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This article discusses how paper artisans in Chosŏn Korea transformed the once government-controlled paper production into their own prosperous trade, by focusing on their techniques for recycling paper. They called the paper they made that was not in use 'resting paper', and referred to its reuse, which they facilitated, as a process of 'returning'. These recycling techniques were unique even among its East Asian neighbours and induced new rules about paper production, including the careful accounting of 'resting paper' by government officials. This essay thus helps illuminate two things thus far less noted in the Chosŏn transformation of production: First, the prominent role of techniques in Chosŏn's productive revolutions (not best characterized as either 'industrial' nor 'industrious') before the twentieth century; and second, the constant negotiations that these recycling artisans had made with the Chosŏn court and its officials. The essay uses the robust recycled paper products still remaining in museums, and new kinds of documents about 'resting paper' and its constant transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of national security threats on a nation's economic growth and fiscal policy based on a case study of the Korean peninsula. I construct four measures of provocations using a newly-assembled list of North Korean provocative events going back to 1960. The results show that the overall impact of North Korean provocations on South Korea's short-run economic growth is negligible. Since inter-Korean relations have gone through four phases, this paper also estimates the impact of provocations over each subperiod. Provocations had a significant impact on South Korea's economic growth during 1960-1970 and 1992-1997 when inter-Korean tensions were high, but the effects took on different signs. While provocations decreased South Korea's economic growth during 1992-1997, it had a positive impact on South Korea's macroeconomy before 1970. This paper provides evidence that the effect of national security threats may vary with the responses from the government and political factors such as the relation between the targeted country and the country that inflicts the threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there have been many voices in Korea arguing that a few commercially successful films take up the opportunities for the exhibition of other films and thus limit the selection of titles available for moviegoers, a trend dubbed the "screen monopoly". In seeking a solution, a number of scholars have looked to the anti-screen monopoly "regulations" in France, but without providing rigorous or persuasive evidence. By comparing the appropriate variables of Korea and France, this paper argues that the Korean film market is less monopolised than France despite the non-existence of these regulations. Furthermore, it demonstrates that Korea has more diversity than France. As a result, this paper concludes that introducing the French anti-screen monopoly regulations in Korea does not seem a beneficial option. The findings in this paper suggest a strong need to re-examine the effectiveness of government policies in the cultural industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities and scholars around the world teach and research extensively in the field of peace education; yet, despite a plethora of diverse scholarship, educational programs are often critiqued as dominated by the English-speaking world. This paper employs the intersecting lenses of decolonization and postcolonial theory to explore and challenge the perceived dominance of Western literature and practice. Using a criss-crossing comparison method, English and Korean literatures are compared to ascertain the extent of Western-centricity within Korean higher education peace studies, and to offer a critical discussion of liberal peacebuilding, and linear problem-solving models within the literatures. Counter-arguments and policy recommendations are considered. The paper concludes that for peace education to fulfill its mission, global educational decolonization movements need to be strengthened. It is argued that efforts toward decolonization of Korean peace education could support the global movement toward a more socially just peace education for the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ways in which apology functions as a stance act at public speech events. Rather than focusing on speakers' intentions, in this study I pay attention to indexical meanings associated with apologies in a specific context. The study primarily analyses apology sequences that involve code-switching, which were drawn from ethnographic data gathered in a Korean university where English has been adopted as its official language (EOL). Data analysis shows that the use of apology allows speakers to take a stance towards their language choice and the institutional language policy. Both apology and speakers' metalinguistic articulations prior to code-switching reflect and reinforce the two language ideologies: (1) the language policy is intended to serve for international members of the university, and (2), Korean can be used when needed. A closer look at the way in which apology is used in specific contexts suggests that speakers' main purpose of apology is self-presentation in a public event. Apology functions to index speaker's defiance of an institution's language policy while avoiding their responsibility for the action. The sociolinguistic concept of stance allows us to better understand speakers' positioning with respect to norms and expectations informed by institutional language policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the forces of globalisation brought B-boying (or breakdancing) to Korea, the traditionally conservative mainstream society looked askance at the practice. The government, concerned with building a strong national culture, set restrictive policies to protect Korean society from what it saw as a disruptive foreign influence. Nevertheless, a marginalised Korean B-boy subculture developed; rejected locally, Korean crews began competing globally. When they swept major international competitions, B-boying exploded in Korea and the government began to support and deploy it as iconic of Korea's youthful and dynamic art world. Thus, B-boying in Korea has undergone two major cycles of globalisation and Korean government intervention since the 1980s. In this paper, we trace how a marginalised subculture came to be institutionalised as a point of national pride by the government and the role that glocalisation has played in this dramatic reversal of the fortunes of the B-boys