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Objectives: To compare the nebulized salbutamol alone with combination of nebulized salbutamol and ipratropium for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in terms of mean length of stay. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan. Study was carried out over a period of six months from May to Nov 2017. Methodology: A total of 300 patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (150 in each group) were recruited in the study. Group A received nebulized salbutamol (5mg) alone and Group B received a combination of nebulized salbutamol (5mg) and ipratropium bromide (0.5mg). Results: Mean age of the patients was 66.4±6.4 years and 65.7±6.8 years in Group-A and B, respectively. In Group-A, there were 136(90.7%) and in Group-B 134(89.3%) were males while 14(9.3%) and 16(10.7%) were females in Group-A and B, respectively. Mean duration of disease in Group-A was 5.2±2.4 years and in group-B 6.0±1.6 years. Comparison of mean length of stay (days) revealed in hospital between nebulized Salbutamol alone 5.0±0.5 days with combination of nebulized Salbutamol and Ipratropium 4.3±0.6 days with p-value <0.001. Conclusion: In conclusion, the routine addition of nebulized ipratropium bromide to salbutamol appears to be of benefit in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in terms of mean length of hospital stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the entire scenario of Pakistan citrus sector, kinnow (Citrus reticulata Blanco) right from its introduction and successful acclimatization continues to dominate both in area and production besides an exportable commodity. Presence of large seed number in Kinnow is big issue for fresh consumption and as well as for processing industry in the international markets. Visualizing such compulsions of international markets, a systematic study was undertaken by Horticultural Research Station, Sahiwal with identification of five less seeded kinnow strains (1-6 seeds). Results depicted that less seeded kinnow strain, encoded LSKS-2, produced superior external and internal quality attributes. Average fruit weight and size outstripped other contestant strains. It produces average weight per fruit as 170.58gms with length/breadth, as 70.68mm and 68.08 mm respectively. Maximum juice recovery as 46.22% with glucose 48.08gms per liter, fructose 27.72gms per liter was obtained significantly high in less seeded strain LSKS-2. Total soluble solids as 11.70% remained in the same strain (LSKS-2). Vitamin C was18.43 mg/100gms besides total phenolic compounds 94.78 µgms in LSKS-2. However, somewhat tenacious fruit with more peel thickness was observed in LSKS-4 which was 3.31 mm. Highest firmness remained 2.48kg in LSKS-1 of less seeded kinnow. Conclusively less seeded strain LSKS-2 proved best of all the five strains of less seeded kinnow. The study is worthwhile for exploiting natural mutant kinnow strains bearing less seeded fruit of high quality characters through vegetative method of propagation thereby avoiding inevitable heterozygosity and polyembyonic nature of citrus fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Amlodipine with Captopril in the management of patients presenting to the emergency department with uncontrolled blood pressure. Study Design: Comparative prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Emergency Department, Combined Military Hospital, Malir Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2021. Methodology: A total of 127 individuals presenting to the Emergency Department with two readings of uncontrolled blood pressure (Systolic blood pressure > 160mmHg and Diastolic blood pressure >90mmHg) were included. They were administered a tablet of Captopril 12.5mg per oral and a tablet of Amlodipine 10mg per oral on the turn by turn basis. Patients were observed for 3 hours and monitored for the reduction in blood. The efficacy of medication was judged based on the ability to achieve target blood pressure reduction, which was at least a 20-30% reduction in systolic blood pressure. Results: Out of 127 individuals, 65(51.2%) patients were given a tablet of Captopril 12.5mg orally, and 62(48.8%) were given a tablet of Amlodipine 10mg orally. The mean reduction in systolic blood pressure was 20.73±5.17 in all patients. In addition, target blood pressure reduction was achieved in 35(53.8%) individuals of the Captopril-Group and 33(53.2%) of the Amlodipine-Group, with a total of 68(53.5%) individuals achieving target blood pressure within 3 hours after medication. Conclusion: Both medications were efficient in achieving target blood pressure levels. However, no drug was superior to another in reducing blood pressure in an emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To look for the psychiatric morbidity and associated socio-demographic factors among patients who tested positive and isolated for COVID-19. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Malir Pakistan, from Mar to May 2020. Methodology: All patients who tested positive for COVID-19 and were admitted to the COVID-19 Ward without complications were included in the study. General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) was administered to look for the presence of psychiatric morbidity. Results: Out of 61 patients included in the study, 45(73.7%) showed the presence of psychiatric morbidity, while 16(26.3%) did not show psychiatric morbidity when screened with GHQ-12. 