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This (recently republished) book presents an anthropological study of the Scottish fishing community residing in Ferryden and the impacts of their wider social setting. Jane Nadel-Klein, the author, has eloquently woven together her twenty-five years of anthropological studies with a wide body of literature and disciplines spanning many decades, incorporating a breadth of material culture that illuminates topics and brings the themes of the book alive. The narrative takes the reader through time, studying the origins of fishing in the Scottish economy through to the processes of modernisation and globalisation that marginalised fishing-folk and ultimately ended their way of life in Ferryden. The intention of this publication was to bring the voices of fishing-folk to a wider public, such as academics, policy-makers, and those generally interested in fishing culture, rural and heritage studies. To her credit, Nadel-Klein manages to do that in a way that is accessible to all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty years after democracy in South Africa, the legacy of apartheid continues to affect Black and Brown1 bodies by excluding them from the ocean and other spaces through the legacies of racist laws which continue to bleed into the present. In this paper, I argue that strandlooping as a method of enquiry is key to understanding care for our hydrocommons. This methodology can also be considered to be a generative way of re-imagining and practicing higher education research and gender studies differently. Strandlooping as a lone, Brown woman along certain stretches of the coastline is unsafe, and this influences the way I work and whom I choose to walk with. I make use of African feminism, Indigenous knowledge and research-creation frameworks in the paper to enact theory-practice-praxis in creative and relational ways. The paper concludes with three suggested watermarks or propositions for strandlooping to encourage knowledge-making with humans and more-than-human entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maritime state, Kerala, is located along the southwest coast of the Indian peninsula, which extends from Trivandrum district (8° 17´ 41.03´´ N, 77° 5´ 37.29´´ E) in the South to Kasaragod district (12° 45´ 20.76´´ N, 74° 51´ 58.92´´ E) in the North, exposed to the waves from the Arabian Sea. The shoreline is extremely dynamic due to the impact of waves, tides, currents, coastal orientation and other associated occasional coastal hazards. The annual climatic calendar for the Kerala coast can be broadly classified as South-West monsoon (June to September), North-East Monsoon (October to December), and Pre-monsoon or Non-Monsoon (January to May). Prior to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, a standardised seawall section had been preferred for highly eroding coastal stretches. The coastal hazards in addition to the tsunami impact paved the way for considering several other structures for coastal protection, of which groyne fields have been predominantly implemented. As it is essential to quantify the performance assessment of these protection measures, an exercise using the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) tool was carried out, the results of which are presented and discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1916 onwards, the Military Service Appeal Tribunals gave men in Britain a mechanism to appeal their conscription into the army. Though tribunals across the country heard appeals from tens of thousands of men, the work of the tribunals is now largely forgotten; an officially sanctioned process which began with the destruction of all the tribunal documents in 1921. Using the recently discovered papers for the North Riding County Appeal Tribunal, I have identified a concentration of Conscientious Objectors on the North Yorkshire Moors and specifically along the ironstone mining area of the coast. The high rate of conscientious objection in these areas is suggestive of an anti-war community, but I argue these men appealing at the North Riding Tribunal cannot always be seen as being anti-war. These communities supported the war effort but put limits upon that support. This paper builds upon Cyril Pearce's ideas around communities accepting of resistance to the First World War, which could be found across Britain, but challenges what these communities and Conscientious Objectors were resisting. If similar patterns can be identified in other parts of the country, this would nuance the narrative of conscientious objection away from men not wanting to fight to men not wanting to be in the army and accepting other forms of war work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the dynamism of a submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) zone in SW India. Two electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted in the project area to delineate the seawater-fresh water interface and characterize the subsurface aquifer layers. Beach groundwater dynamics were also studied by continuously monitoring salinity, temperature, and nutrient concentration in the groundwater from three shallow dug wells on the beach. The ERT surveys were planned in such a way as to fall between these dug wells. The flow domain was modeled using a numerical modeling approach, and the rate of fresh SGD flux and its spatial variation along the coastline has been estimated. The study proves that the numerical modeling approach combined with other field measurements and observations, such as ERT and continuous monitoring gives a comprehensive understanding of SGD and associated processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second homes are essential resources for tourism and recreation. Climate change is projected to transform tourism geographies and threaten economic and recreational activities. Based on building and housing register data and national models for climate change hazards, this paper investigates whether second homes in Denmark are potentially affected. Five different hazards are used to describe climate risk based on the RCP8.5 scenario: sea level rise, storm surge events, coastal erosion, flooding from watercourses, and terrestrial groundwater. It is estimated that between 2020 and 2070 a significant number of second homes will potentially be affected by one or more of these hazards, with terrestrial groundwater being the most frequent. GIS-analysis shows the detailed geographical distribution of the affected second homes, while regional grouping highlights the most affected regions. A compound risk analysis demonstrates that a significant proportion (approximately 25%) of the Danish second homes will be affected by either one or more hazards. The analysis thereby highlights how amenity rich geographies are threatened by climate change, which could cause these areas to become risk prone. This provides a background for discussing the implications for land use policy of transforming geographies. The article highlights a need for strategic planning and active engagement with second to protect the recreational potential of second homes and local economies in coastal zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's coastlines are changing, partly the result of population growth and shoreline development (e.g., infrastructure). Coastal landscape changes are reflected and experienced at the local scale, where landscape modifications and their impacts take place. Island County, Washington (U.S.) is experiencing such changes. Island County's 349 kilometres of coastline are being impacted by the growing threat of coastal