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This study evaluated the effect of feeding silage to pigs on nitrogen (N) utilization and ammonia (NH3) volatilization. In total, 128 Yorkshire × Hampshire (30–110 kg) pigs were fed commercial feed (Control) or commercial feed mixed with dried, milled silage in pelleted form (Pellet-S), fresh, chopped silage (Silage-Ch) or intensively treated silage (Silage-Pr). Silage replaced 20% of the crude protein (g/kg). Diet affected daily N excretion, which was higher for pigs fed Silage-Ch and Silage-Pr than for pigs in the Pellet-S and Control treatments. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) content in the manure and NH3 volatilization from fresh manure were higher for Control pigs than for pigs in the other treatments. Overall, these results show that pre-treatment of silage influences N utilization and excretion. Furthermore, the results indicate that feeding silage to pigs can reduce NH3 volatilization from fresh manure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preferable N source for tropical grasses and its effects on the nutritional status are still matters of priority investigation. This study aimed to explore the effects of N sources and N deprivation on growth and uptake of elements in a newly-released ruzigrass cultivar, BRS Integra. Plants were grown under controlled conditions in vermiculite and were supplied with nutrient solution containing either NH4+, NH4++NO3-, NO3- or no N added in solution making. Plant biomass, chlorophyll content, transpiration, N status, and levels of selected elements were evaluated. NH4+ improved biomass production and aboveground N contents. Other elements exhibited high (N, K and Na), medium (Mn), low (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Ni and Zn) or non-detected (Al and Fe) translocation. Cd was included in the study because of its hazardous concentrations in agricultural soils in Brazil and its influence on N uptake and translocation in the genus Urochloa. All N sources increased the uptake of whole plant Cu and K and Al, and root Fe and Mg. Other favorable relations prevailed in the roots, specifically of NO3- on Ca and Ni, NH4+ and NH4++NO3- on Cr, and NH4+ on Cd. Removal of N supply caused increases on Mn and Na aboveground and Zn in roots. Overall, the more evident N source-induced uptakes were, in order of decrease, of NO3- on Ca, NH4++NO3- on Ni, and NH4+ on Cr, Cu and Mn. It is concluded that NH4+ is more efficient for fertilizing ruzigrass by improving growth and N uptake compared to NH4++NO3- or NO3-. In addition, the diverse effects of varying N sources on the uptake of 12 elements indicate such interactions should be taken into account to further improve fertilizer formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effects of isoforms of ammonium transporters (AMT) and amino acid transporters (AAT) on three rice varieties cultivated with different levels of ammonium (NH4+) and its biochemical responses. The rice varieties used were IAC-47 (improved), Manteiga and Piauí (landraces), cultivated under 0.2 mM NH4+ (low N, LN), 1 mM NH4+ (sufficient N, SN) or resupply with 1 mM of NH4+ after three days without nitrogen (N). When cultivated with LN, the Piauí variety presented a higher expression of AAT (Lysine-Histidine Transporter 4 (OsLHT4) and GABA Transporters (OsGAT1)) in roots, while Manteiga and IAC-47 presented higher expression of the Amino Acid Permease 1 (OsAAP1) and Ammonium Transporter 1.1 (OsAMT1.1), respectively. Additionally, Piauí had the higher expression of glutamine synthetase (OsGS1.1 and OsGS1.3) in shoots cultivated with LN or resupply. The Piauí variety displayed higher glutamine synthetase activity and amino acid content under resupply. Manteiga and Piauí presented a lower reduction in fresh weight of leaves and sheaths under LN compared to IAC-47. The results suggest that the improved variety IAC-47 is more efficient when cultivated with SN, while, under LN or resupply, the landrace varieties were superior. Overall, the molecular responses were different among the varieties, which may affected their nitrogen metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved not only in the regulation of plant growth, development, and stress responses but also in the regulation of plant-microbe interactions. Here, we demonstrate that Piriformospora indica can induce tobacco nitrate reductase to produce a NO signal in roots which enhances nitrogen uptake capacity by inducing the expression of ammonium and nitrate transporter genes and the development of lateral root and root hair, thereby promoting tobacco growth. In addition, the NO signal induced by P. indica is significantly different from that induced by the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae. Inoculation with P. indica did not produce H2O2 and maintained high expression of Phytoglobin 1 in roots, resulting in a significantly lower NO level than in the roots inoculated with P. nicotianae. These findings suggest that an appropriate NO level is the likely basis of plant-P. indica symbiosis, which promotes the growth of host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the