of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes. These four species were inoculated on a substrate of sawdust oak, yielding 51,8% of lignin degraded by L. edodes and 22% of cellulose degraded by C. versicolor. Este trabalho apresenta uma maneira de seguir produção da enzimas lignocelulolíticas em 10 espécies de fungos da podridão branca: Lentinula edodes, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes trogii, Coriolus versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus ostreatus e Auricularia delicata. Estas espécies foram primeiramente rastreados em meio de cultura sólido contendo os reagentes de carboximetil celulose, celulose cristalina, ABTS (2,2 ‘-azinobis (3-etilbenztiazoline-6-sulfonato)) e azure B que mostrou a produção de enzimas de endoglucanase, exoglucanase lacase, peroxidase de lignina e (LiP). Actividades celulolíticas foram detectados após cinco dias de incubação com o indicador vermelho congo, formando um claro halo-branco em áreas degrada a celulose. Para ligninases, esta consistia de rastreamento faixa formação de halo verde por oxidação de ABTS a lacase e descoloração halos no lábio azure B, durante 14 dias de incubação. Esta triagem qualitativa, foram selecionados quatro cepas: G. lucidum, L. edodes, C. versicolor e T. trogii, cepas como os melhores produtores de enzimas celulolíticas e ligninolíticas. Estas quatro espécies foram inoculados sobre um substrato de madeira de carvalho serradura, obtendo-se 51,8% de lignina por L. edodes degradad e 22% de celulose degradada por C. versicolor. Fil: Montoya, Sandra. Universidad de Caldas; Colombia Fil: Sánchez, Oscar Julián. Universidad de Caldas; Colombia Fil: Levin, Laura Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina

Lipases are one of the groups of enzymes with the highest number of industrial and biotechnological applications, processing of dairy foods and oils, detergents, cosmetics, leather, pharmaceuticals, paper, production of surfactants, biodiesel and recently as a promising alternative for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with lipids. In this study, microorganisms were isolated from wastewater samples containing fats and extracellular lipase production was determined using p-nitrophenylpalmitate. From the 149 isolates obtained, 37 showed lipolytic activity and strain CCEI-1, identified as Serratia marcescens, had the highest activity at alkaline pH and at 30°C. Also degraded lipids and produced pigmentation on solid medium at pH 8,0 and 50°C. The culture supernatants of S. marcescens used to determine thermal stability at 50°C indicate that the enzyme is stable at this temperature and at alkaline pH. The enzyme was partially purified and electrophoresed (SDS-PAGE) where bands between 40 and 116 kDa were detected. The results obtained in this study indicate that the strain CCEI-1 of S. marcescens can be a possible source of thermostable lipases with industrial and biotechnological applications.

This paper presents an analysis of the wood energy market forces in the village of Cajete the municipality of Popayan. The methodology led to the realization of a random sampling of wood used as woodfuel and proceeded on which the application of a stratified survey of 64 selected users according to previously identified patterns of consumption. They were found to be the most commonly used species such as fuelwood in the sidewalk coffee (Coffea arabica) with 22%, pine (Pinus sp) 18%, Cúcharo (Myrsine guianensis) 15% and the Yarumo (Cecropia peltata) 15%. The total demand for fuelwood estimated for the sidewalk was 122,7 m3 per month, being households that represent the highest proportion 96,2%, while ovens and restaurants represent 3,8%. With respect to the offer found that 63% of users collect firewood from the forests and farms of the area, while 37% buy the product that comes mainly from sawmills located in the urban area of the municipality of Popayán.

Cysticercose is a parasitic disease which affects humans and pigs, it is considered as a public health issue in developing, and it is emerging developed countries, given the important social and economic implications. This paper is the result of an exploratory study that I seek to describe knowledge and social practices associated with the Cisticerco in Colombian rural communities. For two decades of interventions based on guidelines protocolised by health authorities and institutions, representations and social practices of the community didn´t have shown modifications or significant changes to face this disease. The study analyzes the information obtained with the participation of the community, applying the methodology of the founded theory with open coding technique. In the explanatory models found, there are evident gaps between what the community regards as visible and invisible aspects of the disease, an important factor for understanding the life cycle of this disease in a popular and everyday’s manner, also affecting the economic perception and the social control practices by the community.

Processes executed for Identifying anomalies in agricultural crops using image processing have been effective, however these methods involve tear off plant’s leaflets and fruits under study. For this paper it is shown the results of the development and validation of an algorithm that allows the execution of incidence monitoring in strawberry crops (Fragaria x ananassa), able to make a first approximation to distinguish senescence and mechanical damage in their leaflets, implementing an indirect (non-destructive) methodology. Image processing techniques used for this research include smoothing, erosion, dilation, edge detection, pattern matching, thresholding, among others. The results were visualized in an application developed in C # using the Emgu CV library. It is concluded that is possible to offer a preliminary monitoring of incidence using this algorithm, saving time for producers and researchers who require a first approximation of the state of the crop, with the ability to run on desktops, notebooks and aerial robots (drones) that allow to automate this task, La identificación de diferentes anomalías en cultivos agrícolas usando procesamiento de imágenes, ha demostrado cada vez más su efectividad. Contrario con los métodos de ejecución tradicionales, los cuales arrancan los folíolos y frutos de la planta, para realizar el estudio. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del desarrollo e validación de un algoritmo, que permita realizar monitoreo de incidencia en cultivos de fresa (Fragaria x ananassa), capaz de dar una primera aproximación para distinguir senescencia y daños mecánicos en sus foliolos, implementando una metodología indirecta (no destructiva). Las técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes implementadas incluyen Suavizado, Erosión, Dilatación, Detección de Contornos, Correspondencia de Patrones, Umbralización, entre otros. Los resultados obtenidos se visualizaron en una aplicación desarrollada en C# usando la librería Emgu CV, mostrando al usuario un diagnóstico de la planta de estudio. Se concluye que es posible ofrecer un servicio de monitoreo preliminar de incidencia usando este algoritmo, ahorrando tiempo para productores e investigadores que requieran una primera aproximación del estado del cultivo, con la posibilidad de ejecutarse tanto en computadores e robots aéreos (drones) para hacer más eficiente esta tarea.