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The formation of hazardous substances, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and two representative advanced glycation end products (AGEs), Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL) in five kinds of fish with different fat contents during thermal processing was investigated. The results indicated that HAAs, AGEs produced is related to the lipids in varying degrees. The variation of key precursors were examined to explain the relationship between fat oxidation and molecular pathway of HAAs and AGEs formation. The current research may help us better understand the overall generation of hazardous substances in food systems, and provide new ideas for formulating prevention in future production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]