plant response of Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG5 to nitrogen forms and different pH of nutrient solution. For this, nutrient solutions containing ammonium and ammonium nitrate were fixed at pH 4, 6 or 8, and nutrient solution containing nitrate was fixed at pH 6. The pH adjustment was done by different compounds including MES, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and sulfuric acid. In another experiment the seedlings were grown in nutrient solution with different N forms, but without pH adjustment. The results showed that plants in ammonium or ammonium nitrate at pH = 4 had better growth and performance, followed by pH = 6, compared to plants grown at pH = 8 (buffered with calcium carbonate). Calcium carbonate (bicarbonate) especially in higher amounts in nutrient solution (pH = 8) significantly reduced plant growth particularly root growth as the toxic effects were visible on the roots. The adverse effect of carbonate at high pH was more than those at low pH. High concentration of carbonate in presence of ammonium also was toxic for plants probably due to additional toxic effect of ammonia. However, plants were able to grow normally with different N forms under hydroponics culture, independent of pH effect. When pH was not controlled under different N-forms, there was no significant difference between root and shoot biomass production or leaf SPAD value and protein concentration. So, the presence of carbonate but not pH, was determined as an inhibiting factor for growth of Palisadegrass plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to Ammonium-N was studied in a multispan greenhouse under soilless culture using coir fiber as substrate. Ammonium-N application rates were 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM with a total-N concentration of 13 mM. The total content of the rest of all macronutrients in the nutrient solution was maintained from the beginning of the experiment until the end. The highest water uptake was recorded at 2 mM ammonium concentration in the nutrient solution. Compared to nitrate, ammonium nitrogen caused a decrease in nitrate absorption, but led to an increase when applying 8 mM ammonium. Despite a progressive increase in ammonium content in the nutrient solution, potassium absorption was constant below the ammonium concentration of 8 mM. Under a high N-NH4 content (from 6 to 8 mM) in the nutrient solution, high toxicity was found, deriving in the appearance of deformed or noncommercial fruits. There was a significant benefit by the use of ammonium as a component in the nutrient solution. The optimum yield ammonium concentrations were found in the range from 2 to 4 mM. Nevertheless, concentrations higher than 6 mM led into a decrease in commercial production, with the production of increasing deformed fruit, out of size and/or blossom-end rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonium (NH4+) is a major nitrogen source for tea plant growth. Although NH4+-induced growth of tea plants were reported, it was still unclear to elucidate the mechanism of proteins in tea plants in responding to NH4+ resupply. In the present study, the proteomic profiles of tea leaves under N deficiency/resupply were investigated by using LC-MS/MS and PRM technique. Compared with N deficiency, there were 247 and 328 proteins significantly expressed after 3 h and 3d of N resupplied, respectively. And compared with 3 h of N resupplied, there were 186 proteins significantly expressed after 3d of N resupplied. According to bioinformatics analysis, the results showed that different expressed proteins participated in various biological processes, such as PsbO, Pbs27, PsaN, and PsaF were involved in photosynthesis, ADH1, AOC3, URE, GDH1-2, and argD were involved in amino acid metabolism, CHI and ANR were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, GSTF9, APX, and GSS were involved in glutathione metabolism, and PdxT and PdxS were involved in vitamin B6 metabolism. Through PPI analysis, the results showed that the interactions between different expressed proteins mainly occurred in the photosynthetic pathway. Ammonium supply has a profound impact on photosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most produced cereals in the world. Among the essential nutrients required by this crop, nitrogen (N) is of paramount importance to achieve optimum yields. In paddy fields, ammonium (NH4+) represents the main source of N. This work aimed to evaluate the root morphology, ammonium uptake kinetics and N accumulation in two upland rice varieties, Piauí and Manteiga from Maranhão – Brazil. The varieties were cultivated in hydroponic conditions and submitted to three different doses of ammonium: 1 – constant treatment with 0.2 mM NH4+, 2 – constant treatment with 1 mM NH4+ and 3 – constant treatment with 1 mM NH4+, followed by N starvation during 72 h and resupply with 1 mM NH4+. The varieties present contrasting behaviors when submitted to different doses of NH4+. Piauí showed higher biomass and root length under the treatment with 0.2 mM NH4+. The favorable kinetics parameters observed contributed to a higher N accumulation by Piauí