in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study how pre-analysis affects drama-based art programme in South Korea to reach the drama educational goals. In the cognitive, psychodynamic(functional), and affective parts, the learner's analysis has been analysed through questionnaires, the learner's situation, and the lesson plan. Also, through the pre-meeting detailed analysis was made such as the learner's ability and if any children children who required special education. Through the preliminary analysis, it showed that nervousness, prejudice, and burden of students who taking the drama-based art class for the first time are alleviated. It is customised drama-based art education that helps learners' needs in advance of the lesson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, in order to understand accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions of urban solid waste incineration facilities, which are major waste incineration facilities, and problems likely to occur at this time, emissions were calculated by classifying calculation methods into 3 types. For the comparison of calculation methods, the waste characteristics ratio, dry substance content by waste characteristics, carbon content in dry substance, and12C content were analyzed; and in particular, CO2concentration in incineration gases and12C content were analyzed together. In this study, 3 types of calculation methods were made through the assay value, and by using each calculation method, emissions of urban solid waste incineration facilities were calculated then compared. As a result of comparison, with Calculation Method A, which used the default value as presented in the IPCC guidelines, greenhouse gas emissions were calculated for the urban solid waste incineration facilities A and B at 244.43 ton CO2/day and 322.09 ton CO2/day, respectively. Hence, it showed a lot of difference from Calculation Methods B and C, which used the assay value of this study. It is determined that this was because the default value as presented in IPCC, as the world average value, could not reflect the characteristics of urban solid waste incineration facilities. Calculation Method B indicated 163.31 ton CO2/day and 230.34 ton CO2/day respectively for the urban solid waste incineration facilities A and B; also, Calculation Method C indicated 151.79 ton CO2/day and 218.99 ton CO2/day, respectively. Implications: This study intends to compare greenhouse gas emissions calculated using12C content default value provided by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) with greenhouse gas emissions calculated using12C content and waste assay value that can reflect the characteristics of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities. Also, the concentration and12C content were calculated by directly collecting incineration gases of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities, and greenhouse gas emissions of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities through this survey were compared with greenhouse gas emissions, which used the previously calculated assay value of solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study speaks to the larger question of how mobile upbringing that spans tensions between multiple communities across the globe influences one's construction of identity and belonging. In this paper, I examine how young adults who have been living in multiple countries in their formative years- most prominently referred to as Third Culture Kids -reflect upon their transnational life trajectories. With a particular focus on their construction of identity and belonging vis-à-vis language, literacy, and culture, I pair the concept of capital (Bourdieu, 1986) with habitus (Appadurai,1996; Bourdieu,1991). My analyses suggest that Third Culture Kids foregrounded multilingual competence and diversity in articulating their mobile upbringing, and they finally chose to live in the US in addition to maintaining transnational ties with Korea in their adulthood. Their sense of belonging to the US was cultivated as a response to feelings of estrangement from Korean society, where they are privileged in terms of social class but feel excluded due to the high cultural esteem for ethnic solidarity among local Koreans. With the growing number of transnational communities that mobilize funds of knowledge from heterogenic resources across the globe, this study highlights the need for educators to incorporate students' funds of knowledge into language and literacy curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on longitudinal research that began in 2008, this study examines the history of the conflicts surrounding the development of the Asia Culture Center (ACC) in Gwangju, Korea, through documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews. The ACC is a main facility of the Hub City of Asian Culture project, a large cultural investment in Korea. Although the ACC began with the ambition to be a cultural window into Asia, it has encountered several conflicts during the development process. This paper investigates the landmark debate, the heritage site preservation controversy, and the centre's lack of leadership. It identifies that the project must appreciate the unique local circumstances, including the 5·18 Gwangju Democratisation Movement, to better understand the discussions and arguments around its heritage and the ACC. It also highlights the need for proper communication among stakeholders, who have fundamentally different expectations of the ACC due to their different interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over a thousand years many settlements in Korea forbid the digging of water-wells. This custom can be explained using geomancy, which personifies local landscapes or names them after animate or inanimate objects. In 'sailing boat' landscapes the digging of water-wells was prohibited because this was viewed as analogous to making a hole in the bottom of a boat, which would thus bring misfortune to local residents. Based on this geomantic reasoning, people considered the custom of forbidding well digging to be an integral part of the art of geomancy, with its origin in a geomantic belief system. My earlier research sustained this explanation but this paper, which is based on two recent instances of field work, rejects the established view on the custom. The aim of this paper is to critically re-examine this established view and suggests a new idea that the folk custom of prohibiting well digging in Korea was not originally derived from geomancy, but was conceived from a non-geomantic indigenous Korean idea and have become linked to geomancy through the enforcement process of practicing the custom in