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New World indigenous peoples are noted for their sophisticated use of psychedelic plants in shamanic and ethnomedical practices. The use of psychedelic plant preparations among New World tribes is far more prevalent than in the Old World. Yet, although these preparations are botanically diverse, almost all are chemically similar in that their active principles are tryptamine derivatives, either DMT or related constituents. Part 1 of this paper provides an ethnopharmacological overview of the major tryptamine-containing New World hallucinogens. Part 2 focuses on ayahuasca and its effects on the human brain. Using complementary neurophysiological and neuroimaging techniques, we have identified brain areas involved in the cognitive effects induced by this complex botanical preparation. Initial SPECT data showed that ayahuasca modulated activity in higher order association areas of the brain. Increased blood perfusion was observed mainly in anterior brain regions encompassing the frontomedial and anterior cingulate cortices of the frontal lobes, and in the medial regions of the temporal lobes. On the other hand, applying spectral analysis and source location techniques to cortical electrical signals, we found changes in neuronal activity that predominated in more posterior sensory-selective areas of the brain. Now, using functional connectivity analysis of brain oscillations we have been able to reconcile these seemingly contradictory findings. By measuring transfer entropy, a metric based on information theory, we have shown that ayahuasca temporarily modifies the ordinary flow of information within the brain. We propose a model in which ayahuasca reduces top-down constraints and facilitates bottom-up information transfer. By simultaneously enhancing endogenous cortical excitability and reducing higher-order cognitive control, ayahuasca temporarily disrupts neural hierarchies allowing inner exploration and a new outlook on reality.

In hard anodizing process which requires an aluminum part soaked in the electrolysis solution in order to form anodic (aluminum oxide) film on the aluminum part so that it will be harder and durable for work. Although, this part will be drained afterwards by ionize water to eliminate impurities from it, aluminum sulfate stain may be traceable from the part. It is especially for cookware products that require clear coating on an anodized part for aesthetic purpose. It can be imagined that the trace mark from aluminum sulfate can scrap this part or it has to be reworked. However, in coating process, there are three coating steps named prime, middle, top that may aid to conceal the mark as long as the required coating thickness is within specification. However, only middle level is concerned in this work. Therefore, the objective of this paper is two folds. One is to investigate the relationship of spray coating parameters to dry film thickness (DFT) and the other is to determine DFT which is able to conceal the abovementioned trace on the hard anodizing part.

This paper reports a preliminary study on the relationship between computer literacy and use of open educational resources (OER) of university students in Hong Kong. It reviews the technology infrastructure and Government support for enhancement of students’ computer literacy, and development of resources in the city, showing that Hong Kong has laid a foundation for OER to grow and bloom. However, by reporting the results of a survey conducted with university students, it highlights that most students, despite their high computer literacy, have a low level of awareness and limited experience of OER, and have been exposed to only a few popular types of resources. The observations call for further institutional and instructional support to enhance students’ awareness of available resources and understanding of their proper use.

This paper proposes a failureless pipelined Aho-Corasick (FPAC) algorithm that generates the failureless pipelined deterministic-finite automaton (DFA). The failureless pipelined DFA generated by the FPAC algorithm does not store the failure pointers for reducing hardware overhead. Moreover, by sharing common prefixes, the information for storing states can be compressed. Because the pipeline register stores the state in each stage, the failureless pipelined DFA can perform multiple state transitions in parallel. Therefore, throughput can be increased with multiple homogeneous DFAs. In the experiments with cost-effective FPGAs, the implementation of the proposed FPAC algorithm shows high performance and low hardware overhead compared to several FPGA-based string matching engines.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (a commercial probiotic) and inulin (a prebiotic) on the survival rates of honeybees infected and uninfected with Nosema ceranae, the level of phenoloxidase (PO) activity, the course of nosemosis, and the effect on the prevention of nosemosis development in bees. The cells of L. rhamnosus exhibited a high rate of survival in 56.56 % sugar syrup, which was used to feed the honeybees. Surprisingly, honeybees fed with sugar syrup supplemented with a commercial probiotic and a probiotic + prebiotic were more susceptible to N. ceranae infection, and their lifespan was much shorter. The number of microsporidian spores in the honeybees fed for 9 days prior to N. ceranae infection with a sugar syrup supplemented with a commercial probiotic was 25 times higher (970 million spores per one honeybee) than in a control group fed with pure sucrose syrup (38 million spores per one honeybee). PO activity reached its highest level in the hemolymph of this honeybee control group uninfected with N. ceranae. The addition of probiotics or both probiotics and prebiotics to the food of uninfected bees led to the ~2-fold decrease in the PO activity. The infection of honeybees with N. ceranae accompanied an almost 20-fold decrease in the PO level. The inulin supplemented solely at a concentration of 2 μg/mL was the only administrated factor which did not significantly affect honeybees’ survival, the PO activity, or the nosemosis infection level. In conclusion, the supplementation of honeybees’ diet with improperly selected probiotics or both probiotics and prebiotics does not prevent nosemosis development, can de-regulate insect immune systems, and may significantly increase bee mortality.

