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Policymakers attempt to foster entrepreneurship within European regions yet firm interrelationships across European regions remain understudied. This paper analyses the extent to which past firm births and deaths influence future firm births and deaths across European NUTS 2 regions through the lens of competition, multiplier and Marshall effects. Using a novel multilevel mixed effects regression model, we find evidence for an immediate multiplier effect changing to a competition effect as time passes across European regions and countries. We also identify that significant variations in firm birth and death rates exist across European regions validating the importance of more decentralized regional entrepreneurial policies which has implications for policies like the European Regional Development Fund's (ERDF) Cohesion Plan and the Smart Specialization Strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual socio-demographic characteristics influence the composition of residential environments, employment considerations and transport-dedicated resources, all of which influence individual travel behaviours. To analyse these interrelationships, we employ generalised structural equation modelling using individual-level data from the 2016 Irish Census on workers across the Republic of Ireland alongside highly spatially disaggregated residential built and social environment data. This allows us to consider the non-linear relationships between multiple variables known to influence travel behaviours and provide direction for future policymaking. We find that regardless of socio-demographic compositions, increased developmental compactness and infrastructure quality are associated with increased public and active travel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of urbanisation, concentration and diversification on firm births and firm deaths across European regions while uniquely accounting for the role of firm interrelationships, regional factors and national fixed effects. A 3SLS model on firm births and deaths is estimated across 196 regions and 16 European countries from 2008 to 2017. We find that density positively influences firm births and negatively influences firm deaths. Related variety positively impacts firm deaths and negatively affects firm births. Significant national variations are also observed. Multiplier effects are identified within and across regions as firm births positively influence future firm births and negatively influence future firm deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study analyses how firms' internal financial resources impact their engagement in scientific research, development, and five innovation activities. Furthermore, we investigate how firm-size moderates the impact of firms' internal financial resources on scientific research, development, and innovation. Our approach provides novel insights regarding whether more money leads to more research and innovation, a topic that remains highly contested in the literature. Our analysis uses a novel unbalanced panel dataset of 1,446 firms in Ireland, over the period 2008–2016. Levels of internal financial resources are found to positively impact larger-sized firms' (50+ employees) engagement in scientific research, process innovation and product innovation. However, such resources tend to hinder small-sized firms' (less than 50 employees) engagement in service and organisational innovation. Our research refines innovation theory by reconciling contrasting views regarding the importance of financial resources for research and innovation, and offers novel insights for informing related public policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical patterns of land-use development across many countries in the Global North have generally been characterised by land-use segregation, low-density settlements, and limited transport accessibility. This can lead to inefficient regional developmental patterns and can increase the environmental degradation attributable to regional expansion. Numerous metrics and datasets have been employed to infer the sustainability and efficiency of these developments. Here, we quantify and visualise the relative entropy of land-use configurations across the Republic of Ireland using a novel dataset. Specifically, we combine the discipline-standard CORINE Land Cover 2018 dataset and OpenStreetMap data, which provides more thorough land-use classifications in urban areas. Spatial differences in relative entropy are visualised using a spatial typology distinguishing between areas exhibiting low and high levels of relative entropy. Our Main Map visualises the coverage of both CORINE and OpenStreetMap datasets, compares relative entropy estimates for both datasets, and illustrates the disparities in cross-dataset estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population shrinkage has gained attention from academics and policymakers in recent years, due to the long-term implications the phenomenon has for public service delivery and the viability of urban and rural communities. We visualise the socio-temporal evolution of population shrinkage and growth, utilising a spatially rectified dataset containing population data from seven Census of Population covering the 1986–2016 period in the Republic of Ireland. Spatial changes in population distribution are visualised in a map that classifies small administrative units using a spatial typology distinguishing between those experiencing population growth or shrinkage, across the 30-year period. The temporal dimensions of these developments are considered in a sequence of inset maps that apply the same typology to identify the intercensal changes. Overall, the map facilitates the visual communication of long-run population trends, the identification of areas experiencing limited or no growth, and