traditional Korean society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the effect of the penalty system in an emission trading scheme (ETS) on pricing and abatement activities. No previous studies have shown that the ways of penalizing for unretired permits specifically might have a crucial role in permit pricing. Most studies show that the penalty rate is fixed, as in the EU-ETS, but this paper focuses on the mechanism that price affects penalty and this again affects price. The Korea ETS case is examined as an example in which the per-unit penalty for unretired permits is determined by the average market price. Based on simple analytical modeling, this study derives policy implications that differ from the pre-determined penalty rate system: that the penalty system linked with market prices causes downward pressure on market prices, that the maximum rate is not very meaningful in pricing, that the multiplication level of the penalty rate affects market prices, and that this price-linked penalizing system can affect the overall level of abatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the exchange motive behind upstream intergenerational transfers from the adult children to their elderly parents in Korea. While the altruistic motive has been extensively studied, evidence on the exchange motive behind private transfers, i.e. that transfers are provided in exchange for the service provided by the recipient, has been relatively scarce. To test for the presence of exchange motive, childcare provided to grandchildren by elderly parents is used to measure service provision. Using a family fixed effect model, we find that elderly parents who provide care for their grandchildren are more likely to receive transfers, and more likely to receive a larger amount of transfer, providing evidence on the operation of an exchange motive in upstream transfers. We further show that this motive operates mainly through regular transfers and not through irregular transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the colonial discourse of the global population problem in Korea under Japanese rule (1910-1945). I consider the recent call of Alison Bashford to draw attention to the geopolitical and spatial dimensions of the colonial population discourse in the non-Western Japanese Empire and to interrogate global population from the perspective of East Asian imperialism in the twentieth century. By opening up the colonial archives on population through an examination of colonial state and pro-state magazines in Korea, such as Chōsen (Korea) and Chōsen oyobi Manchu (Korea and Manchuria), I demonstrate how metropolitan and colonial elites, including imperial and colonial state officials, politicians, intellectuals, physicians and so on, at pains to build Japan's empire, engaged in the debates on jinkō mondai (population problem) in 1920s and 1930s Korea. The details of the debate bring to light the ways in which the management of the population problem undergirded the complex issues of the peninsula and the empire at large, including emigration, Japanese settlement, the cultivation of Manchuria, the development of mining and heavy chemical industries, the Sino-Japanese War, Western imperial rule and the emancipation of the coloured populations/races. Further, I delineate how these details were deeply imbedded in the racialized struggle between the Japanese race/coloured races vs. the white race in the global governance of the population and territory in the final phase of Japanese imperial aggression. By going beyond the Western, Anglo-Saxon debates on population, this paper seeks to showcase how East Asian imperial power responded to the white, Western discourse of 'race suicide vs. the yellow peril'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study of government R&D nanotech networks in Korea to elaborate the characteristics of post catch-up countries on the border line between developing and developed countries. Using to longitudinal network analysis, this paper examines expectation building and learning process as key components for the emerging technology development during the post catch-up era. Findings suggest that a change of the global R&D landscape sparks the development of emerging technologies by expectation building and resource attraction for technology development. Prior to this spark, however, an internal learning mechanism is ready for the development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a growing number of customers tend to view corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a key purchase decision criterion, demands for CSR including environmental sustainability have accelerated in today's business world. To meet such demands, many firms consider embracing environment-friendly business practices. However, many firms are still hesitant to implement those practices due to sceptical views about their real managerial benefits. Although the previous literature confirms the positive link between a firm's commitment to environmental sustainability and its performance, the varying degree of impact of different kinds of environment-friendly supply chain practices on the firm's operational performance is still unknown. To fill the void left by prior research, this paper aims to classify various types of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices and then assess the impact of each of these distinct types on the firm's operational performances (especially manufacturing and marketing performance). Also, this paper examines how the firm's organisational profiles such as firm size affect the particular firm's choice of GSCM practices. Our experimental results reveal that the chosen type of GSCM practices influences the firm's performance differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the importance of service offering is increasing in not only service areas but also manufacturing areas, manufacturers and service providers strive to integrate products and services simultaneously. The integration in service delivery has helped in the provision of better products or services with increasing convenience and usefulness. In previous research, strategic management and case studies of integrated products and services (IPSs) have been conducted in various fields. However, research on finding significant service characteristics which affect customer satisfaction and service quality has been rarely investigated and interested although service integration into products offers more functions and advantages. With regard to this limitation, this paper proposes a research model that is subject to finding the significant factors for customer satisfaction in terms of service characteristics and quality. In