infrastructure, which hardens the shoreline and negatively impacts natural nearshore processes and habitats. Coastal changes also impact communities and their connections to the landscape. Through a community geography approach, this paper examines Island County residents' coastal sense of place. Respondents overall have a strong coastal sense of place, including shared place meanings. This strong sense of place is associated with shoreline visit frequency and feelings about change. The paper's findings demonstrate how residents feel and connect to the coastline, and why such local insights matter to coastal planning and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents archaeological findings from excavations within the Salvamento Arqueológico Planta de Licuefacción de Gas Natural in winter 2022. The project area is located 2 kilometers southeast from the town of Puerto Libertad, Sonora and 800 meters inland from the coastline. A pre-Hispanic cemetery was recorded and excavated, with secondary pit cremations, secondary cremations placed inside locally produced plain ware and decorated vessels, and an articulated primary burial of a female, between 18 and 20 years old and with evidence of scalping. A possible crematorium 1.8 km away with cremations was also identified. The study area borders the precolonial cultural limits of the Costa Central and Trincheras Traditions and the documentation of cremations from the site were compared against previously excavated mortuary features across both cultural traditions. In addition to funerary practices, ceramic analysis demonstrated that the ancient inhabitants of Puerto Libertad belonged to the Trincheras Tradition and suggests they may have migrated from the valleys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the various dimensions that affect the tourist sector in order to provide an assessment of the environmental quality and logistic and infrastructural dimensions of Italian coastal municipalities. The analysis starts from the assumption that the environmental resources and logistic and infrastructural dimensions of each area represent an asset for the whole territory, since they are able not only to increase the quality of life of residents but, above all, to attract travellers, thus contributing to the development of the tourism sector. Therefore, it can be said that the dimensions assessed in this work increase the capacity of the territory to generate income. In the analysis a quantitative aggregative partially non-compensatory method, known as Mazziotta Pareto Index (MPI) was used; by means of the MPI it was possible to express the magnitude of the tourist phenomenon reducing the compensation effect that occurs every time indicators with non-homogeneous values are aggregated. The contribution provides further insights into coastal tourism, a particularly important tourist sector on a national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on territorial intelligence (TI) and its application to the sustainability of tourist destinations. The TI focus is viewed as being suited to dealing with the problems of tourist destinations, as well as the integrating nature of different aspects of their reality. The aim of this research is to design a System of Smart Coastal Destination Indicators (SD-Coast) that allows the level achieved by a destination to be measured and a comparison in time and space to be made. The selected study scope comprises 14 destinations on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. The tool proposed for the evaluation of territorial intelligence in coastal destinations is based on the generation of standards that enable the measurement and explanation of variables to be clearly delineated. For this purpose, 30 indicators are considered, covered by six dimensions (Smart Governance, Smart Environment, Universal Access, Smart Business, Smart Technology and Smart Innovation). What most coastal destinations have in common is specialisation in technological advances and the respective application of these advances to long-term sustainability. Yet the municipalities in question are far from being considered a shining example in terms of accessibility or governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosecuting pirates in local courts is one of the most effective ways to suppress piracy. Hence, appropriate legal regime is imperative for prosecuting pirates. Despite the spate of piracy off the Nigerian coast and its attendant consequences, there has been no prosecution of pirates in the country. This paper examined the nature of piracy in Nigeria, the legal basis for prosecuting pirates, challenges in piracy prosecution and measures to enhance the prosecution of pirates in the country. The paper argued that prosecuting pirates is pivotal in curbing piracy and to effectively prosecute pirates, Nigeria should enforce its domestic law criminalising piracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper results from a year-long ethnographic study spent with a group of women on the Kenyan coastline who provide older male European tourists with friendship and intimacy. However, for the most part these are asymmetric relationships for while in many instances the men experience emotional feelings of tenderness for their girl-friends (albeit based on concepts of being with an "exotic" woman), for the women a mzungu (a foreign long-term male client perceived as wealthy) represents a potential richer life-style. The paper describes the practices engaged in by the women as they entertain their clients in a theater of romance based often on a deceit and where to survive emotions are on the one hand faked and on the other require self-delusion and distancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folded reservoir rocks (Eumeralla Formation) within the Otway Basin are of significant exploration interest for their geothermal and tight gas reservoir potential. Brittle deformation within the Eumeralla Formation (ca 113–100 Ma), along the Otway coastline of Victoria, reflects a protracted history of extension, contraction, erosion and uplift, since Australian–Antarctic separation in the Early Cretaceous. This paper investigates the relative timing of heterogeneously distributed fracture populations within both folded and unfolded areas along the Otway coastline. Data collection occurred across two stratigraphic units spanning the Early Cretaceous (Eumeralla Formation) to the late Cenozoic (Demons Bluff Group), in order to measure fracture geometries and determine the relative timing of fracture formation. An unmanned aerial vehicle has been used to facilitate the systematic and inexpensive acquisition of high-resolution orthophotographs along coastal platforms, in order to complement traditional field mapping of fracture populations. A NE–SW-orientated fracture set is observed exclusively within the Eumeralla Formation (St George fold hinge), while a NW–SE-orientated fracture set pre-dates hinge-parallel fractures. Significant fracture formation has been linked to a period of mid-Cretaceous uplift within the eastern Otway Basin (ca 95 Ma). The Eumeralla Formation and Demons Bluff Group also host a NNW–SSE-orientated fracture set that is inferred to largely post-date mid-Cretaceous folding. Sinistral displacement of fold hinges within the Eumeralla Formation, combined with thrust faulting within Cenozoic sediments, is interpreted to have occurred during an episode of late Miocene to early Pliocene shortening. This paper provides new insights into the history of brittle deformation in the eastern Otway Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency analysis of extreme storm