43(70.4%) were male, while 18(29.6%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 35.21±2.355 years. The advanced age and female gender have a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) with the presence of psychiatric morbidity among patients of COVID-19. Conclusion: Many patients had psychiatric morbidity after being tested positive for COVID -19 and were isolated in the health facility. Female patients and patients aged more than 40 years were found to be more at risk of developing psychiatric morbidity among the patients admitted to COVID -19 ward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was carried out to assess the outcomes of a universal neonatal hearing screening program in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at the pediatric medicine and audiology department of Ittefaq Hospital, Lahore from July 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021. An otoscopic examination of the ear canal and tympanic membrane of 91 infants was performed. DPOAEs were used to screen. It was performed by audiologists after at least 24 hours of birth. A signal to noise ratio of more than six decibels in 3 out of 4 frequencies tested was documented as pass. Infants who failed the DPOAE were considered referred and underwent BERA to confirm the diagnosis. Valid response at the stimulus level of 30 dB normalized hearing level was taken as pass while no valid response was considered as having hearing impairment. Results: Of 91 high-risk infants tested for hearing impairment, 54(59.34%) were males whereas 37(40.66%) were females. The mean age of the infants was 1.2±0.54 months. 19(20.88%) were diagnosed as having hearing impairment. 5(8.7%) of the full-term neonates had hearing impairment while 5(50%) of the preterm neonates exhibited hearing impairment. Hearing impairment was also reported among infants having a history of neonatal jaundice (26.67%), fetal distress (40%), birth asphyxia (50%), convulsions (100%), and craniofacial abnormalities (100%). Conclusion: Identification of the neonatal risk factors associated with hearing loss is crucial, and the neonatal hearing screening program is a useful method in the early detection and management of congenital hearing loss in all neonates, thereby avoiding any hindrance in speech, language, and cognitive development. Thus, the findings of this study appreciate the importance of countrywide implementation of universal hearing screening programs in newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare peri and early post-operative complications in long versus short proximal femoral nails for unstable proximal femoral fractures. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Orthopaedic Department, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, Jan to Sep 2021. Methodology: We included all the patients who suffered from unstable proximal femur fractures diagnosed by a consultant orthopedic surgeon based on clinical and radiological findings. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group-A was managed by a long proximal femoral nail, while Group-B was managed by a short proximal femoral nail. Both groups were compared for peri-and early post-operative complications. Results: The final analysis included 110 patients. The mean age of the study participants was 63.66±8.553 years. 79(71.8%) were male, while 31(28.2%) were female. Peri-and early post-operative complications were not statistically different in both groups except for the duration of surgery. Patients undergoing long proximal femoral nail fixation had more chances of having surgery lasting more than 40 minutes than patients undergoing short femoral nail fixation (p-value-0.004). Conclusion: The peri-and early post-operative complications rate was almost similar in both groups. Patients undergoing long proximal femoral nail fixation had more chances of having prolonged surgery than patients undergoing short femoral nail fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies conducted in the field of resilience have proven the role of resilience in their clinical presentations, but few studies investigated the relationship between resilience and painrelated fear. However, there are limited studies to investigates the moderating role of self-resilience along with mediating role of avoidance behavior in fear of COVID-19. The survey questionnaire is used to collect responses from the public of Pakistan. The questionnaire sent to respondents using google forms, WhatsApp, and Facebook. A total of five hundred (500) responses were collected for data analysis. A causal relationship has been analyzed using partial least square equation modeling (PLS-SEM). This study confirmed that in the case in fear of COVID-19, avoidance behavior enhances the level of worry, Panic, and sense of helplessness. Thus, avoidance behavior holds the potential to increase COVID-19 Fear. It is further observed that self-resilience is useful in decreasing the level of Worry and Panic spread due to COVID-19 fear which means a high level of self-resilience controls the recurrence of worry and panic when and where it appears. The result of this research identified that avoidance behavior could result in increased fear. Hence the study concluded that