in low dose of NH4+. Under 1 mM NH4+, a higher root biomass and favorable kinetics parameters was recorded by Manteiga. This variety presented a better performance with higher doses of N. Under the treatment of N resupply, Piauí variety showed to be more adapted, due to the greater root plasticity observed. For one hand, the results suggest that Piauí variety presents greater growth in environments with low dose or seasonal flux of NH4+. On the other hand, Manteiga variety presents better growth when submitted to higher levels of NH4+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgal growth in temperate coastal ecosystems is primarily regulated by light and inorganic nitrogen availability. The effect of light (photon irradiance) on NO3- and NH4+ uptake, and NO3- - assimilation, were studied in the red macroalga, Hemineura frondosa, which does not operate a carbon concentrating mechanism (non-CCM). Non-CCM macroalgae grow in low and high light environments but become increasingly dominant with depth, suggesting a mechanism for 'preserving energy' under low light levels. H. frondosa was acclimated to limiting (30 µmol photons m-2 s-1) and saturating (150 µmol photons m-2 s-1) irradiances for 8 days. Then, NO3- and NH4+ uptake rates were measured under limiting and saturating irradiances at six concentrations ranging from 2--64 µM. NO3- uptake did not follow saturating uptake kinetics at both irradiances suggesting multiple uptake mechanisms. NH4+ uptake saturated at concentrations <32 µM under limiting but not under saturating irradiance. Saturating irradiance resulted in greater maximum uptake rates of both NO3- and NH4+. There was no evidence that irradiance regulated NO3- reduction by nitrate reductase. Also illustrated is the importance of measuring nitrate reductase activity on fresh material, as freezing in liquid nitrogen and storage at -80°C for 7 days caused a 65% decline in activity. Photosynthetic pigments, soluble tissue nitrogen and % total tissue nitrogen were all higher in limiting irradiance. In this first study of the nitrogen physiology of a non-CCM seaweed, we show that light regulates NO3- and NH4+ uptake but not NO3- assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effect- of starvation on the chemical composition (total protein, crude fat, dry matter, ash) and the excretion of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) of the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps and Notothenia rossii. Starvation resulted in a decrease in lipid content in both species. In Notothenia coriiceps the body fat content decreased from 2.3% to 1.88% and in Notothenia rossii from 0.82% to 0.6%. Excretion rates of N and P were highest on the first day of starvation, then gradually decreased. Average excretion rates (in µmol N or P h−1 100 g−1) of ammonium nitrogen, organic nitrogen, reactive phosphorus, and organic phosphorus respectively were higher for N. coriiceps (8.71, 2.93, 1.09, 0.46) than N. rossii (6.28, 4.94, 0.54, 0.13). During starvation, the proportion of TON in the total excreted nitrogen was on average 43.5% for N. rossi and 24.1% for N. coriiceps, and remained at a relatively stable level. The study confirmed the natural adaptation of the studied fish to the long-term lack of food, and that the excreted loads of N and P may be a source of biogens for autotrophs and serve as a chemical signal in trophochemoreception. The inter-species differences in the excretion of N and P could be due to the differences in fish size, gonad stage of maturity, and nutritional preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), a promising technology for bio-nitrogen removal, has been a research hotspot in the field of leachate treatment. However, the inhibitory effect of organic matter and high-strength nitrogen on anammox bacteria and the limitation of the theoretical total nitrogen removal efficiency of anammox (<90%) are obstacles to its wider application. The mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of organic matter, ammonium, and nitrite on anammox bacteria, and the corresponding control strategies are summaries. The anammox-based processes developed for advanced nitrogen removal (ANR) in recent years, including anammox-based heterotrophic denitrification, anammox-based partial denitrification, and anammox-based constructed wetlands are systematically discussed. An integrated anaerobic system of simultaneous denitrification and methanogenesis (anaerobic membrane bioreactor) + anammox-based processes was proposed for the ANR and optimal energy recovery from leachate. This process showed a 16% increase in biogas yield, a 64% decrease in aeration energy consumption, and the decrease in the external carbon source is expected to be 100% compared to conventional leachate treatment processes such as anoxic/oxic-membrane bioreactors. Finally, a few research perspectives on leachate treatment using anammox-based processes are reviewed. The conclusions drawn from the studies presented herein provide guidance for further research and engineering applications in the field of leachate treatment. AnMBR pretreatment is proposed for energy recovery and elimination of