surge is crucial for coastal flood risk assessments. To date, such analyses are based on traditional extreme value theory (EVT) and its associated generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. The metastatistical extreme value distribution (MEVD) provides a new approach that can alleviate limitations of EVT. This paper provides a comparison between the GEV distribution and the MEVD on their ability to predict "unseen" upper-tail quantiles of storm surge along the US coastline. We analyze the error structure of these distributions by performing a cross-validation experiment where we repeatedly divide the data record into a calibration and validation set, respectively, and then compute the predictive non-dimensional error. We find that the MEVD provides comparable estimates of extreme storm surge to those of the GEV distribution, with discrepancies being subtle and dependent on tide gauge location and calibration set length. Additionally, we show that predictions from the MEVD are more robust with less variability in error. Finally, we illustrate that the employment of the MEVD, as opposed to classical EVT, can lead to remarkable differences in design storm surge height; this has serious implications for engineering applications at sites where the novel MEVD is found more appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agrarian society, land is a critical resource. Not only does access to arable land increase food security and household income, it also provides resources to cope with any environmental stresses. In most cases, in the low-income developing regions land distribution is very heterogeneous. Based on empirical research in coastal Bangladesh, this article explores patterns in land ownership among the local farmers, discussing how gender, ethnicity, religion, and status relate to farm size, playing a critical role in shaping the heterogeneous distribution of land ownership. Historical patterns of inequality and marginality influence land distribution patterns as the historical 'Zamindar system' in the region reinforced elite control. Colonial and post-colonial expansion into climate-vulnerable regions fuelled land expropriation. Cultural constructions of gender create challenges for females owning land. These legacies impact current land ownership patterns. Land distribution informs who is struggling with limited resources and who needs financial subsidies or other forms of support in times of crisis. Even though this paper has a regional focus, it provides critical insights and caution about overlooked assumptions of resource distribution, poverty, and development that can be applied to other parts of the Global South facing similar social, economic and postcolonial legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeology of the immediate coastline of West Africa remains surprisingly little understood, and what research has been undertaken has often focused on questions relating to sea-based interactions and the precolonial polities lying slightly inland. This paper reports the results of excavations on Ohlinhoué, a small lagoonal island in the western Republic of Bénin. A locally manufactured ceramic assemblage was recovered, together with a small suite of artifacts, including glass, metal, shell, and smoking pipes. These archaeological data provide insights into a small-scale, likely fishing and salt-producing community in this area between sea and river. As such, they provide an alternative to historical readings relating to well-known precolonial polities and trade entrepôts that feed popular historical narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper stresses the importance of shark fisheries at the site of Gramalote, an early Initial Period (1500–1200/1100 cal BC) fishing settlement, which has yielded the largest amount of shark remains ever reported along the coast of Peru. The article discusses fishing techniques utilized to capture such dangerous fish with limited technology. Moreover, it highlights the economic importance of this abundant source of marine food for small-scale residential settlements along the north coast of Peru. Based on current evidence, sharks may have played an important role in the domestic and community-level rituals at Gramalote. Due to the abundance of shark remains, it is suggested that the surplus of its flesh was processed in storage facilities at family level and later was traded with residential settlements for products not available on the coast. Finally, this article suggests that, during the Late Preceramic and Initial Periods, a subsistence pattern may have emerged: while the Central Coast and the Norte Chico regions relied on anchovy as one of the most important fish species for subsistence and other needs, on the north coast of Peru sharks may have played a pivotal role for daily subsistence and economic transactions at the household level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel automated coastline extraction method from SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data is presented. The method is designed to exploit radar backscatter coefficients ( σ 0 ) from multipolarization SAR acquisitions (the 4 classic co- and cross-polarized polarizations), whereas single-pol data are employed in the majority of methods in this field, implementing data fusion through the use of an autoencoder neural network and producing the coastline by harnessing a Pulse-Coupled Neural Network (PCNN). Main results are presented throughout the paper, demonstrating superiority and comparability with established methods and with a recent automated algorithm that can be considered among the state-of-the art techniques in this field; furthermore, effectiveness of data fusion and segmentation obtained through the mentioned neural networks has been compared to that of several combinations of the same networks with different frameworks: a different data fusion framework, obtained through the use of linear Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and a different binarization framework, based on the use of Expectation-Maximization (EM) image segmentation. Main achievements of presented technique consist in enabling a possible faster processing as well as the opportunity of operating with an improved fused information content on coastline, together with very high accuracy results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Panama Canal expansion and its impact on American port infrastructure for the attention of academic researchers in maritime transportation and supply chain management (SCM). First, it provides a comprehensive background based on a review of pertinent practitioner as well as academic publications. This is followed by a summarization of the impact of this expansion on the infrastructure of the major East and Gulf Coast (EGC) ports, since these stand to be the most affected. Then it presents a categorization scheme for these EGC ports that capture their likelihood of attracting the expected increase in cargo traffic engendered by the expansion; this is preliminarily supported by the latest data on growth in container traffic. The policy implications of this categorization are then discussed and the paper ends by identifying key SCM research problems exposed by the above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores what happens when the ideal of sustainable development meets the real and pressing problems in coastal zone planning. Insights into how coastal zone planners understand environmental problems and navigate political visions, knowledge requirements, stakeholder involvement and local conditions, are key to understanding how to develop a holistic