the case of the mobile industry in Korea, the findings show positive and different relationships between customer satisfaction and service characteristics as well as service quality with respect to three types of IPSs: advice, maintenance, and content services. These significant results imply that IPS is one of the critical factors to improve customer satisfaction in the mobile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While fully utilizing the principles of international emergency management, the objective of this article was to evaluate the present local emergency management of the Gangwon province in relation to its future requirements, and ultimately, to arrive at the most effective emergency-management plan. In doing so, both reality-oriented and risk-oriented approaches were compared via four key players or stakeholders, namely the local governments, military forces, local industries, and semi-volunteers and households. Literature review and interviews with national experts were utilized as the methodology for this study. The contribution of this paper is valuable, because the case of the Gangwon province was examined, for the first time, using international criteria. The key finding is that for best practices, the Gangwon province has to change its reality-oriented approach to a risk-oriented approach. Furthermore, the evaluation of the Gangwon province's policies following international emergency-management examples may result to improvements on the non-linear dynamics of local emergency management and facilitate transformation toward a risk-oriented approach in neighboring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Along with its multicultural transformation, Korea is experiencing structural challenges of multicultural education that has been often criticized as assimilation driven and immigrant education oriented. In fact, multicultural education targeted at the Korean public should be as equally important as the newly arrived migrants, if not less. The paper seeks to identify existing complications of multicultural education in Korea by reviewing its practices in the sociopolitical context, while providing alternatives from the perspectives of geography. The importance of localization and place-based pedagogy is exemplified by the strength of geography education, emphasizing its compatibility and contributory potential to multicultural education. In addition, geography field trip lessons of Daegu that may be of interest to multicultural educators are presented as reference lessons in further developing multicultural education in Korea. By teaching multicultural education more 'multiculturally,' geography education not only outright reflects the richness of Korea's growing cultural diversity, but also lends its flexibility nature and all-encompassing approaches to enhance social cohesion and inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the connection between sovereignty and central banking through a case study of the Bank of Chosŏn in colonial Korea during the 1910s and 1920s. Using historical and statistical analysis, this study shows the particular characteristics and limitations of the Bank of Chosŏn and its operations, both within the specific colonial context and under the political and economic conditions imposed by Japanese imperialism, such as a fixed exchange rate and the subordination of the Korean economy to Japan. While the Bank of Chosŏn was unable to ultimately exercise independent policy-making, this particular case offers avenues for exploring the historical and policy-making effects upon the relationship between sovereignty and central banking. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper takes two different approaches to assess the sustainability of household debt in Korea. First, we identify marginal households whose debts are excessive and whose financial soundness is weak, and examine how much these household groups would grow should external shocks occur. This sensitivity analysis shows that the low-income brackets are highly exposed to rollover and default risks, and that a decline in housing prices is an important factor affecting the vulnerability of household debt. Furthermore, we employ a debt dynamics equation and a primary savings reaction function in order to derive the debt limit for each income quintile, and find that the sustainable debt ratio for each income quintile differs in line with the interest rate burden of the household sector, income fluctuations and savings capability. According to the results of this analysis, the first quintile at the bottom income level records debt ratios close to their debt limit, calling for urgent debt restructuring for this income class. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper estimates upper-level substitution and new-goods bias in the Korean Consumer Price Index (CPI) from the early 1990s to the mid 2000s. It has been estimated that the upper-level substitution bias in the CPI alone increased the inflation rate by 0.51 percentage points per year over the 13-year period between 1990 and 2002. The new-goods bias further increased the inflation rate by 0.17 and 0.13 percentage points per year between 1990-1995 and 1995-2000 respectively. The Chained Laspeyres index series that is based on annually-updated weights has been found to correct less than half of the upper-level substitution bias. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Until recently, the most important investigation on the issues of the "comfort women" was carried out by the Japanese government in the early 1990s. In the meantime, data from the Government-General of Korea (1910-1945) were never comprehensively investigated. As for the comfort women-related data from occupied China, even access to these has been difficult. To overcome this situation, a group of researchers that included us, recently formed a research team and began investigating data at the National Archives of Korea, the Shanghai Municipal Archives and Nanjing Municipal Archives, in China. This paper analyzes the significance of the new findings we made at these archives. Compared to the documents found by the Japanese investigation in the 1990s, our findings, in China in particular, give much more detailed information about the wartime recruitment and operation of "comfort women" and the military comfort stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how and why the Korean online gaming industry gained dominance in the global market, despite US and Japanese competition in related gaming sectors. It examines how far this was stimulated by government intervention and how far it was due to private entrepreneurs. Using case studies of innovative firms, it argues