The microtubule-associated protein tau has a critical role in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. A proposed pathomechanism in the progression of tauopathies is the trans-synaptic spreading of tau seeds, with a role for exosomes which are secretory nanovesicles generated by late endosomes. Our previous work demonstrated that brain-derived exosomes isolated from tau transgenic rTg4510 mice encapsulate tau seeds with the ability to induce tau aggregation in recipient cells. We had also shown that exosomes can hijack the endosomal pathway to spread through interconnected neurons. Here, we reveal how tau seeds contained within internalized exosomes exploit mechanisms of lysosomal degradation to escape the endosome and induce tau aggregation in the cytosol of HEK293T-derived ‘tau biosensor cells’. We found that the majority of the exosome-containing endosomes fused with lysosomes to form endolysosomes. Exosomes induced their permeabilization, irrespective of the presence of tau seeds, or whether the exosomal preparations originated from mouse brains or HEK293T cells. We also found that permeabilization is a conserved mechanism, operating in both non-neuronal tau biosensor cells and primary neurons. However, permeabilization of endolysosomes only occurred in a small fraction of cells, which supports the notion that permeabilization occurs by a thresholded mechanism. Interestingly, tau aggregation was only induced in cells that exhibited permeabilization, presenting this as an escape route of exosomal tau seeds into the cytosol. Overexpression of RAB7, which is required for the formation of endolysosomes, strongly increased tau aggregation. Conversely, inhibition of lysosomal function with alkalinizing agents, or by knocking-down RAB7, decreased tau aggregation. Together, we conclude that the enzymatic activities of lysosomes permeabilize exosomal and endosomal membranes, thereby facilitating access of exosomal tau seeds to cytosolic tau to induce its aggregation. Our data underscore the importance of endosomal membrane integrity in mechanisms of cellular invasion by misfolded proteins that are resistant to lysosomal degradation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00401-020-02254-3.

Websites are one of the most critical mechanics which are used to establish transaction between consumers and businesses. Gaining trust from the customers can be challenging, especially for new entrepreneurs. This paper analyzes websites of top global logistics providers based on a trust building framework. The results reveal motivating factors that are valuable and critical for building trust on the websites. In this paper, common factors and imperfection affecting trust of the top global logistics websites are uncovered. The findings provide guidelines in building trust for any emerging logistics businesses, or other E-business.

Karst aquifers are characterized by high-conductivity conduits embedded in a low-conductivity fractured matrix, resulting in extreme heterogeneity and variable groundwater flow behavior. The conduit network controls groundwater flow, but is often unmapped, making it difficult to apply numerical models to predict system behavior. This paper presents a multi-model ensemble method to represent structural and conceptual uncertainty inherent in simulation of systems with limited spatial information, and to guide data collection. The study tests the new method by applying it to a well-mapped, geologically complex long-term study site: the Gottesacker alpine karst system (Austria/Germany). The ensemble generation process, linking existing tools, consists of three steps: creating 3D geologic models using GemPy (a Python package), generating multiple conduit networks constrained by the geology using the Stochastic Karst Simulator (a MATLAB script), and, finally, running multiple flow simulations through each network using the Storm Water Management Model (C-based software) to reject nonbehavioral models based on the fit of the simulated spring discharge to the observed discharge. This approach captures a diversity of plausible system configurations and behaviors using minimal initial data. The ensemble can then be used to explore the importance of hydraulic flow parameters, and to guide additional data collection. For the ensemble generated in this study, the network structure was more determinant of flow behavior than the hydraulic parameters, but multiple different structures yielded similar fits to the observed flow behavior. This suggests that while modeling multiple network structures is important, additional types of data are needed to discriminate between networks., National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program