approach in line with sustainable development. The paper applies Q-methodology to identify the dominant discourses and explore planners' perceptions and practices for sustainable coastal zone management. The Q sorts were realized in 2018-2019 in Northern Norway with planners in 10 small municipalities and 8 county level representatives. It is argued that it provides new insights into the challenges that planners face in striking a balance between the overarching values and the practical tasks that planners face in everyday planning; and that the interpretation of factors using Q-methodology should focus on all statements to ensure holism and avoid overlooking important information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes two new Chinese species of maricolan planarians through an integrated approach, including morphological, histological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. One new species forms the third species of the genus Pacifides and represents the first record of this genus from the Western Pacific. Further we document a third, new species of the genus Paucumara that is fully restricted to freshwater habitats, as it occurs on the shores of the Jialing River in Chongqing municipality far into the interior of China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses enabled us to determine, for the first time, the position of the genus Pacifides in the phylogenetic tree of the marine triclads. We also provide information on the feeding and reproduction of the new species of Pacifides. The paper concludes with two speculative scenarios on the evolutionary history that may have led to the present-day far inland occurrence and freshwater ecology of the new species of Paucumara; one scenario involves tectonic uplift-driven speciation and niche evolution, while the other invokes passive upstream dispersal via the Yangtze River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Gironde estuary in SW France is the largest in Western Europe and has attracted human populations since prehistoric times. From the 1970s to the 1990s, intense archaeological research was undertaken on the long and highly dynamic coastline just south of the estuary mouth. In recent years, the combined action of increased coastal erosion and human pressure has proved a serious threat to the integrity of archaeological sites in the area. As a consequence, a whole array of previously unrecorded archaeological remains across the intertidal zone and coastal strip is being exposed. In this context, innovative interdisciplinary research since 2014 is yielding new information about the settlement and landscape dynamics and about the long-term interaction between human societies and the environment. The sedimentary context and the exceptional preservation conditions of organic remains have made possible a multi-proxy approach combining archaeological, geomorphological, palaeobiological, and archaeoentomological methods. In this paper we discuss the different approaches and the way they jointly contribute to the project. The results obtained so far from this multi-proxy approach challenge the traditional view of the historic occupation and the landscape dynamics around the Gironde estuary from prehistoric times to antiquity. They show that the intense occupation of this area during certain periods of human history is related to the development of marshy environments, which can now be analyzed at higher temporal resolution owing to this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose an integral methodology to spatially represent the landscapes of the coastal region of Oaxaca at a scale of 1: 250,000. For this purpose, we start from the geosystemic and bioclimatic approach, using inputs of relief types, lithology, precipitation and temperature patterns at different spatial scales and extending the analysis with photointerpretation. Once the information was processed, the landscape units were delimited. The map shows a total of 58 units distributed in 6 isobioclimates, which reflects a very significant geoecological heterogeneity. The combination of both approaches represents a novel advantage for landscape mapping, since it allows us to represent detailed information at different scales, making the map of the coast of Oaxaca a useful and efficient input for territorial planning and management at a local scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the most recent scenarios, sea level is expected to keep rising during the next decades because of global warming. In this context, coastal areas are highly vulnerable to marine and climate-related processes, such as erosion and inundation. Such processes are expected to cause shoreline retreat and local morphological variations with consequent loss in natural ecosystems, exploitable coastal land, and significant socio-economic impacts. This paper aims at outlining future scenarios of potential coastal inundation along the NE coastal sector of the Island of Gozo (Malta). The study assessed expected coastline positions for the investigated coastal stretch by analysing high-resolution topographic data coupled with sea level projections for the years 2050 and 2100, accounting also for the contribution of storm surges. Results are expected to sensitize local authorities and communities about potential threats derived from sea level rise that could affect coastal areas in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British colonialists employed cinema from two key viewpoints; the first was the use of cinema in consolidating and promoting the economic and political agendas of the imperial project. Secondly, cinema became a critical medium through which the moral and social welfare of the natives in the British colonies were promoted. The considerably scattering of scholarly works on African cinema have explored colonial film censorship in some parts of Africa, however, the specific case of the Gold Coast (Ghana) has been an under-studied subject. The article engages a critical dialogue on how early film censorship was practised and further seeks to interrogate the nexus between the imperial project and the British colonial film censorship activities in the Gold Coast. While this paper does not claim an exhaustive treatment of the field of film censorship practices in Ghana, it endeavors to lay out an initial inroad, generate interests and critical debates in this neglected field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal zone, a highly dynamic and complex environment, has important ecological and jurisdictional implications for governments and coastal managers. Based on the CORINE Land Cover classification system, this paper examined the effects of land use and land cover change (LULC) on the coastlines' dynamics along the ~24 km barrier island of Nador lagoon on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco during a period of 62years (1954-2016). The study utilized high-resolution orthoimages in the geographic information system (GIS) environment to characterize coastline evolution and LULC changes. The evolution of the coastline was assessed using a GIS tool, in particular the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The net rates of coastline change were calculated by using statistical methods: the End Point Rate (EPR) and the Linear Regression Rate (LRR). Results concerning the LULC changes showed that agricultural area and beach/dune classes decreased over the entire study period (62 years) by 11.14% and 28.45%, respectively. Urban fabric, shrub, forest, and saltmarsh/peat bog classes increased during the 62 years of evaluation by 2.69%, 19.92%, 16.77%, and 0.19%, respectively. Results