that, whilst interventionist industrial policy was influential, the most important factors were changing market conditions, investment in higher education and telecommunications infrastructure. These created profit opportunities that Korean entrepreneurs were able to exploit through the foundation of new firms and access to university-based social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taekkyeon, a Korean traditional martial art focussing on the harmony of the individual and community has been listed as the first martial art of the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2011. Though taekkyeon involves competitive elements as a martial art, taekkyeon masters and practitioners have emphasized its natural and playful characteristics, with connecting the peace of the inner self and the unity of the community. The increasing demand on the preservation and promotion of taekkyeon as an intangible cultural tradition has involved the intertwined processes of heritagization and institutionalization. This paper identifies and conceptualizes the two development processes of preserving and promoting taekkyeon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the prominence of civilisational values in Korean political economy debates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries concerning their country's dramatic opening to the world economy at the time. Korean supporters of economic opening saw this policy change as part of a wider embrace of Western civilisational values, while opponents argued that their country's longstanding economic autarchy upheld traditional Neo-Confucian civilisational values that had been imported from China. For international political economy (IPE) scholars interested in the historical relationship between civilisational values and political economy, the analysis shows how these values shaped understandings of international economic relations outside the West in quite distinctive ways. For IPE scholars interested in the diffusion of ideas, the analysis highlights different dynamics involved in the ‘localisation’ of ideas emanating from dominant powers. More generally, the study of this Korean history also contributes to the building of a more ‘inter-civilisational’ approach to IPE today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, about ten Goryeo dynasty (918-1392 CE) sutra boxes are preserved in museums in Korea, Japan, the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. This article is the result of an examination of a sutra box in the collection of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (hereafter 'Rijksmuseum sutra box'), which was first introduced to a European audience in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Japanese Society, in 1913-1914. The Rijksmuseum sutra box differs from other Goryeo sutra boxes. With its altered structure and modified motifs, this box bears significant value, not only for the research of thirteenth-century Goryeo mother-of-pearl art, but also for the study of cross-cultural adaptations in East Asian lacquer art. This article investigates the date of manufacture of the sutra box by analysing the manufacturing techniques and its various original and modified parts. For this, an X-ray radiograph was carried out for the first time. As a result, discoveries have been made regarding the structure and decoration of the lower part, which has been modified and is different from Goryeo mother-of-pearl sutra boxes. Finally, this paper reconsiders conservation and repair of Goryeo sutra boxes, as illuminated by an understanding of the original and repaired parts of this box. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To gain an ongoing competitive advantage over other firms, a firm must acquire new technology to differentiate itself from others. This paper explores the technology transfer of technology for information technology equipment and establishes a comprehensive framework for the factors which affect on-time completion of technology transfer for suppliers and buyers according to technology transfer agreements. The technology transfer process is divided into the categorical stages that take place. Then, experts’ opinions are analysed through analytic hierarchy process to determine the influential factors affecting on-time completion of technology transfer. The results of this study should provide a basis for firms to evaluate on-time completion of technology transfer and a reference for the technology transfer process for both suppliers and buyers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we argue that North Korea’s socioeconomic transformation has had a profound and yet under-appreciated impact on the social construction of femininity. Drawing on 45 in-depth interviews with North Korean refugees, interviews with regular visitors to North Korea and NGO workers, and our own field notes from trips to North Korea, we analyse changes over three discernible (yet overlapping) economic periods: the 1960s–90s pre-famine period; the mid-1990s to late 2000s grassroots capitalism era; and the current Kim Jong Un period of quasi-capitalism. As dress is a discursive daily practice of gender, we focus on the practice of femininity as shown through North Korean women’s fashion choices. We argue that images of women in state propaganda have been shaped primarily by male leaders, but norms of femininity have shaped, and also been shaped by, women themselves. That is, the recent trend for North Korean women to dress in hyper-feminine styles can be explained in terms of women remaking themselves and planning their future lives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In nineteenth-century Korea, Catholic ideology and practice countered some of the restrictions imposed on women by the Confucian norms of traditional Korean society. Thus, many Catholic women acted with greater agency than was typical outside the Church. Yet instances of self-determined activity among Catholic women, such as choosing the vocation of celibacy, seemingly decreased further in the nineteenth century as the Church became more established. Some scholars argue that the reason for this apparent decrease connects to patriarchal or critical views of women in the Catholic teaching of the time, while others argue that the circumstances of persecution compelled the clergy to restrict the activities of women for the sake of avoiding the unwanted attention of non-Catholics. This paper revisits the discussion of this apparent shift by examining the cases of three Catholic women to illuminate additional nuances. It argues that the contrasting reasons given for this decrease in agency could easily be mutually reinforcing, and that evidence suggests an