In this paper, a stochastic eco-epidemiological system with patchy structure and transport-related infection is proposed and the stochastic dynamical behaviors are investigated. Firstly, by constructing suitable Lyapunov functions, it is revealed that there is a unique globally positive solution starting from the positive initial value. Secondly, it is proved that the presented system is stochastically ultimately bounded and the average in time of the second moment of solution is bounded. Thirdly, we prove that the large enough stochastic perturbations may lead the predator population and the diseases in the predator to be extinct while it is persistent in the deterministic system. Finally, some numerical simulations are given to test our theoretical results.

PDR (Pedestrian Dead Reckoning) is a relative positioning method using step length and heading. However, the step length is varying while a pedestrian performs different motions. With estimated motion state, the adaptive step length model can be applied. Considering that human motion is a continuous procedure, in this paper, we propose a sequence-based motion recognition method which estimates the motion states from a sequence of data. In contrast with traditional classifiers, this paper deploys a HMM (Hidden Markov Model) to infer the state labels of sequence motion. And with the assist of motion recognition, a 3D indoor pedestrian localization is presented. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy of sequence-based motion recognition is improved comparing to that of using Naive Bayes classifier on standalone motion states. Furthermore, the positioning accuracy of a pedestrian in indoor environments is promoted using proposed method in this paper. The mean positioning error is reduced from 0.78 to 0.30 m. The 50th and 95th percentile errors are also cut down in the test within a typical office building.

Cluster is the potential developing mode for digital publishing industry. In recent years, 12 national digital publishing bases are released to promote the integrative innovation of value chain of digital publishing industry successively. Some clusters are not clear of developing modes, so fluent knowledge flow, perfect diffusion effect and integrative innovation, emphasizing and paying attention to the role of universities adjacent to clusters, are all the feasible alternatives to improve innovative ability of actors. Based on congregation of digital publishing industry, this paper clarifies five roles of university and research institutions in digital publishing industrial clusters’ system of innovation. At last, this paper brings up some countermeasures to promote diffusion effect of university.

Virtual Reality (VR) techniques advances the development of research on virtual plants which is regarded as one of the most important parts of Digital Agriculture. At present, there exists a gap that the existing simulation techniques of virtual plants cannot achieve the purpose of real-time drawing by virtue of cloud computing according to captured picture of plants. To fill the this research gap, this paper presents a real-time simulator prototype, termed hFractal, of virtual plants in Digital Agriculture. The proposed prototype contains: (1) fast generation algorithm of topological structure of plants; (2) flexible simulation of virtual plants based on Fractals as well as L-systems. In summary, hFractal provides a convenient and flexible modeling and simulation environment that is particularly useful for those without an intensive programming background.

One of the central characteristics of the process of globalization is the increase of migration. The high quantity of transnational movements of people, however, does not lead to a ‘global village’; instead we witness changes in classification and demarcation processes within the reconfiguration and production of social positions and boundaries. This article claims that an intersectional perspective is an appropriate tool to investigate the complex and multiplied inequality patterns and the power structures within globalization. Intersectional approaches assume that social inequality is (re)produced through the constructions of difference, in which various socially relevant dimensions of inequality, such as ethnicity, race, gender, body, class, etc. interact. Thus to analyze inequalities in a globalizing world, this paper argues that one has to focus on the context specific intertwining of deviance constructions and difference markers that underlay inequalities (Sect. 2). This will be illustrated in a case study that displays the classification and categorization strategies of female migrants from different Latin American countries in Germany (Sect. 4). Although from a theoretical point of view there are no fixed hierarchical relations between the categories of difference, the empirical data show that there are specific patterns of intersection which are highly significant within the (experienced) constructions of difference: The interrelatedness of the categories of (1) gender and race/ethnicity and (2) class, ethnicity/race and nationality.

