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Purpose: Circulating IGF-1 concentrations have been associated with higher cancer risk, particularly prostate, breast and colorectal cancer. There is evidence from observational and intervention studies that milk and dairy products intake is associated with higher IGF-1 concentrations, but results were not always consistent. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between dairy intake and circulating IGF-1 concentrations in participants of the Second Bavarian Food Consumption Survey, thereby providing data for a German population for the first time. Methods: In this cross-sectional study of 526 men and women aged 18–80 years, in contrast to most previous investigations, dietary intake was assessed with a more detailed instrument than food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), i.e., by three 24-h dietary recalls conducted on random days close in time to the blood collection. Circulating IGF-1 concentrations were measured in blood samples. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the association of dairy intake with IGF-1 concentrations. Results: Each 400 g increment in daily dairy intake was associated with 16.8 µg/L (95% CI 6.9, 26.7) higher IGF-1 concentrations. Each 200 g increment in milk per day was associated with 10.0 µg/L (95% CI 4.2, 15.8) higher IGF-1. In contrast, we observed no association between cheese or yogurt intake and IGF-1 concentrations. Conclusions: Our findings are in line with most previous investigations and support the hypothesis that dairy and milk intake are associated with higher IGF-1 concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are locally invasive with high morbidity. The objective of this study was to diagnose important genes and pathways related to the invasiveness of NFPAs and gain more insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of NFPAs. The gene expression profiles of GSE51618 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database with 4 non-invasive NFPA samples, 3 invasive NFPA samples, and 3 normal pituitary gland samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are screened between invasive NFPA samples and normal pituitary gland samples, followed by pathway and ontology (GO) enrichment analyses. Subsequently, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and analyzed for these DEGs, and module analysis was performed. In addition, a target gene–miRNA network and target gene–TF (transcription factor) network were analyzed for these DEGs. A total of 879 DEGs were obtained. Among them, 439 genes were upregulated and 440 genes were downregulated. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the upregulated genes were significantly enriched in cysteine biosynthesis/homocysteine degradation (trans-sulfuration) and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, while the downregulated genes were mainly associated with docosahexaenoate biosynthesis III (mammals) and chemokine signaling pathway. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the upregulated genes were significantly enriched in animal organ morphogenesis, extracellular matrix, and hormone activity, while the downregulated genes were mainly associated with leukocyte chemotaxis, dendrites, and RAGE receptor binding. Subsequently, ESR1, SOX2, TTN, GFAP, WIF1, TTR, XIST, SPAG5, PPBP, AR, IL1R2, and HIST1H1C were diagnosed as the top hub genes in the upregulated and downregulated PPI networks and modules. In addition, HS3ST1, GPC4, CCND2, and SCD were diagnosed as the top hub genes in the upregulated and downregulated target gene–miRNA networks, while CISH, ISLR, UBE2E3, and CCNG2 were diagnosed as the top hub genes in the upregulated and downregulated target gene–TF networks. The new important DEGs and pathways diagnosed in this study may serve key roles in the invasiveness of NFPAs and indicate more molecular targets for the treatment of NFPAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the Review: To summarize the current evidence on the most important dietary and lifestyle factors in colorectal carcinogenesis during different stages of a lifetime with special emphasis on studies investigating exposure during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.Recent Findings: A number of studies showed that independent of adult obesity, higher body fatness during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood is associated with risk of colorectal cancer later in life. In one large cohort study, the Nurses’ Health Study II, adherence to a western pattern diet was associated with higher risk of advanced adenoma. The current evidence relating consumption of individual foods and nutrients as well as physical activity during early life to colorectal cancer is sparse and less consistent, at least in part due to limitations in study design, such as sample size, limited data on potential confounders or lack of a validated dietary assessment instrument.Summary: As colorectal carcinogenesis is a long process and can take up to several decades to develop, early life risk factors may also be etiologically relevant. The recent rise in early-onset colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in the USA, i.e., in individuals younger than 55 years at diagnosis, strongly supports that early life risk factors may influence colorectal carcinogenesis. Considering that the majority of colorectal cancers are preventable, there is an urgent need for well-designed investigations on the role of diet and lifestyle factors throughout the life course and risk of colorectal cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between dairy consumption and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. Subjects and methods: The association between consumption of overall dairy, specific dairy products (such as milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, condensed milk, whey, casein, lactose) and HCC risk has not been assessed before. This association between dairy consumption and HCC risk has been reported in several epidemiological studies, but results were controversial and inconsistent. The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies published up to September 20, 2015. The relative risks (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dairy consumption associated with HCC risk were extracted from each included cohort as well as case-control study. In our study, the pooled RR was obtained using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated by Q and I statistics. Results: A total number of 1,084,666 participants and 2041 HCC patients from three cohort studies and five case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled RR of dairy was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.00-1.91, p = 0.00) in all studies. The pooled RR of milk, yoghurt, and cheese was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.67-1.88, p = 0.00), 0.40 (95% CI: 0.14-1.14, p = 0.00) and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.02-2.07, p = 0.80), respectively. Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicates that consumption of overall dairy may be associated with increased HCC risk and a risk factor involved in the etiology of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]