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Chronic pain often develops severe mood changes such as depression. However, how chronic pain leads to depression remains elusive and the mechanisms determining individuals' responses to depression are largely unexplored. Here we found that depression-like behaviors could only be observed in 67.9% of mice with chronic neuropathic pain, leaving 32.1% of mice with depression resilience. We determined that the spike discharges of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-projecting lateral habenula (LHb) glutamatergic (Glu) neurons were sequentially increased in sham, resilient and susceptible mice, which consequently inhibited VTA dopaminergic (DA) neurons through a LHbGlu-VTAGABA-VTADA circuit. Furthermore, the LHbGlu-VTADA excitatory inputs were dampened via GABAB receptors in a pre-synaptic manner. Regulation of LHb-VTA pathway largely affected the development of depressive symptoms caused by chronic pain. Our study thus identifies a pivotal role of the LHb-VTA pathway in coupling chronic pain with depression and highlights the activity-dependent contribution of LHbGlu-to-VTADA inhibition in depressive behavioral regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybridization of 1,4-bis(isoquinoline)butane (BIQBT2+) cation with iodobismuthate under different solvents produce two isomers α-[(BIQBT)(BiI4)2]n (α-1, in CH3OH/H2O mixed solvent, Triclinic system with P-1 space group) and β-[(BIQBT)(BiI4)2]n (β-1, in CH3OH, Monoclinic system with P21/c space group). The 1-D (BiI4)nn− chains are constructed from the opposite edge-sharing BiI6 octahedra. The (BIQBT)2+ in α-isomer adopts the planar configuration, and that in β-isomer presents the chair-like configuration, as a result, different packing modes (intercalating quasi-3-D mode for α-1 and interlocking 2-D mode for β-1) are observed. Interestingly, from α-1 to β-1, distortion degree of BiI6 octahedron and π–π stacking interaction decrease, but hydrogen bonds number increase. Consequently, due to different packing mode, photoluminescence/thermochromisms can be found in α-1, but those of β-1 are vanished, Theoretical calculation was conducted to disclose the structure/thermochromism correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the template of methyl viologen (MV2+ = methyl viologen) and ethyl viologen (EV2+ = ethyl viologen), two new viologen/iodobismuthate hybrids, (MV)5(Bi2I10)(Bi2I9)2 (1) and (EV)3(Bi4I18) (2) have been structurally determined. The highly interesting feature of 1 lies in its combination of two kinds of dimeric iodobismuthate clusters, i.e. (Bi2I10)4− and (Bi2I9)3− in one lattice induced by MV2+, which are constructed from edge- and face-sharing BiI6 octahedra respectively. But the (Bi4I18)6− tetramer in 2 is based on edge- and vertex-sharing BiI6 octahedra. C–H···I hydrogen bonds contribute to the formation of quasi-3-D networks. The smaller gap of 1 might be led by more versatile C–H···I hydrogen bond interactions due to the presence of mixed type iodobismuthate clusters. Two hybrids display reversible thermochromism behaviors. Theoretical calculation suggests that the terminal iodine is dominated in electron transfer of thermochromisms, rather than bridged iodine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the low conversion and long reaction time in scaling up reaction in batch reactor, the organocatalyzed epoxidation reaction of styrene was intensified under continuous flow conditions using a commercial fluidic reactor (Corning Advanced Flow G1 Reactor). After investigating the effect of reaction temperature, catalyst amount, MeCN/t-BuOH ratio, FO/FAB (buffer solution amount), total feed flow rate and operating mode on the epoxidation reaction, the optimal reaction conditions were identified under continuous flow conditions. Upon optimization, high conversion and excellent selectivity with short reaction time (3.17 min) can be obtained. We successfully developed a process for the rapid and continuous epoxidation of styrene using an organocatalyst with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Compared with the batch conditions, the continuous flow reactor can exhibit unique advantages including high-speed, safety, continuousness and absence of amplifying effect, which will be significant for the industrial production of epoxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new halocadmium/methyl viologen hybrid (MV)(CdI)(CdI) ( 1) (MV = methyl viologen) has been structurally determined. In 1, two kinds of dimeric halocadmium clusters constructed from edge/vertex-sharing CdI tetrahedra respectively, i.e., CdI and CdI dimmers were observed, which were templated by methyl viologen cation (MV). A highly interesting feature of 1 is the presence of mixed type dimeric halocadmium clusters in one crystal lattice templated by one kind of cation. 1 displays photoluminescences, and its thermochromism behavior is observed, whose mechanism was verified by theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new two- and three-dimensional transition-metal-organic frameworks, namely, [Ni(imbz)] ( 1), [Cu(imbz)·4HO] ( 2), (imbz = 4-(imidazole-1-yl)-benzoic acid), have been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally determined. Compound 1 is a 2-D (4, 4)-network framework consisting of square grid with dimensions of ca. 11.4158(11) × 11.4158(11) Å, and 2 exhibits a 3-D framework encapsulating four guest solvent waters. Interestingly, both compounds exhibit tunable photoluminescences upon thermochromisms, i.e., upon heating, two compounds undergo color changes from blue to green (for 1) and dark blue to light blue (for 2) accompanied by a reduction or disappear of the fluorescent intensities. Graphical Abstract: Two new two- and three-dimensional transition-metal-organic frameworks exhibiting tunable photoluminescences upon thermochromisms have been structurally determined. They present 2-D (4, 4)-network framework and 3-D framework encapsulating four guest solvent waters.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new methyl viologen halocadmium charge-transfer salts with isostructures, [(MV)(CdI)]·3HO ( 1) and (MV)(CdI)·HO ( 2) (MV = methyl viologen, i.e., 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium), have been structurally determined. 1 and 2 consist of CdI clusters, MV dications, lattice waters with isostructures, and C-H···I hydrogen bonds are presented in 1 but absent in 2, furthermore, their relative stabilities based on were investigated by DFT calculations. Both compounds display photoluminescences in the visible region under visible-light excitations, and their thermochromism effects are observed. But their photoluminescence and thermochromic behaviors differ greatly with the presence or absence of hydrogen bonds. Moreover, their absorption spectra have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new heterometallic inorganic-organic hybrids containing polynuclear halobismuthates anions and ruthenium complex cations, i.e., [Ru(tpy)][(BiICl)·I] ( 1), [Ru(bipy)(bipyo](BiI) ( 2), (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, bipyo = 2,2′-bipyridine-6-olato) have been structurally determined. These hybrids are the rare examples of mixed-metal halobismuthates containing photochemically active coordination cations, and 1 consists of mixed halo atoms. C-H···I hydrogen bonds among halobismuthates clusters and [Ru(tpy)]/[Ru(bipy)(bipyo] countercations contribute to the formation of a 3-D network. Moreover, their absorption spectra and photoluminescence have also been discussed, and their absorption edges fall in the range of those of semiconductors. Graphical Abstract: Two new heterometallic inorganic-organic hybrids containing polynuclear halobismuthates anions and ruthenium complex cations have been structurally determined, which represent the rare examples of mixed-metal halobismuthates containing photochemically active coordination cation and mixed halo atoms. C-H···I hydrogen bonds contribute to the formation of a 3-D network, and their absorption spectra and photoluminescence have also been discussed.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]