indicates the relative consistency of these trends over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial summarizes the papers published in issue 16(4) (2021). The first paper adopts a higher order spatial autoregressive model with endogenous spatial weight matrices. The second paper investigates the existence of the law of one price using regional observations over time. The third paper develops an economic-theoretical model that goes against the common belief that the most productive individuals and firms agglomerate at the core. The fourth paper provides empirical evidence that merger and acquisition deals are more likely to occur between firms in culturally than in geographically contiguous countries. The fifth paper develops a spatial econometric estimator based on the indirect inference principle. The sixth paper examines the investment behaviour of First Nation governments through joint ventures. The seventh paper employs a spatial econometric model with an endogenous spatial weight matrix to construct intraregional input-output models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automation is expected to have strong implications for labour-saving technologies. We calculate the proportion of jobs at high risk of automation across European regions using data from the 2018 Labour Force Survey (LFS). We examine the relationship between regional vulnerability to job automation, specialization, related (and unrelated) variety and agglomeration. The results indicate that regions at low vulnerability to job automation benefit from unrelated variety and high population density. Regions with higher proportions of clerical support workers, craft and related trade workers, and plant and machine operators and assemblers are likely to face greater disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy-makers at regional, national and European Union (EU) levels of governance use a variety of subsidy programmes to stimulate firm-level innovation. Against this backdrop, this paper investigates three important issues that have not received sufficient attention in the literature: (1) whether evaluating the impact of subsidies from each individual source is biased by ignoring firms that receive a mix of subsidies from different sources at the same point in time; (2) whether receiving a mix of subsidies from regional, national and EU sources crowds out firm-level innovation; and (3) if effective, whether subsidy mix stimulates forms of innovation with higher private or social returns. The findings demonstrate that ignoring subsidy mix significantly biases evaluations of subsidies from individual sources. Moreover, subsidy mix can be a highly effective means of stimulating forms of firm-level innovation with the highest social returns, precisely where market and systemic failures are most acute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial summarizes the papers published in issue 14(2) so as to raise the bar in applied spatial economic research and highlight new trends. The first paper deals with past and current challenges for regional science research. The second paper investigates whether people living in deprived neighbourhoods have less chance of succeeding in a job application. The third paper finds evidence that real estate firms can avoid price competition when market shares of their allies increase in the vicinity. The fourth paper is methodological: it considers a spatial autoregressive (SAR) model with heterogeneous coefficients and extensively analyzes the impact of this extension on the direct and indirect effects estimates. The fifth paper proposes an innovative method to estimate the elements of the spatial weight matrix in a spatial econometric model. The final paper is econometric–theoretical: it proposes a new generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator of the coefficients of a SAR model if the error terms are heteroskedastic of an unknown form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has examined the impact of external debt and the volatility of exchange rate on domestic consumption in Pakistan by using the yearly data (1980–2014). We apply the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling to check their short run and long-run impact on the domestic consumption. The findings of this study has contributed to the existing literature in two ways: bound test results show that income, interest rate, exchange rate, volatility of exchange rate, and external debt have long-term relationship with domestic consumption and income, interest rate and exchange rate have positive impact whereas exchange rate volatility and external debt have negative impact on domestic consumption in the short run as well as in long run. Moreover, the coefficient of ECMt-1 is significantly negative and it shows that adjustment toward equilibrium from short run to long run takes more than half a year. Consumption is the major component of GDP so policymakers use its determinants to fine-tune the economy. This study proposes that policymakers should consider external debt and exchange rate volatility in devising the monetary policy of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do industry clusters derive their success from a strong 'local buzz' or from access to 'global pipelines'? This important question is addressed in the context of the Chicago (Illinois, United States) information and communication technology (ICT) cluster, which has shown growth and dynamism and is a significant sector not only in terms of the jobs it creates directly but also by supporting other sectors in Chicago. Cluster mapping and analysis studies have provided industry and policy-makers with instruments to explain the cluster structure and its connection to an economy for over two decades. Visualization of linkages in networks and clusters (V-LINC), a methodology that records, maps and analyses the linkages that