regarding coastal analysis indicated that the accretion and erosion processes along the barrier island of the Nador lagoon (~24km) were observed at 45% (10.6 km) and 55% (12.8 km) of the coastline, respectively. The beaches of Oulad Zehra and Oulad Aissa were characterized by erosion (-0.58m/yr to -0.57m/yr respectively), while accretion was observed on the beaches of Boukana and Kariat Arkmane at rates of +2.15m/yr and +0.82m/yr, respectively. This study highlighted that natural and anthropogenic processes have a strong influence on the erosion/accretion trends identified along the barrier island of Nador lagoon. The changes in LULC have affected the barrier island of the lagoon in two different forms: (1) a significant spatial conversion due to dune reforestation and (2) a fundamental spatial modification that affects the sea-lagoon connection (inlet) and the construction of new hard engineering structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A regional approach to the study of Brazil's beef industry is increasingly relevant as deforestation takes centre stage in policy debates worldwide. To what extent has beef production expanded toward regions hosting sensitive ecosystems such as the Amazon? Important data limitations remain to answer this question, especially regarding slaughterhouses, fundamental to the beef supply chain. This paper addresses the data gap on slaughterhouse location and history and provides novel regional analysis. We map the beef industry's evolution into Brazil's interior over the last six decades and quantify changes in market concentration between 2006 and 2016. To accomplish this, we triangulated across fiscal and animal sanitation data sources to produce the first longitudinal dataset with information on the opening and closing dates, locations, and production volumes of 2602 slaughterhouses. We show the linear movement of slaughterhouses and cattle herds to the Amazon by tracking their geographical centres of gravity. We also show the clustering pattern of slaughterhouses. Until the 1960s, all the geographical clusters were located south of the capital, Brasília. By the early 2000s, clusters north of Brasília were almost as extensive. Finally, we assessed the degree of market power that the largest beefprocessing companies possess. The results indicate that market concentration increased in regions of more recent settlement further away from the coast, and that it remained relatively stable in states near the coast (Minas Gerais, São Paulo). The results shed light on the relationship between displacement toward the Amazon and Cerrado regions and economic concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shorelines experience significant changes near a coastal structure and around the confluence of a river and the sea. Field investigation and site data collection by the latest technologies for the detailed data collection would pave the way for the interpretation of the morphological changes close to the real scenario, which is essential for an efficient and sustainable coastal protection planning and coastal zone management. This paper deals with shoreline on either side of the mouth of the Arasalar River draining into the Bay of Bengal with a year-long (March 2018 to February 2019) continuous shoreline assessment during which GAJA cyclone made its landfall on 16 November 2018 along the Karaikal coast of Union Territory of Puducherry located on the southeast coast of India. A pair of training walls effectively keeps the mouth from silting, thereby allowing free passage of vessels. This study aims to understand the seasonal variation coupled with the severe cyclonic impact on the southeast coast of India. Monthly spring shoreline and cross-shore profiles during low tide and high tide were collected, including post-cyclone field data. The results discuss the erosion and accretion pattern of the sediment processes adjacent to the training walls and cyclone effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macduff Marine Aquarium is a native species aquarium situated on the Moray Firth coastline and houses the curled octopus, Eledone cirrhosa, for public display. Historically, the designated octopus display tank has been in-keeping with the overall theme of the aquarium, consisting of artificially created rock work mimicking the local rocky coastline, within an angular glass tank. This tank was not originally designed for housing octopus and as a consequence, if individuals on display exhibited jetting behavior mantle abrasion occurred. In 2016, a new bespoke octopus tank was designed and installed. Since then 14 different octopuses have been individually housed and maintained within the tank, with none having experienced mantle abrasion. This paper highlights the importance of aquarium design for the ethical maintenance of an intelligent and challenging species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fragmentation in decision-making among different stakeholders severely influences the effectiveness of tourism promotion, in well-known destinations as well. Through the lens of Collaboration Theory, the paper empirically aims at exploring how an Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) approach may be applied in a fragmented context of tourism with the objective of fostering collaboration between different players. Constructivist grounded theory is also employed to analyse interviews with tourism body stakeholders, organizations and other local government associations from the Amalfi coast region of Italy. The findings underpin the development of propositions presented not only for the purpose of guiding collaborative initiatives based on integrated communication's principles, but also for encouraging/urging local stakeholders to attain the main benefits of creating and maintaining a multifaceted network of relationships; that network of relations could constitute an efficient way to overcome uncertainty in tourism. Thus, the present paper advances a multidimensional IMC approach in a tourism framework, supporting the need to help local stakeholders to overcome boundaries that hinder them from joining forces. This approach will allow them to attract tourist interest, build and sustain a co-developed place brand, and as a result strengthen community identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What role does visualisation—such as images and maps—play in environmental and landscape governance? As pointed out by our late colleague Eirin Hongslo, surprisingly little research has been conducted on what 'work' images and maps do in these fields. This special issue draws on her insights, and the wider scholarship on critical cartography and political ecology, to explore how images and maps act as technologies of governance through creating and rationalising space. Through empirical studies ranging from forest governance in the Congo, petroleum exploration in the Arctic, regional planning for coastal zones and mountain areas in Norway, and pastoralist rangelands in southern Africa, the contributors to this special issue bring to light the various ways in which maps and images are visual manifestations of particular assumptions about socio-ecological causal relations, shaping notions and practices of authority and access. We conclude through emphasising the potential for further inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-tidal variation on sea level generates immediate changes in gravity field and deformation of the Earth's crust, thus influencing the stability of geodetic datums. To achieve higher accuracy of geodetic datums in coastal and island areas, sea-level changes should