avoidance behaviors should be adopted under some clinical therapy to overcome the fear of related issues with certain clinical recommendations. The study further concluded that stronger self-resilience can be helpful in managing persistent fear, worry, and panic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananasa) is a widely grown fruit crop known for its color, aroma and texture. The fruit is enriched with vitamin C, manganese and antioxidants. In Pakistan, except for a few low-temperature regions, it is mainly grown as an annual fruit crop where runners are transplanted every year. Owing to its short growing period and high profitability, it is mostly produced by small scale farmers. However, the changing climate from the past few years has affected strawberry production in Pakistan. Heavy rainfall, along with hailstorms causes damage at the fruit initiation stage. Moreover, the rainfall also lead to the leaching down of the essential micronutrients in strawberry farms. In this study we have tested the foliar application of four micronutrients, iron, zinc, copper and boron, at different concentrations under tunnel conditions on strawberry cv. Chandler at Horticultural Research Institute (HRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Our study showed that the 0.2% ZnSO4 and 0.4 % FeSO4 showed maximum mean values for fruit weight (18.22 g), fruit width (32.66 cm), yield per plant (175.84 g), no. of fruits per plant (10.26) and fruit set percentage (87.85 %). The foliar application of boron at 0.2 % maximized the total soluble salts (TSS) (8.3 0B) and the least amount of titratable fruit acidity (0.27 %). The research findings also showed that combine application of Iron, Zinc and Boron in the given percentage can possibly improve the yield and quality of Chandler under microclimatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare early postoperative outcomes of saphenous vein graft (SVG) and internal mammary artery (IMA) to left anterior descending artery (LAD) after coronary endarterectomy (CE) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan 2018 to Dec 2019. Methodology: This study was carried out on patients undergoing endarterectomy. They were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n=115) had internal mammary artery grafted to left anterior descending artery and group 2 (n=42) consisted of patients undergoing saphenous vein graft to left anterior descending artery. Data was collected on a specially designed proforma. Results: Between group 1 internal mammary artery and group-2 saphenous vein graft, mortality was 9% vs. 11% respectively (p-value 0.01) which was statistically significant. Ionotropic score of group 2 was more than group 1 (statistically significant). The difference observed in intra-aortic balloon pump insertion (24% vs. 36%, p=0.08), ventilation time 17.67 ± 26.9 vs. 37.71 ± 62.3, p=0.05), dysrhythmias (24% vs. 21%, p=0.44), duration of inotropic support (90.57 ± 94.7 vs. 101.37 ± 99.6, p=0.53), reopening (14% vs. 14%, p=0.56), intensive care unit stay (109.69 ± 135.4 vs. 136.2 ± 157.3, p=0.30) and hospital stay (07 ± 0.6 vs. 09 ± 0.2, p=0.34) were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Internal mammary artery grafting showed better short term results in terms of mortality and ionotropic score and as internal mammary artery graft has a proven long term patency compared to saphenous vein graft, it should be preferred as a conduit whenever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of montelukast in preventing relapses in childhood idiopathic steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). METHODS: This quasi-experimental, open label study was conducted at Department of Paediatric Nephrology, The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan. Total of 106 patients with firstepisode of nephrotic syndrome aged 1-10 years were enrolled from February-May 2019 and non-randomly assigned to Group-A & Group-B (53 patients in each group). All patients in both groups were started on prednisolone 2mg/kg single morning dose for 4-weeks as per institutional protocol. Group-A (Cases) also received montelukast 5 mg daily at bedtime for at least 12 months while Group-B (control) was not given montelukast. All patients were followed up for one year till May 2020 to monitor the response to treatment and evidence of relapse. Ten patients were excluded from final analysis due to loss to follow-up (n=3; 2 in Group-A and 1 in Group-B) or showing steroid resistance (n=7; 3 in Group-A and 4 in Group-B). RESULTS: Out of 96 children (48 each in Group-A & B), 58 (60.4%) were males. Mean age was 4.7±1.9 years and most of children (n=64; 66.7%), were aged between 2-6 years. Overall relapse rate of 35.4% (n=34/98) was observed, with 9/48 (18.8%) patients in Group-A compared to 25/48 (52.1%) patients in Group-B (p<0.001). Out of 34 patients with relapse, 20 (58.8%) were males and 14 (41.2%) were females. CONCLUSION: Montelukast showed significant efficacy in preventing relapse rate in children with SSNS during one year of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the effect of two components of organizational structure (formalization and centralization) on management innovation. The research uses the theoretical framework of dual-core theory of innovation. For this purpose, the data is collected with the help of questionnaire