firms in clusters engage in, is applied to the ICT sector in Chicago. Visualizing the firm linkages of Chicago ICT firms provides a geographical footprint of the cluster's ecosystem. Through an understanding of the various linkages that firms in a cluster engage in, targeted policy recommendations can be developed to build on strengths and address weaknesses. The visualization of firm linkages has considerable potential to add to cluster analysis by improving how data are portrayed, the dissemination of research and explaining how clusters operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This virtual special issue of Spatial Economic Analysis marks the keynote lecture by Professor Sergio Rey of the University of California - Riverside at the 58th Annual Congress of the European Regional Science Association in Cork, Ireland. It draws together nine papers from previous issues of the journal that deal with regional and spatial inequalities, a central theme of regional science in general and Rey’s research in particular, thereby providing an overview of the main sources of regional and spatial inequalities both within and across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data on league position for clubs that have participated in English football leagues for 21 seasons, this paper tests, using spatial econometric techniques, whether clubs' within-season performances are positively affected by better performances of other clubs located geographically closer to them. The paper provides evidence of positive spatial dependence between clubs' performance. This means that proximity to high-performing clubs drives others to perform better, ceteris paribus. This is consistent with the view in regional analysis that spatial factors are important considerations in understanding business performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial summarizes the papers published in issue 13(3) so as to raise the bar in applied spatial economic research and highlight new trends. The first paper challenges the home market hypothesis that large countries host more firms relative to their size than small countries by considering the lobbying activities of multinational firms. The second paper analyzes the implications of a spatial weight matrix used to estimate a spatial econometric model that depends on an endogenous economic variable. By adding a spatial context, the third paper provides a novel contribution to the literature on international norms in de facto measures of human rights performance. The fourth paper examines the determinants of accepting informal work in Poland. The fifth paper deals with non-stationarity and cointegration in a dynamic spatial econometric panel data model when the number of observations in the time - rather than in the cross-sectional- domain tends to infinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spatial Economic Analysis is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we use a partial adjustment model to analyse the relationship between employment and population growth in Irish district electoral divisions. We employ a spatial estimator to augment our partial adjustment model with a spatial lag and spatial error process. Our results indicate a dual relationship between employment and population growth, suggesting that not only do people follow jobs but also jobs follow people. This finding has implications for economic development policies, which typically focus solely on attracting jobs to a location. The results suggest that a dual-pronged approach to policy may be necessary including developing a region’s amenities to ensure that it is attractive to people and to stimulate population growth. We highlight how our analysis can be used to inform policy through the lenses of place-based and smart specialisation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This research focuses on the impact of regional entrepreneurial activity on employment growth. Specifically it analyses whether new firm formation in European NUTS-2 regions can stimulate job creation and drive employment growth. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article analyses changes in levels and composition of income inequality among US counties from 1969 to 2009. It also decomposes inequality using the Theil coefficient into between-State and within-State inequality. The article finds that income inequality has increased in the period studied with between-State inequality decreasing and within-State inequality increasing. We subsequently decompose income inequality into the proportion arising from differences in productivity and employment-population ratios across counties. The results suggest that inequality arising from differentials in labour productivity has fallen over the period studied while those arising from employment-population ratio differences have increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses whether different measure of entrepreneurship can explain economic growth. It utilises 14 difference indicators of entrepreneurship to analyse the contribution of entrepreneurial activity, aspirations, and attitudes to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. It also examines whether the importance of entrepreneurship varies across high-income and middle/low-income countries. An unbalanced panel of 55 countries over the time period 2004-2011 is used. Fourteen different indicators of entrepreneurship are utilised and are condensed into three components using principle components analysis. Regression analysis is then used to assess whether these three different components of entrepreneurship drive economic growth. The results indicate that entrepreneurial attitudes are found to stimulate GDP per capita in high-income countries while entrepreneurial activity is found to have a negative effect in middle/low-income economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]