In this paper we propose a new algorithm for person name disambiguation within authors of scientific publications. The algorithm is effective, elastic, and tailored to a scientific knowledge base. Besides the common properties of publication; namely, title, venue, author and co-authors names, it also exploits references. One of the reasons is that we decided to enrich the University Knowledge Base with connections between publications, not only references represented by a reference (i.e. author’s name, title, etc.). Our algorithm utilises the unsupervised approach which does not require creating a training set, which is time and resources consuming. However, we want to leverage additional information available from crowd sourcing or authorised users which confirms authorship and citation relations between papers. By utilising this information default parameters of the unsupervised algorithm can be optimised for a given case by means of a genetic algorithm in order to increase the accuracy. The proposed method can be applied for three tasks: assigning a publication to a specific researcher, indicating that a new author is yet unknown to the database and clustering a set of publications into clusters that contain papers of one researcher. Validation results confirm high accuracy of the new algorithm and its usefulness in the process of populating a scientific knowledge base.

Rollback recovery has been studied as a low-cost fault tolerance mechanism for ensuring dependability of critical distributed applications. There is a rich variety of recovery protocols proposed in literature and they are broadly classified as checkpoint-based recovery protocols and message-log based recovery protocols. In this paper we attempt to model composition of protocol and check whether such composition is consistent with recovery. The composition of protocols in important in a system whether resources are hierarchically organized, for example grid or cloud systems.

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is the most severe paediatric solid tumour, with no significant therapeutic progress made in the past 50 years. Recent studies suggest that diffuse midline glioma, H3-K27M mutant, may comprise more than one biological entity. The aim of the study was to determine the clinical and biological variables that most impact their prognosis. Ninety-one patients with classically defined DIPG underwent a systematic stereotactic biopsy and were included in this observational retrospective study. Histone H3 genes mutations were assessed by immunochemistry and direct sequencing, whilst global gene expression profiling and chromosomal imbalances were determined by microarrays. A full description of the MRI findings at diagnosis and at relapse was integrated with the molecular profiling data and clinical outcome. All DIPG but one were found to harbour either a somatic H3-K27M mutation and/or loss of H3K27 trimethylation. We also discovered a novel K27M mutation in HIST2H3C, and a lysine-to-isoleucine substitution (K27I) in H3F3A, also creating a loss of trimethylation. Patients with tumours harbouring a K27M mutation in H3.3 (H3F3A) did not respond clinically to radiotherapy as well, relapsed significantly earlier and exhibited more metastatic recurrences than those in H3.1 (HIST1H3B/C). H3.3-K27M-mutated DIPG have a proneural/oligodendroglial phenotype and a pro-metastatic gene expression signature with PDGFRA activation, while H3.1-K27M-mutated tumours exhibit a mesenchymal/astrocytic phenotype and a pro-angiogenic/hypoxic signature supported by expression profiling and radiological findings. H3K27 alterations appear as the founding event in DIPG and the mutations in the two main histone H3 variants drive two distinct oncogenic programmes with potential specific therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1478-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

According to underwater acoustic orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system, an underwater acoustic channel estimation algorithm based on compressed sensing is proposed in this paper, by making use of the natural sparse features of the underwater acoustic. The samples of the channel frequency response are obtained by inserting the two-dimensional pilot symbols according to linear interpolation with the channel-sensing on the basis of existing underwater acoustic OFDM communication system. And then a complete dictionary is designed. Finally, the underwater acoustic channel estimation is completed by using the compressive sampling matching pursuit algorithm. The simulation results show that the estimation accuracy of our algorithm is better than the conventional underwater acoustic estimation algorithm with lower computational complexity and higher stability at the same time. Therefore, our algorithm can be applied to practical underwater acoustic OFDM communication system preferably.

This paper discusses the possibility of usage of dynamic biometric signatures (DBS) as an alternative of “advanced” electronic signatures. The authors refer to the issues of uniqueness of DBS in terms of individual’s characteristic motion, and hence the validity of parameters required for methods of identification of users and their authentication in the “electronic” world. Furthermore the authors focused on the issue of the use of DBS in connection with legal acts of people and the integration of authentication tools, based on DBS in the legal systems of the EU countries. The conclusions set out in the paper are supported by the results of experiments, when panelists created their biometric samples under different conditions that may have a significant impact, especially for set-up setting of FNMR parameter (False Non-Match Rate).