from 190 academics of public sector universities in Peshawar, Pakistan by using convenient sampling technique. The analysis is done with the help of structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analysis. The findings show that the centralization in organizational structure enhances management innovation. They also indicate that formalization has a significantly positive impact on management innovation. The implication of the results refer that a tighter and well-directed control from „above" can lead to efficient utilization of resources which results in innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is pandemic across the world and with ever growing number of cases in Pakistan, information regarding its transmission, diagnosis and treatment is very important. Dentists are very vulnerable to corona virus infection as shown by WHO data. So it is very important to take stringent preventive measures and only deal dental emergencies to minimize risk to dental health care workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the results of flexible intramedullary nailing in terms of postoperative leg length discrepancy and post operative pain during fracture resolution. Study Design: Case series. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinnah Hospital Lahore, from Jan 2014 to Dec 2014. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients (95 boys, 25 girls) having close fractures of femur diaphysis, between age of 5 to 9 years old were stabilized with titanium elastic nails system. Flynn et al scoring criteria was used to evaluate the outcome in terms of leg length discrepancy and visual analogue score for postoperative pain. Results: All patients were evaluated at 8 weeks for postoperative leg pain and leg length discrepancy (LLD). Excellent results (LLD <1cm) were found in eighty nine (89) patients (74.2%) and successful results (LLD <2cm) were found in thirty one (31) patients (25.8%). No patient was found to have a leg length discrepancy >2cm. Fifty four (54) patients (45.00%) had no pain using visual analogue scale (VAS score 0), forty three (43) patients (35.83%) had mild pain (VAS score 1-3), sixteen (16) patients (13.33%) had moderate pain (VAS score 4-6) and seven (7) patients (5.83%) had severe pain (VAS score 7-10) as shown in figure. Conclusion: Titanium elastic nailing syatem is a simple, internally placed splint that acts as load sharing device, respects physis, restores alignment and allows early mobilization. It is preferred treatment in age group (5-9 years) and seems advantageous over other surgical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of neck exercises (McKenzie extension and isometric exercises) in the management of non-specific neck pain and range of motion in patients with neck pain. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in physiotherapy departments of Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad. Forty consecutive patients with acute to sub-acute cases of neck pain (<3 month) were enrolled. Based on lottery method two groups (n=20 in each group) were differentiated, Group-I (control) received isometric neck exercises and group-II (treatment) received McKenzie extension exercises for 4-weeks along with hot packs therapy. Neck pain was measured using numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). All patients were tested on baseline, at 2nd and 4th week. RESULTS: Mean age of the sample was 33.85±4.80 and 33.50±5.20 years in group-I and group-II respectively. Male to female ratio was 4:1 in both groups. Mean body mass index was 24.54±1.50kg/m². NPRS at baseline was 5.80±0.41 in group-I while 6.10±0.64 in group-II (p-value=0.001). NPRS decreased to 3.75±0.72 in group-I and 3.00±0.73 in group-II after 4-weeks (p-value=0.001). Neck fiexion (degrees) at baseline was 31±2.05 in group-I and 35.75±1.83 in group-II (p-value=0.001) while after 4weeks increased to 35.50±4.26 in group-I and 40±4.29 in group-II (p-value=0.002). Neck extension (degrees) at baseline was 44±2.05 in group-I and 40.75±1.83 in group-II (p-value=0.001) while after 4-weeks increased to 48.5±4.01 in group-I and 45±4.29 in group-II (pvalue= 0.011). CONCLUSION: McKenzie exercises are more significant and show more improvement in reduction of pain and associated symptoms of neck and increased movements quicker than isometric exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of Pakistan furniture industry in exports have declined in last few years. This situation is alarming for industry and country economic growth and overall performance of the industry. The main objective of study is to investigate the moderating role of the business network (BN) on the relationship among total quality management (TQM), export market orientation (EMO) and company export performance (CEP) of furniture industry of Pakistan. The study has adopted the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique to assess the 119 responses from the furniture industry. The findings of the study shown the significant relationship between EMO, TQM and CEP. More importantly, the study-initiated BN moderating effect on the relationship between EMO, TQM and CEP. However, this study found that BN is the influential variable to enhance the effectiveness of EMO and TQM which leads to higher CEP. Therefore, the present is helping to furniture firms that