additional reason: concern about soul salvation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology leakage in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is a critical issue because while the number of main technologies in SMEs is small, these technologies are crucial to their survival. Related factors must be identified to prevent technology leakage from SMEs. In this paper, we use logistic regression to find significant factors in Korean SMEs, focusing on three aspects: characteristics of the technology, prevention strategy, and firm’s R&D characteristics. We use a survey conducted by related national institutions. According to the results of our empirical study, interaction effects among the factors of technology characteristics have highly significant effects on technology leakage. In particular, the interaction effect between the time needed to imitate the technology and the stage of business growth appears to have the highest influence on technology leakage. Based on our results, detailed strategies for preventing technology leakage are inferred in order to help SMEs prioritise their resources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Quantitative easing (QE) conducted by the US Fed during 2009 Q1 to 2013 Q2 expanded capital flows into emerging economies. The possibility of tapering to reduce QE caused the taper tantrum in 2013 that was characterized by sudden capital reversals and drastic exchange rate depreciation in a subset of developing countries. In this paper we investigated factors that drove capital reversals and drastic exchange rate depreciation in the developing countries. We find that actual capital inflows during the QE periods were most responsible for capital reversals thereafter. However, we do not find evidence that capital flow reversals actually contributed to the drastic exchange rate depreciation during the taper tantrum or lowered real GDP growth afterwards. Consistent with previous studies Our findings suggest that pre-emptive measures to prevent excessive capital inflows are crucial to promote the resilience of the economy. The recent experience of Korea that introduced a series of macroprudential measures shows supporting evidence for this view. Abbreviations:EG: Eichengreen and Gupta (2015); IFS: International Financial Statistics; PRS: Park, Ramayandi, and Shin (2016); US Fed: U.S. Federal Reserve System [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a growing problem and has been highlighted as a global issue. Empirical evidence increasingly indicates its obvious potential risks to humans and society. As members of this society, business organizations face greatly diverse climate change-related risks that they must recognize and respond to. However, gaps exist between scientific evidence and the actions of business organizations. Few empirical studies have examined the business organizations’ actions taken in response to climate change in Korea. This paper addresses this critical gap in the climate change literature by examining business organizations’ behaviors and identifying the factors influencing their actions. We employ statistical models to compare corporate climate change actions, and we explain their variations using survey data. The results indicate that despite increasing concerns about climate change, businesses have implemented very limited precautionary mitigation and adaptation actions. In addition, the concerns of the businesses about future climate change impact, organizational capacity (leadership, staff capacity, existence of a relevant division or department), and business size are significant factors with respect to the implementation of climate change actions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Economic uncertainty and monetary uncertainty are said to affect public’s holding of money in either direction. In this paper, we consider the Korean demand for money, and after including two GARCH-based measures of output uncertainty and monetary uncertainty, we show that both measures exert significant effects on the demand for money in Korea in the short run. However, only the adverse effects of output uncertainty lasts into the long run. Indeed, including the two uncertainty measures yield a stable demand for money in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out to elucidate the role of Japanese Protestants in the education of Koreans during the early twentieth century. Scholarship has often assigned only marginal roles to Japanese Protestants within the history of Japanese imperialism, despite the remarkable success of western missionaries in Korea at the time. As imperial expansion progressed, Japanese Protestants intensified their efforts to take up a leading role in the education of Koreans in colonial Korea and in the metropole wishing to spearhead the assimilation of Koreans. By drawing on the colonial discourses of East Asian unity under Japanese leadership, Protestant churches strove to mediate and facilitate colonial policies in Korea. Yet there were also voices of dissent from prominent Japanese Protestants critical of the assimilation policies implemented by colonial authorities in Korea. This ambivalent stance of Protestantism towards Korea is further complicated by the fact that the Korean Young Men’s Christian Association in Tokyo served as an important venue of the Korean Independence Movement. Examining Christian magazines and journals of the time, this paper delves into the contentious debates among Japanese Protestants concerning the Korea Mission and the Japanese government’s strategy of assimilation through education. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

More than six decades after the end of the Korean War (1950–53), the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) continue to face each other across the highly fortified Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the 38th parallel on the Korean peninsula. Both Korean governments continue to maintain and reinforce a pan-Korean identity amongst its respective populations. At the same time, both states need to provide its respective citizens with distinct national identities, which obviously requires a politically difficult and highly delicate balancing act. The focus of this paper is on the dominant identity discourses in South Korea. These have been observed, interpreted and analyzed in five international events and festivals that the South hosted over the last three decades: the 1988 Seoul Olympics, the 2002 Soccer World Cup (co-hosted with Japan), the Busan Asian Games in the same year, the 2011 Daegu World Athletic Championships and the 2014 Incheon Asian Games. All these events offered a distinctive nationalist flavour, celebrated tradition and modernity, and emphasized South Korea’s rapid 20th century development and achievements, but also served as a reminder of the ethnic homogeneity of the divided Korean people and the unjust political division of the Korean peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