Purpose Recalled experiences of parental bonding may be important in the aetiology of perinatal depression. We hypothesized that lower recalled parental bonding would be associated with perinatal depression. Method In a cohort study of perinatal depression in Turkey, 677 women were recruited in their third trimester. Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) scores at baseline were investigated as predictors of depression on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 4, 14 and 21 months after childbirth in mothers without depression at baseline. Results Poor parental bonding scores, apart from paternal control and overprotection, were independently associated with antenatal depression. Incident postnatal depression at 4 months was predicted by parental overprotection, at 14 months by parental care and overprotection, and at 21 months by paternal control and overprotection. Conclusions Less satisfactory parenting recalled in the antenatal period was an independent predictor of postnatal depression; however, the different bonding subscales varied as predictors according to the timing of the depression assessment after childbirth.

In modern systems CPUs as well as GPUs are equipped with multi-level memory architectures, where different levels of the hierarchy vary in latency and capacity. Therefore, various memory access models were studied. Such a model can be seen as an interface abstracting the user from the physical architecture details. In this paper we present a general and uniform GPU computation and memory access model based on bounded inhibitor Petri nets (PNs). Its effectiveness is demonstrated by comparing its throughputs to practical computational experiments performed with the usage of Nvidia GPU with CUDA architecture.

The use of critical theory, while gaining momentum in some areas of tourism research, is rarely extended to the teaching of tourism in higher education. This paper explores the role and value of critical pedagogy as it relates to how we teach tourism studies. In particular, the paper adopts a reflexive, autobiographical approach to outline my own efforts to build Critically Reflective Practice (CRP) into an undergraduate sustainable tourism class. In doing so, I aim to address concerns that there is little guidance on how to ‘do’ critically reflective practice. As such, practical examples are provided to assist tourism academics who are interested in incorporating CRP into their curricula. Ultimately, it is argued that CRP has the potential to transform the teaching experience, (re)motivate the lecturer’s enthusiasm for the teaching role, and provide a stronger nexus between teaching and research.

The passive object localization problemPOLPaims to detect the location of the target. This task requires the target does not have any device to receive signal or transfer. The sensor fusion model for localization is more popular, such as the Kalman Filter(KF). In this paper, an novel fusion model based on the KF is used in fusing some parameters, like the RSSI(Receive Signal Strength Index), infrared data and ultrasound data, which are come from the measurements. The proposed fusion model can promote the accuracy of localization, and provides the higher available of localization. The simulation result have proved that the proposed methods is adequate to the passive localization, compared with other traditional methods, the localization accuracy is greatly improved.

Due to Shor's algorithm, quantum computers are a severe threat for public key cryptography. This motivated the cryptographic community to search for quantum-safe solutions. On the other hand, the impact of quantum computing on secret key cryptography is much less understood. In this paper, we consider attacks where an adversary can query an oracle implementing a cryptographic primitive in a quantum superposition of different states. This model gives a lot of power to the adversary, but recent results show that it is nonetheless possible to build secure cryptosystems in it. We study applications of a quantum procedure called Simon's algorithm (the simplest quantum period finding algorithm) in order to attack symmetric cryptosystems in this model. Following previous works in this direction, we show that several classical attacks based on finding collisions can be dramatically sped up using Simon's algorithm: finding a collision requires $\Omega(2^{n/2})$ queries in the classical setting, but when collisions happen with some hidden periodicity, they can be found with only $O(n)$ queries in the quantum model. We obtain attacks with very strong implications. First, we show that the most widely used modes of operation for authentication and authenticated encryption e.g. CBC-MAC, PMAC, GMAC, GCM, and OCB) are completely broken in this security model. Our attacks are also applicable to many CAESAR candidates: CLOC, AEZ, COPA, OTR, POET, OMD, and Minalpher. This is quite surprising compared to the situation with encryption modes: Anand et al. show that standard modes are secure with a quantum-secure PRF. Second, we show that Simon's algorithm can also be applied to slide attacks, leading to an exponential speed-up of a classical symmetric cryptanalysis technique in the quantum model., Comment: 31 pages, 14 figures

With the proliferation of mobile device and applications, a large number of mobility management solutions have been proposed to support mobility in IP networks. Mobile IP and its derivatives are basically network layer solutions for terminal mobility problems. However, there are several shortages in those solutions, such as large overhead, high latency, lack of scalability and weak security. Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides a flexible centralized approach to handle mobility in IP networks. In this paper, we propose a network based secure mobility management architecture. SDN controller manages the mobility with full authority and controls OpenFlow Switches to forward packets for mobile nodes in optimal path. The implementation and test results show a better delay and throughput performance during the handover process.