be adequately considered when conducting the maintenance of datums. Based on the data of sea-level anomalies from 2014 to 2017 and the theory of load-deformation of elastic spherical earth, this paper demonstrates that impacts of non-tidal ocean load can be quantitatively calculated on geodetic datums along the east coast of China, by using remove-restore technique and combining spherical harmonic analysis of gravity field and Green's functions to calculate loads. Temporal and spatial analyses on the impacts are conducted with Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) sites along the coast and on the islands. This paper has drawn some conclusions as follows: (1) The impact of non-tidal ocean loads on the east coastal geoid ranges from −4.16 to 4.17 mm, that on ground gravity ranges from −15.44 to 17.02 some conclusions as follows: (1) The impact oranges from −7.55 to 6.69 mm. (2) The impacts are dominated by annual and semi-annual cycles. (3) The impacts appear to be more prominent in coastal areas and on islands than in inland areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the lack of attention that so far has been given towards the challenges involved in applying visitor monitoring methods in open coastal and marine landscape settings. The topic is still largely overlooked in spite its importance for developing professionalized visitor monitoring procedures for coastal and marine areas. As a response, a monitoring case study from Kosterhavet National Park, Sweden, is introduced with a purpose to test and evaluate different applied visitor monitoring methods in a typical coastal and marine setting and with a special focus on reporting important challenges and experiences in this regard. Results are presented as three lessons that are discussed critically, including specific issues around sampling strategies and representativity of monitoring results, weather conditions in coastal and marine areas, and the need for a mixed-method strategy to acquire accurate results. Methodological contributions mainly concern how these challenges can be addressed and improved with the inclusion of new monitoring strategies based on different technological opportunities. Thoughts on management implications are also included. The paper serves as a central contribution to research discussions on applied visitor monitoring methods in coastal and marine areas as well as an important addition to existing visitor monitoring manuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defense of the Spanish Empire had to be committed to the fortification of coasts and harbours along the World. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain and Portugal were linked. Between Madrid and Lisbon, the kings made decisions about the government and the fortification of half of Europe, the Atlantic archipelagos, America, the coast of Africa from Algeria to Somalia, India and part of Asia. The development of artillery and military technology obliged to improve fortification techniques and apply them globally. The bastioned fortification was, perhaps, the first human product to spread globally throughout the World. So, engineers had to design the defenses of, for example, Oran (in the North of Africa), Terceira (an island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean), Havana (in the Caribbean Sea), the Strait of Magellan (South of Chile) or Manila (Philippines). In several cases, the same engineer had to work in three or four continents. The paper will deal with several notable examples, between the 16th to 19th centuries, with the aim to show the transmission and application of the technical knowledge by the hand of engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitigation of spatiotemporal pressure is directly related to improvements for the competitive positions of coastal tourist destinations. Extensive diversification initiatives have been undertaken in many regions in order to achieve this goal. Despite the importance of specific spatiotemporal features of tourism, they have yet to be adequately integrated into existing studies that evaluate the comparative performance of destinations. To fill this gap, this paper uses a non-parametric data envelopment analysis method and builds a synthetic index of spatiotemporal efficiency in order to evaluate the performance of 37 Mediterranean coastal regions. In addition, it uses a bootstrapped truncated regression model to test the effects of product and spatial diversification on the spatiotemporal performance of destinations. The results suggest that both product and spatial diversification may enhance the spatiotemporal efficiency of destinations. Finally, they demonstrate that the easing of spatiotemporal pressures bears a real cost in terms of lost overnight stays that vary across different Mediterranean destinations based on unique local factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade on the Gold Coast in the eighteenth century was dominated by non-monetized barter trade. In this paper, a large dataset of barter transactions are used to study the social embeddedness of the trade. The data shows that prestige goods such as alcohol to a disproportionate degree were exchanged for other prestige goods such as gold. Guns – but also cheaper types of textiles – were to a disproportionate degree exchanged for slaves in particular. The evidence thus helps to shed light on the social valuation of various imported commodities on the Gold Coast at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we used the Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) third-generation Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (GIMMS NDVI3g) dataset. Based on GIMMS NDVI3g data over the global coastal zone from 1982 to 2014, the spatial–temporal characteristics of vegetation coverage were analysed by plotting the spatial pattern and monthly calendar of NDVI; furthermore, historical trends and future evolutions of vegetation coverage change at the pixel scale were studied by performing the Mann-Kendall trend test and calculating the trend slope (β) and Hurst index (H) of NDVI. The main findings are as follows: 1) Vegetation density exhibits dramatic differences in the global coastal zone. Specifically, desert belts mostly have perennial non-vegetation or low vegetation coverage, and tundra belts principally have moderate or high vegetation coverage; additionally, forest belts mainly have dense vegetation coverage. 2) In the global coastal zone, intra-annual variations in vegetation coverage show a '∩'-shaped curve with an obvious peak from June to September (maximum in July or August), while inter-annual variations show a fluctuating but generally slowly increasing trend over the entire study period; accordingly, variations in different subregions show significant differences. 3) At monthly, seasonal and annual scales, the overall vegetation coverage increases in the global coastal zone, while there are relatively few areas with decreasing vegetation coverage; furthermore, change trends of vegetation coverage in most areas will demonstrate relatively strong positive persistence in the future. 4) The increasing trend in high-latitude coastal tundra is extremely significant in the growing season because vegetation in the tundra belts is highly sensitive to climate change. 