they can effectively implement the EMO, TQM and BN strategies to increase the CEP in Pakistan context, whereas CEP reported low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of acute kidney injury (AKI) and impact of socio-demographic factors to it, among the patients of trauma at an intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan Study Design: Perspective comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Peshawar, from Mar 2018 to Aug 2018. Methodology: This study was conducted on patient admitted after a traumatic event in the intensive care unit of CMH Peshawar. On the basis of Global Outcome Clinical Practice Guidelines (KDIGO) patients admitted in intensive care unit were recruited. Demographic profile included age, gender, co-morbidity, use of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive care unit. Results: A total of 102 patients were admitted in the intensive care unit with traumatic injuries during the study period. Out of them 33 (31.4%) were diagnosed with the acute kidney injury during the intensive care unit stay. Extremities were the commonest site of trauma among the target population followed by head and neck. Mean age of patients included in the study was 38.13 ± 4.925. Conclusion: Long duration of intensive care unit stay was associated with the presence of acute kidney injury in our sample population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To reassess the reasons for blood donor deferrals as per donor history questionnaire and physical examination findings. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Blood Bank, Dr. Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi Pakistan, from Jan 2017 to Dec 2020. Methodology: After approval from the Ethical Review Committee, all donors reporting at the blood bank were included. All donors were interrogated via a detailed donor health questionnaire. Data for donor history and physical examination findings were retrieved from the Blood Bank Information Software System (BBIS). Results: During the study period, 33,095 donors reported at the. Blood Bank. Of the total donors, 25,531(77.1%) were accepted and donated blood, while 7564(22.9%) were deferred for different reasons. The majority of donations were from males (32773,99.0%), and female donations accounted for 1%, while females accounted for more deferrals as compared to males. Most deferrals were due to low Hemoglobin (2722,36%), followed by injection/needle stick injuries (1994,26.4%). Less common causes observed were donors not feeling fit for donations, medications, etc. Conclusion: In our study, the deferral rate was 22.9%, with low haemoglobin being the most common cause, followed by injections/needle stick injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the incidence of clinically detectable deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy without a standard DVT prophylaxis regimen. Study Design: Prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: All the patients included in the study underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy from Nov 2014 to Nov 2016 in Hepatobiliary department Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi under general anaesthesia. Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 723 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Data was collected on a specially designed proforma. Quantitative D-dimers and 3 risk stratification (Wells score) for deep venous thrombosis was done 24 hrs preoperatively 24 hrs, 72 hrs and 14 days postoperatively. Results: The study population comprised of 723 patients. Twenty seven patients were converted to undergo open cholecystectomy and were excluded from the study. Forteen patients were lost to follow-up. 03 pts with preop high probability of DVT were excluded from further postoperative screening. During postoperative screening, 05 out of 679 pts had a Wells score of more than 03, which showed a high probability of DVT in these patients. Out of these 05 pts, four had raised D-dimers as well. For definitive diagnosis, all these 05 patients underwent duplex scan, which confirmed deep venous thrombosis. Conclusion: We conclude that there is no significant risk of DVT after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Thromboprophylaxis is not recommended in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy without any risk factors of DVT. Preoperative risk stratification for DVT and D-dimers are effective screening tools for pts undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the frequency of wound infection with and without subhepatic drain in patient’s undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Study was carried out at department of Surgery, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Lahore, from Nov 2014 to Apr 2015 over a period of six months. Material and Methods: This study included a total of 140 patients (70 in each group). In group A, a drain was placed in subhepatic space after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and no drain was placed in group Bafter laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results: In our study, out of 140 patients (70 in each group), patients in the age range of 20-50 years were 61.43% (n=43) in group-A and 57.14% (n=40) in group-B while those in the age range of 51-70 years were 38.57% (n=27) in group-A and 42.86% (n=30) in