Aimed at the serious problem of the microblog platform used in the field of evaluating TV program that is badly affected by spam microblog, this paper proposes a recognition method about combination of lexicon match with SVM based on pattern matching and machine learning. At the same time, considering the impact that spam information caused in the public-opinion-trend and topic-attention-degree, it is important to identify the spam microblog correctly. They are various cleaning modes for different spam information. And the results of experiment shows that the total-recognition-rate has already reached 80 %. This method is useful for the following text mining.

Graph is a powerful mathematical tool applied in many fields as transportation, communication, informatics, economy, … In ordinary graph the weights of edges and vertexes are considered independently where the length of a path is the sum of weights of the edges and the vertexes on this path. However, in many practical problems, weights at a vertex are not the same for all paths passing this vertex, but depend on coming and leaving edges. The paper develops a model of extended network that can be applied to modelling many practical problems more exactly and effectively. The main contribution of this paper is sink toward source algorithm finding maximal flows on extended mixed networks.

Kinect v2, a new version of Kinect sensor, provides RGB, IR (Infrared) and depth images like its predecessor Kinect v1. However, the depth measurement mechanism and the image resolutions of the Kinect v2 are different from those of Kinect v1, which requires a new transformation matrix for the camera calibration of Kinect v2. In this paper, we correct the radial distortion of the RGB camera and find the transformation matrix for the correspondence between the RGB and depth image of the Kinect v2. Experimental results show that our method yields accurate correspondence between the RGB and depth images.

Approaches for computing geometrically accurate Morse-Smale complexes with discrete Morse theory utilize a probabilistic approach to mitigate the negative impact of restricting flow to the edges of a mesh. The most accurate technique (Gyulassy et al., IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 18:2014–2022, 2012) builds a discrete gradient field by computing the probability that a cell belongs to any ascending manifold. The limiting factor to the scalability and parallelism in this approach is the reliance on processing cells in order of increasing function values, in practice, involving a global sort of the data. In this paper, we generalize the approach to operate on gradient vector fields, replacing the sorted ordering with a dependency graph. We present a technique to convert a continuous gradient field to a dependency graph with weights on edges, and adapt the accurate Morse-Smale complex algorithm to this setting. We demonstrate the utility of our technique by computing accurate segmentations for both gradient vector fields obtained by sampling scalar functions as well as rotation-free vector fields.

Simon is a lightweight block cipher family proposed by NSA in 2013. It has drawn many cryptanalysts' attention and varieties of cryptanalysis results have been published, including differential, linear, impossible differential, integral cryptanalysis and so on. In this paper, we give the improved linear attacks on all reduced versions of Simon with dynamic key-guessing technique, which was proposed to improve the differential attack on Simon recently. By establishing the boolean function of parity bit in the linear hull distinguisher and reducing the function according to the property of AND operation, we can guess different subkeys or equivalent subkeys for different situations, which decrease the number of key bits involved in the attack and decrease the time complexity in a further step. As a result, 23-round Simon32/64, 24-round Simon48/72, 25-round Simon48/96, 30-round Simon64/96, 31-round Simon64/128, 37-round Simon96/96, 38-round Simon96/144, 49-round Simon128/128, 51-round Simon128/192 and 53-round Simon128/256 can be attacked. As far as we know, our attacks on most reduced versions of Simon are the best compared with the previous cryptanalysis results. However, this does not shake the security of Simon family with full rounds.

A new algorithm about global fast Fourier transform (FFT) is introduced in this paper, which is more reasonable and scientific than old FFT. The algorithm of FFT is more reasonable and more scientific than in the past. Experiments indicate that this algorithm can detect oil storehouses fast and exactly. Furthermore, the relation between template scale feature and oil depot recognition is indicated, i.e., the algorithm speed is increased faster than direct convolution along with the template scale increasing, and small template can detect large oil storehouses, not vice versa. The precision of the detection will rise along with template scale reducing, but at the same time the false alert will appear. Meanwhile, the problem of this algorithm is pointed and will be solved in the further research.

The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.