inhibition of anammox bacteria by organics. Anammox-based heterotrophic denitrification, partial denitrification, and anammox-based constructed wetlands are discussed for ANR. SDM is proposed for ANR from leachate via anammox effluent recirculation. An SDM(AnMBR)+anammox based process is proposed for energy saving and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at quantifying nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) released from winery solid waste (WSW) composts during laboratory incubation to address deficiency in two texturally distinct soils. Composts had 4, 10, 20, 30, 40% (w/w) of filter materials (FMs) mixed with grape marc and pruning canes. The composts were mixed with the soils at equivalent rate of 200 kg N ha−1 and incubated for 42 days. Quantitatively higher (p < 0.05) ammonium N content was recorded in sandy than sandy loam soil during the incubation duration while exchangeable K was increased in K-deficient sandy soil. Cumulative total mineralized N (TMN) measured during the incubation duration ranged from 59 mg kg−1 to 672 mg kg−1 depending on compost type and soil texture while a 10-fold increase in compost FMs content resulted in 144% and 139% increases in cumulative mineralized K in sandy and sandy loam textured soil, respectively. Percent N mineralized from the composts relative to the amount applied during the incubation duration was less than 54% reflecting the composts and soils inherent characteristics. The high ammonium N and K mineralized suggests that farmers must be cautious in utilizing these composts for field crops production due to the potential environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was done to evaluate the growth responses of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) to foliar application of ammonium sulfate in different concentrations of 0, 50, 100, or 200 mM once per week, as well as 50 mM in every other day under greenhouse and hydroponic culture system. The results showed that foliar application of ammonium restricted the plant height, yield, and vitamin C content of fruits, but it increased the chlorophyll content in treated plants. The highest and the lowest yield were obtained from zero (control) and 200 mM treated plants, respectively. Fruit hardness was not affected by treatments, while blossom end rot disorder was increased by higher concentrations of ammonium sulfate. In general, the result indicated that tomato plant is rather sensitive to foliar application of ammonium sulfate particularly to higher concentrations and application numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The brucellae are α-Proteobacteriacausing brucellosis, an important zoonosis. Although multiplying in endoplasmic reticulum-derived vacuoles, they cause no cell death, suggesting subtle but efficient use of host resources. Brucellae are amino-acid prototrophs able to grow with ammonium or use glutamate as the sole carbon–nitrogen sourcein vitro. They contain more than twice amino acid/peptide/polyamine uptake genes than the amino-acid auxotrophLegionella pneumophila, which multiplies in a similar vacuole, suggesting a different nutritional strategy. During these two last decades, many mutants of key actors in nitrogen metabolism (transporters, enzymes, regulators, etc.) have been described to be essential for full virulence of brucellae. Here, we review the genomic and experimental data onBrucellanitrogen metabolism and its connection with virulence. An analysis of various aspects of this metabolism (transport, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism, respiration and regulation) has highlighted differences and similarities in nitrogen metabolism with other α-Proteobacteria. Together, these data suggest that, during their intracellular life cycle, the brucellae use various nitrogen sources for biosynthesis, catabolism and respiration following a strategy that requires prototrophy and a tight regulation of nitrogen use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-composting of chicken slurry and rice straw with clinoptilolite zeolite and urea as additives was conducted to determine the characteristics of a compost and their effects on controlling ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) losses from urea. Quality of the compost was assessed based on temperature, moisture content, ash, pH, electrical conductivity, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, NH4+, NO3−, macronutrients, heavy metals, humic acid, microbial population, germination index, and phytotoxicity test. Moisture content and C/N ratio of the compost were 43.83% and 15, respectively. Total N, humic acid, ash, NH4+, NO3−, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) increased after co-composting rice straw and chicken slurry. Copper, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and microbial biomass of the compost were low. The germination rate of Zea mays on distilled water and Spinacia oleracea growth on peat-based growing medium (PBGM) and compost were not significantly different. Urea amended with compost reduced N loss by retaining NH4+and NO3−in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]