From 1959 to 1984, some 90,000 Koreans migrated from Japan to North Korea as part of the “repatriation movement.” Enduring severe deprivation in North Korea, in the last decade some 300 of these individuals have returned to Japan. Based on a year of ethnographic fieldwork in Japan, this paper asks how gift giving and the attendant obligation to reciprocate impacts on relations between non-profit organizations (NPOs) and the people they seek to help. I answer this question by examining the resettlement of returnees from North Korea, and their relationship to members of Japanese civil society. The organizations working with returnees primarily consist of elderly Japanese men who aid returnees out of guilt for their support in the 1960s and 1970s of the socialist left, North Korea, and the repatriation movement. Their assistance engenders a feeling of debt in the people they help. Returnees try to mitigate this debt by performing acts of “flexible filial piety” toward NPO members. But returnees’ attempts to renegotiate the burden of the gift consequently endanger themselves and their families who remain in North Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the demand function for gasoline in Korea using quarterly data covering the period 1991–2010. The long-run and short-run elasticities of demand with respect to gasoline price and national income are empirically examined using a co-integration and error correction model (ECM). Gasoline demand is relatively elastic to price and income change in both the long run and short run, and each elasticity is higher in the long run than in the short run. Moreover, gasoline demand response to price is higher than to income. This implies that a price demand-side management policy can be quite effective in Korea. Especially, the limitation of price change is important to the stabilization of gasoline demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores cyber shamans in the neoliberalised Korea. As new media technologies evolved, Korean shamans leaped at an opportunity of the new media technologies in ways to redeem themselves. I used the term ‘redeem’ here because historically shamans in Korea have been demonised by the ruling power for more than 500 years and therefore even in the modern times they were perceived as ‘weird money suckers with false magic’. For this reason, the inherited dynamics of shamanism embedded in the culture were not appropriately considered. In the process of becoming cyber shamans, Korean shamans have cleverly utilised the new media and started making their presence known. Articulation of the inherited shamanic dynamic in response to the neoliberal media environment can help us to assess the various influences of the neoliberalised economic and political environment on Korean society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to empirically explore distinctive innovation patterns of manufacturing and service firms in Korea. Our focus is specially given to discovering similarities and differences between manufacturing and service firms with radical and incremental innovation, in terms of importance placed upon innovation purposes, importance and performance gap, and innovation value profiles. The data used in this study were collected from manufacturing and service firms in Korea through a comprehensive survey on various innovation strategies and activities for the period 2009–2011. We conducted statistical analyses to test the proposed hypotheses related to innovation patterns, including the importance–performance gap analysis and ANOVA. The analysis results reveal the distinctive innovation patterns between manufacturing and service firms and also between radical and incremental innovation by these firms in terms of the importance of innovation purposes, importance and performance gap, and innovation value profiles. This study provides profound theoretical and managerial implications by disclosing different innovation patterns of manufacturing and service firms with radical and incremental innovation in Korea, which has experienced a successful techno-economic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Much research has been conducted recently on the changing role of ports in the context of international logistics and supply chain management focusing on issues such as port efficiency and competitiveness. However, little research has been found on the critical aspect that contributes to making a port efficient and effective, especially, in the new era: the port human capital. As seaports play a critical role in the supply chain, it is thus important that the port personnel possess necessary competencies to contribute to port efficiency and turn the port into an effective supply chain partner. In this paper, this research issue is explored through a conceptual model of competencies and validated empirically by a survey with port executives in Vietnam and Korea. As a result, important managerial insights are drawn to the design and implementation of human resource development policy for ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the complex history of the taekwondo sport uniform. Although the uniform is an outward symbol of South Korea’s most popular martial art and national sport, few researchers have elucidated the uniform’s history. From studies into martial art uniforms, and the taekwondo uniform in particular, it is discovered that the tradition of wearing white trousers and jacket began with judo in the nineteenth century. This tradition was carried over to karate and other Japanese martial arts in the early twentieth century. After the liberation of the Korean peninsula from Japan, the taekwondo uniform began to evolve from its Japanese progenitors. The first important changes to the taekwondo uniform were implemented by Hwang Gi, who altered it to meet a traditional Korean clothing style. The 1970s saw the second important transformation to the uniform, whereby it became exclusively regarded as sports attire. However, since the 1970s, the taekwondo uniform did not account for traditional Korean clothing styles, and it faced several criticisms. Recent changes to the World Taekwondo Federation’s poomsae uniform have addressed these problems. The distinctiveness of the new uniform will further distinguish it from its Japanese counterparts, and help to promote the true identity of taekwondo, as well as Korean culture, worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on