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The in vivo antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycemic activities of Salvia splendens extracts (100 mg kg−1d−1 P.O.) in male albino rats were studied. The total 70% methanolic, total aqueous and successive ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The results suggested that S. splendens may have supportive role in controlling diabetic conditions due to the presence of poly-phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a complication of type 2 diabetes that leads to critical limb ischemia and amputation. We tested whether absent or diminished pedal pulses (ADPPs) predicts subsequent renal functional decline in patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). We also examined the association between urinary biomarkers and ADPP as well as worsening CKD. Methods: Using a prospective longitudinal design, we studied 91 patients with type 2 diabetes and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from 7 to 146 mL/min/1.73 m2. Baseline pedal pulses were assessed by standardized history and physical examination. The primary endpoint was decline in eGFR >30%. Potential confounders of the relationship between pedal pulses and eGFR were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Results: Of 91 participants (median age 58 (range 30–83); median eGFR 72.4 ± 33.4 mL/min/1.73 m2), 43% had at least one ADPP. Baseline ADPP associated with increased risk of greater than 30% decline in eGFR (OR= 3.67, p =.004). This association remained significant (OR = 3.09, p =.029) after adjustment for traditional risk factors of renal function decline in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). In addition, urinary endothelin-1 (ET-1) was higher among patients with ADPP (p =.0006) and associated with eGFR decline greater than 30% (adjusted OR = 1.81, p =.035). Conclusions: ADPP is a strong predictor of decline in renal function in type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes and abnormal pedal pulses should be screened for DKD and monitored closely for progression of CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenton-reaction initiated in vitro oxidation and in vivo oxidative biotransformation of salicylic acid was investigated by HPLC-UV-Vis method. By means of the developed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method salicylic acid, catechol, and all the possible monohydroxylated derivatives of salicylic acid can be separated. Fenton oxidations were performed in acidic medium (pH 3.0) with two reagent molar ratios: (1) salicylic acid: iron: hydrogen peroxide 1:3:1 and (2) 1:0.3:1. The incubation samples were analysed at different time points of the reactions. The biological effect of elevated reactive oxygen species concentration on the intestinal metabolism of salicylic acid was investigated by an experimental diabetic rat model. HPLC-MS analysis of the in vitro samples revealed presence of 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids. The results give evidence for nonenzyme catalysed intestinal hydroxylation of xenobiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although reactive oxygen species can regulate intracellular signaling pathways, excessive amounts under oxidative stress conditions may cause damage to biomolecules. Hydroxyl radical (˙OH) is a most reactive oxidant that can harm DNA, lipids, and proteins. As the direct determination of ˙OH by highly specialized electron paramagnetic resonance techniques is costly, indirect colorimetric determinations have attracted attention. Salicylic acid has been used both as an in vitro and in vivo probes to detect ˙OH, itself being converted to 2,3-, 2,4-, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids (DHBA) and catechol, but since 2,5-DHBA may also be generated enzymatically in the cyctochrome P-450 metabolism, 2,3-DHBA is the real marker of oxidative salicylate damage. This work is focused on the development of a selective hydroxyl radical detection assay by modifying a colorimetric nitrite-molybdate method concerning vic-diol determination of 2,3-DHBA among other DHBA isomers. Salicylic acid was hydroxylated to DHBAs and catechol upon the attack of ˙OH produced in a Fenton system. An aliquot from the mixture was oxidized with a nitrite-molybdate(VI) reagent to give an intense red product in alkaline medium with maximal absorbance at 510 nm. The assay was selective to only 2,3-DHBA and catechol among all DHBA isomers. The residual salicylic acid, DHBAs, and catechol were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the spectrophotometrically measured contents of 2,3-DHBA and catechol were compared with HPLC results. Antioxidants, when present, caused a reduction in the hydroxylation of salicylate probe producing less 2,3-DHBA and catechol, thereby enabling the development of an indirect antioxidant activity assay for colorimetrically measuring ˙OH scavenging ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence for a direct relationship between the vascular system and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to investigate endocan and adhesion molecules such as P-selectin derived from the endothelium and platelets in obese children and adolescents with NAFLD. One hundred obese patients and 40 lean controls were enrolled. The obese subjects were divided into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of fatty liver. Blood samples were assayed for endocan, P-selectin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Obese patients with NAFLD presented higher ALT and insulin levels, as well as more profound dyslipidemia when compared with their counterparts without NAFLD. Serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were found increased in both obese groups, regardless of NAFLD. In obese subjects with NAFLD, decreased P-selectin levels (51.6 ± 4.14 ng/mL) were detected as compared with the obese (72.3 ± 4.23) and control (74.2 ± 6.97) subjects. Furthermore, circulating P-selectin levels were closely associated with endocan levels (r = 0.852,p < 0.001). Childhood obesity leads to vascular inflammation and therefore may cause a predisposition to atherosclerosis at an early age. The possible outcome of decreased P-selectin levels with NAFLD development must be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this investigation, 14 extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs), produced with Leccino and Raggiola olive cultivars, by a new two-way (2W) decanter were compared with 14 EVOOs produced by means of a conventional three-way (3W) decanter. The 2W EVOOs had higher phenol concentrations, as shown by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis and yielded a higher extraction of the 3,4-DHPEA-EDA (oleacein), 3,4-DHPEA-EA (oleuropein aglycone) andp-HPEA-EDA (oleocanthal). The concentrations of lignans, (+)-pinoresinol and (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol, detected by HPLC-FLD equipment, were higher in the 2W EVOOs than they were in EVOOs produced using the 3W system. Total phenols, detected by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, were lower than those obtained by HPLC, but they significantly correlated (p < 0.05). The antioxidant capacity (ORAC) values of 2W EVOOs were higher than those of 3W EVOOs. In conclusion, the 2W system provided high-quality phenol EVOOs and became an indispensable tool when adverse climatic conditions reduced the olive secoiridoid concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]