1. Pre-programming in overhand throwing of children with Down syndrome: role of the generalized motor program.
- Author
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Vali Noghondar, Narges, Sohrabi, Mehdi, Taheri, Hamid Reza, Kobravi, Hamid Reza, and Khodashenas, Ezzat
- Subjects
ELBOW physiology ,STATISTICAL significance ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,SAMPLE size (Statistics) ,SHOULDER joint ,RANGE of motion of joints ,ANALYSIS of variance ,DOWN syndrome ,THROWING (Sports) ,TASK performance ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,MATHEMATICAL variables ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MOTION capture (Human mechanics) ,DATA analysis software ,MOTOR ability ,KINEMATICS - Abstract
It is unclear whether slowness and higher reaction time of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are because of inability to pre-program and using the generalized motor program (GMP) or not. So, the purpose of this study was to examine the consistency of relative timing as a fixed feature of a GMP in overhand throwing with changing the distance to target as a varied feature. Fifteen individuals with DS (age = 13 ± 2 y) and a control group of 12 individuals without intellectual disability (ID; age = 13 ± 2 y) were asked to throw a tennis ball to a fixed target from three distances of 2, 2.75, and 3.25 m, respectively. Instant of occurrence of the following discrete variables was recorded by motion analysis: initiation of elbow extension, maximum shoulder angular velocity, maximum elbow angular velocity, and maximum resultant hand velocity. Results of two-way analysis of variance test did not show any significant difference in any of the relative kinematic variables in distances and groups (p > 0.05). It seems that individuals with DS are able to motor preprogram and they use a GMP to overhand throwing from different distances as well as those without ID. Also, slowness and reaction time are unrelated to pre-programming and GMP as it relates to overhand throwing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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