performances of Korean folk culture in Japanese schools and communities to analyse how minority identities are constructed. Korean minority education in Japan has taken up the challenge of reversing the stigma attached to former colonial subjects, employing a range of tangible props what Twine (1999) calls ‘racial literacy’ which prepares racial minority children to cope with and challenge racism at large. While embodying identity expression through Korean folk dance performances is an effective strategy, it faces constraints from larger social forces. Korean dance and music performances do little to challenge the dominance of mainstream values. These performances are embedded in everyday family, school, and community practices and paradoxically reproduce existing gender roles, broader pedagogical ideologies, and social structures. This ethnographic case study disentangles contradictions in minority education and shows commitment to alterity accompanies disavowal of alterity in relation to the hegemonic Japanese culture and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper aims to determine the relationship between the confidence in ability to perform activities without falling and the level of activity participation of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Community-dwelling older adults from Korea were recruited for the study. All 61 participants were examined using the falls efficacy scale and Korean Activity Card Sort. Pearson's correlation analysis was run to examine the associations between fall-related efficacy and activity level. Results: Fall efficacy and level of instrumental activities, leisure activities, social activities, and total activity level exhibited a moderate relationship ( r = .411**, .395**, .418**, .437**, p < .01). Conclusions: Individuals with low fall efficacy were excessively careful about activity performance-a tendency that may induce activity avoidance or reduction. Such avoidance and reduction to activities, in turn, enable older adults not to maintain quality of life, such as instrumental activities, leisure activities, and social activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Far Eastern Championship Games (FECG), held between 1913 and 1934, were a precursor to the Asian Games and among the first international athletic competitions in the Asian region. The FECG were launched in Manila, the Philippines, and supported by the Young Mens' Christian Association. Three countries participated in the Games: the Philippines, Japan and China. It is noteworthy that Korea, one of most powerful sports entities in Asia now, also participated in the FECG, but as part of the Japanese team. Although Korea was a powerless Japanese colony during the era, this paper argues that Korea's participation in the FECG permitted the colonized country to express its nationalism and become the cornerstone of modern sports development in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing internet exposure of Korean media and popular culture has highlighted a phenomenon common to Korea for more than 30 years: media celebrities ‘acting black’ for public consumption, while denying accusations of racism. This paper analyses the link between media representations of Korean nationalism and celebrity blackfacing by analysing recent blog and website debates on the phenomenon and argues a direct correlation to a form of Korean nouveau-riche nationalism. It looks at public commentary – both Korean and international – produced over blackfacing acts by ‘K-Pop’ groups such asGirls' Generation,BeastandBubble Sisters, which debate reasons for the media idols' expressions of racism, ethnocentrism and attitudes towards the others, and whether these attitudes are expressed (un)knowingly, and with/without malice. Historically, Korean media has included such negative depictions of African-Americans for more than 30 years, with the depictions generally taken at face-value and as ‘normal’ comedy by Korean audiences. During the pre-internet 1980s, Korean comedians regularly performed skits with Rasta wigs and darkened faces without attracting criticism. However, increasing internet viewerships have focused critical attention on K-Pop celebrity blackfacing, particularly on its active manifestation of Korean nationalism and African-American mimicry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to explore what factors prevent English as a foreign language (EFL) students from participating in English-medium instruction classes; and (2) to examine how dialogic teaching techniques enhance students’ participation in classroom interaction. Utilizing the notions of “communicative competence” and “truncated repertoire,” we first investigated the barriers to communication in classrooms. We next examined how EFL speakers are able to communicate in English-medium instruction (EMI) classes. The findings suggest that when the instruction was designed to reduce cultural barriers and to facilitate authentic discussion, EFL students were able to participate in classroom interaction, and they perceived discussion as a way to learn an unfamiliar subject taught in English. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper focuses on analysing college women’s narratives to discover their interpretations of thin ideals and dieting experiences and to compare cultural differences between the USA and Korea. Narrative analysis revealed that US women and Korean women have a different understanding of thin ideals. Both groups experienced social comparisons, social pressure to be thin, and emotional distress regarding appearance. Similarly, they revealed their emotional fluctuations associated with changes in weight. However, there were cultural differences in both groups’ ultimate goals for weight control. Consequently, this study suggests that feelings towards weight control have culturally grounded implications. Future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we analyze the effect of shareholder activism on firm value through internal corporate governance in an emerging market. We investigate the shareholder activism by the National Pension Service (NPS) of Korea, the fourth-largest pension fund in the world in 2010. We investigate stock price reaction to a “vote no” press announcement and find that the market does not react in the short run, which reaction is inconsistent with the results from developed countries. We also find that firms experiencing “vote no” and improved internal corporate governance have higher firm valuation. Shareholder activism by the NPS is effective in increasing target firm value through improving internal corporate governance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]