5) Areas with a decreasing trend of vegetation coverage exhibit spatial patterns of aggregation in the 'circum urban agglomeration' and 'nearby desert belt' regions, that is, the decreasing trend of vegetation coverage is relatively high in coastal urban agglomeration areas and desert belt peripheries. This paper is expected to provide knowledge to support vegetation conservation, ecosystem management, integrated coastal zone management and climate change adaptation in coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests whether potential coastal sea walls would pass a cost benefit test given current risks of flooding. The paper combines detailed GIS property data with local scientific measurements of relative SLR and storm risks to measure expected benefits and applies this methodology to measure the optimal strategy for the coastal town of East Haven, Connecticut. The paper finds that East Haven should build sea walls that are about 1 m high along its entire coastline. The benefit to cost ratio is about 2 to 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to European Settlement in 1829, the Western Australian coast to the north of Perth, the state capital, had long been occupied by the Yued Nyungar Aboriginal group. However, much of this land had limited agricultural potential and, following Aboriginal dispossession, it remained as largely unoccupied Crown (public) Land for about a century. From the 1920s, farmers, crayfishers and Perth residents began to establish campsites and shacks for temporary use. However, since the 1960s, pressure has been growing: to develop better access routes and more formal (and legal) coastal/recreational settlements; to offer greater statutory protection to the natural coastal environment; and to acknowledge Aboriginal rights over some areas of Crown Land. This paper analyses the land use transitions experienced in this coastal area, with particular reference to the growing and diversifying external pressures that are being applied to this formerly isolated and currently vulnerable locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae comprises numerous genera and species with large differences in diversity, ecology and geographic distribution. An evolutionarily divergent lineage common in temperate symbiotic cnidarians and designated in the literature by several informal names including 'temperate–A', AI, Phylotype A´ (A-prime) and 'Mediterranean A', is here assigned to the genus Philozoon. This genus was proposed by Geddes (1882) in one of the earliest papers that recognized 'yellow cells' as distinct biological entities separate from their animal and protist hosts. Using phylogenetic data from nuclear (rDNA), chloroplast (cp23S) and mitochondrial genes (cob and cox1), as well as morphology (cell size), ecological traits (host affinity) and geographic distributions, we emend the genus Philozoon Geddes and two of its species, P. medusarum and P. actiniarum, and describe six new species. Each symbiont species exhibits high host fidelity for particular species of sea anemone, soft coral, stony coral and a rhizostome jellyfish. Philozoon is most closely related to Symbiodinium (formerly Clade A), but, unlike its tropical counterpart, occurs in hosts in shallow temperate marine habitats in northern and southern hemispheres including the Mediterranean Sea, north-eastern Atlantic Ocean, eastern Australia, New Zealand and Chile. The existence of a species-diverse lineage adapted to cnidarian hosts living in high latitude habitats with inherently wide fluctuations in temperature calls further attention to the ecological and biogeographic reach of the Symbiodiniaceae. HIGHLIGHTS A dinoflagellate genus symbiotic with temperate invertebrates is characterized and named using a discarded taxonomic term revived from the golden age of Natural Historians. The work highlights how animal–algal mutualisms are evolved to thrive under a broad range of environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Museum-based archaeological research is multifaceted due to the diverse excavation histories, sampling strategies, curation practices, and available documentation for museum collections. Museum-based studies provide an opportunity to analyze previously excavated materials from sites that were historically destroyed or are no longer accessible for further research. In this paper, we present new insights into the ancient fishery of the Par-Tee site, a large shell midden from the northern Oregon coast. We analyzed fish remains from the Par-Tee museum collection and curated unprocessed sediment samples to gain further insights into the ancient fisheries of the site. We compare our findings to three neighboring sites on the northern Oregon coast. We demonstrate that the Par-Tee museum collection is rich in large-bodied predatory fishes and that the sediment samples contain small-bodied fishes likely captured through mass harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One area where climate adaptation policies are proving difficult to design and implement is at the coast. On one hand, some of the most severe impacts of climate change are being recorded at the coast – especially through erosion and flooding – whilst on the other hand, these areas represent complex land-sea planning and policy interfaces. This paper analyses the coherency of policies along Ireland's coast from a climate adaptation perspective. Results suggest that many policies are developed in an ad-hoc fashion around the needs of single sectors. Improved policy coherence at all levels of governance is required to address this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although ridge tracing has the advantages of continuity and high positioning accuracy compared with other edge-based methods, it is difficult to use ridge tracing to extract coastlines from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images because of the speckle noise that occurs in SAR images. This paper presents a new coastline extraction method for SAR images based on a more robust ridge tracing method. First, according to the statistical properties of the pixel intensities in the land and sea regions in a SAR image, an edge magnitude map that characterizes the boundary between them is produced by the ratio of the variance to the mean such that the magnitude at the land-sea boundary is much higher than that at other locations. Second, the pixel with the maximum magnitude in the map is adopted as the starting point for tracing, and strip windows, which reduce tracing failures, are adopted to obtain different average magnitudes corresponding to the eight neighborhood pixels around the starting point. Then, the neighborhood pixel with the maximum magnitude is adopted as the next tracing point. The above procedure is repeated to determine the direction of the next point. This process achieves part of the tracing operation. The complete coastline is then extracted by performing the other part of the tracing operation. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more robust than traditional methods, and we demonstrate its effectiveness with RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1A data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review study focuses on a statistical analysis (Meta-analysis) of the most common methods, materials, software, and indices used by researchers over the last twenty years to evaluate and quantify the shoreline evolution. Furthermore, this review targets to highlight some critical points through studied literature such as a) the low rate of high-resolution satellite images usage in a subject where the accuracy is prerequisite, b) the effort to derive information from Landsat images in order to take advantage of the 50-years archive and the freely availability c) the impulse of the UAV during the last 5 years as an alternative low cost but high accurate source of data d) the fact that only 50% of the coastal erosion studies are funded. One hundred thirty-eight papers and articles have been analyzed in detail by the authors and all the key points (methods, materials, software, and indices) were sorted for further statistical analysis. This study is not intended to criticize neither the methods nor the results being mentioned in the previous studies but to give the opportunity to the researchers (especially the new ones) to have an overall view of the subject for the last 20 years with just a glimpse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine the relationship between technological and aesthetic shifts in Andean North Coast prestige ceramics and sociopolitical change by focusing on pottery as a form of information technology in a world without formal writing. To do so, I begin by defining two techno-aesthetic macro-traditions to emphasize the interconnections among technique and visual appearance, semantics and aesthetics. I then demonstrate how these two traditions waxed and waned in complementary fashion for millennia, and I set the shifts in their popularity within their broader sociopolitical contexts. In investigating technological choices and their concomitant visual qualities, I explore the interplay between technological, aesthetic, and sociopolitical transformations, with a focus on the changing role of ceramics as media for communicating ideological narratives of power and authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are increasingly recognised as places in which climate change risks coalesce and from which climate change adaptation efforts are most likely to be mobilised. In an effort to reduce damages from storm surges and sea-level rise, the City of Cape Town municipal government set out to establish a coastal set-back line. This paper describes the process and highlights the potential for unanticipated conflict and resistance when notions of ‘best practice’ fail to consider local institutional interests and pre-existing legislation. This insight is important as coastal municipalities in South Africa look to implement set-back lines in compliance with the Integrated Coastal Management Act (Act 24 of 2008). McKenna et al. [McKenna, J., Cooper, A., & O'Hagan, A.M., Managing by principle: A critical analysis of the european principles of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM).Marine Policy, 32, 941–955. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2008.02.005] elucidate the potential for conflicts and contradictions when applying the principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe. Developing and a applying a set-back line for Cape Town's coastline was anticipated to be difficult given that the city remains socio-economically unequal and spatially segregated and that the coastline provides multiple different communities with amenities, resources and opportunities at the same time. What was not anticipated was the encountered resistance from within public sector directorates operating under the same policies. The paper suggests that differences in mentalities, technologies and resources (following Wood, J., and Shearing, C., (2007)Imagining security.Devon: Willan Publishing) make for subjective policy interpretations and applications by local officials. Recognising and managing these differences is critical if notions of ‘best practice’ prescribed at higher governance levels are to prove useful to climate change adaptation measures at the local scale. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Changes in a range of interlinked factors, in social, economic, environmental and climatic conditions, require adaptation in many communities. This paper explores how place attachment affects adaptive responses to a changing social context through analysing adaptation in two coastal municipalities in Northern Norway. The main challenge in these municipalities is declining populations and the consequences accompanying this trend, including livelihood uncertainties and decreased provision of public services. This paper discusses the role of place attachment in motivating adaptation to these changes to contribute to a growing body of literature within climate change adaptation on “subjective” (values, culture and place) dimensions. The findings suggest that people are motivated to act based on their emotional connection with place, and the paper argues that place attachment may offer a better starting point for climate change adaptation than an emphasis on climate change impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts two perspectives. The first is a framing process aimed at defining and examining the conditions for adopting adaptive coastal governance. The second applies to relevant themes of changing coastal policy, central to the testing of adaptive coastal governance, namely cooperative science, risk-sensitive planning, socially fair insurance cover and effective ways to design, finance and engage with local communities over actual coastal change. We illuminate both missions through case studies in North Norfolk (England) and Portugal, all notably affected by coastal change. In England and Portugal, there is a broad understanding and acceptance of the likely effects of climate change. This recognition encourages debates over risk-averse planning, the design of proactive insurance cover, creative relocation of endangered property and new ways of predicting and paying for coastal adjustment. Yet, moving from a basic willingness to engage with coastal change to actual practices of landscape adjustment through such policy shifts is proving very difficult. In this research, we find that coastal landscapes are lived experiences, resigned acceptances of inevitable change and hopeful imaginings. Coastal management institutions are not geared to resolving this incompatibility and this paper explains why. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of the disastrous Xynthia storm surge on 27-28 February 2010, France has significantly modified the country’s regulations related to flood risk management through implementation of the national plan for mitigation and management of the flash submersions (Plan Submersions Rapides). The paper describes the results of ‘CRISMA - Modelling crisis management for improved action and preparedness’, a collaborative research and development project co-funded by the European Community (2011-2014), which developed a generic framework for implementation of simulation-based decision support systems in different domains of the natural or industrial risks (floods, snowstorms, earthquakes, forest fires, accidental pollutions, mass accidents). In particular, the paper addresses the CRISMA-WAVE application of the framework regarding simulation of submersion effects at a range of temporal and spatial scales, preparedness planning and assessment of impacts depending on scenarios based on mitigation options for managing the inundation risks in the pilot area, Charente-Maritime county. In addition, an example of a complex regulatory study implementing a flood prevention action programme along the Northern Sea coast in order to provide an overall mid- and long-term intervention strategy regarding the combined risk of river floods and marine submersion, making use of CRISMA-WAVE methods and tools, is presented. The simulation capacity of the platform appears to provide a very good analytic support to find negotiated solutions corresponding to a consensus of all the stakeholders. The prevention strategy developed for the area is based on a solidarity principle between coastal areas and land areas. Adaptation of the territory to the increased risks due to the climate change will need tens of years to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]