group-B. Mean ± SD was found to be 46.34 ± 7.54 and 46.23 ± 10.34 years respectively. About 28.57% (n=20) in group-A and 22.86% (n=16) in group-B were male while 71.43% (n=50) in group-A and 77.14% (n=54) in group-B were females. Wound infection was compared in both groups which showed that 18.57% (n=13) in group-A and 7.14% (n=5) in group-B had wound infection. A p-value was calculated as 0.04 which was significant. Conclusion: We concluded that the frequency of wound infection with subhepatic drain in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was found significantly higher when it was compared to cases without drain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the pattern of symptoms and underlying causes in patients presenting with post cholecystectomy syndrome. Study Design: Retrospective cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: All the patients who underwent open cholecystectomy from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in Military Hospital Rawalpindi under general anaesthesia were included in the study. Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 626 patients undergoing open cholecystectomy. Data was collected on a specially designed Proforma from hospital management system record. All the patients underwent open cholecystectomy in Military Hospital Rawalpindi under general anaesthesia. Results: A total of 626 patients were included in the study. About 101 (16.1%) patients presented with post cholecystectomy syndrome as a preliminary diagnosis. The study showed a female predisposition for PCS (18.73%) as compared to males (11.68%). Six (5.94%) patients presented with right hypochondrial pain and jaundice. Fifty nine (58.41%) patients presented with dyspepsia. Three (2.97%) patients presented with painless jaundice. Nine (8.91%) patients presented with diarrhea. Six (5.94%) patients presenting with pain right hypochondrium with no jaundice and 18 (17.82%) patients presenting with right hypochondrial pain and dyspepsia. Conclusion: A thorough preoperative evaluation is important before offering cholecystectomy to a patient. Moreover, good operative techniques and better endoscopic evaluation will further lessen the peroperative and postoperative biliary complications. However, gastritis leading to dyspepsia and psychiatric disorders make a large percentage of the cause of post cholecystectomy syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate efficiency of lemon peels (Citrus limonum) for adsorption of Acid Red-87 dye from aqueous media. The effects of various parameters, i.e. particle size, pH, sorbent dose, sorbate concentration, temperature, contact time and agitation speed on biosorption efficiency were optimized. Isotherm models: Langmuir and Freundlich were employed to understand the mechanism of adsorption. The monolayer adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir isotherm was found to be 0.6240 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies revealed exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption process, while kinetics guided pseudosecond order behaviour. All these factors indicated that Citrus limonum peels are potential adsorbent for the removal of Acid Red-87. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Selection of good filler-polymer pair results in improved gas separation performances. Present study deals with fabrication of Matrimid based hybrid or mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) by using three weight loadings (10, 20 and 30 wt. %) of 1D rod shaped nanoporous [Pr(BTC)(H2O)6] metal organic framework (MOF). The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometric analysis indicated the bonding of lanthanide metal ion with the linker and thus formation of the MOF, and further revealed that the structure of MOF remained intact after incorporation into the polymer matrix. Powder X-ray (PXRD) analysis revealed purity and crystallinity of the MOF while the PXRD results for the MMMs indicated that crystallinity of the MOF remained unaffected after fabrication of the MMMs. The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results gave an indication of the formation of the MOF in same morphology as it is previously reported. Additionally, nice distribution and well adherence of the additive particles throughout the polymer matrix was observed while the interfacial voids were visibly absent. The MOF and the MMMs were thermally stable and crystallinity of MOF particles remained intact after dispersion into polymer matrix. The Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area of the MOF was also obtained that indicated its permanent porosity. The prepared MMMs were flexible enough to handle for all analysis. These findings led to conclude that a proper polymerfiller pair was made that produced defect free MMMs. The prepared MMMs can be evaluated in future for their performance towards separation of different gases after modification of the pore of the filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study was carried out to ascertain the outcome of laparoscopic modified Heller's myotomy for achalasia cardia and to determine the morbidity associated with it. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalpindi over a period of 4 years, from Jan 2010 to Aug 2014. Material and Methods: This study was carried out on patients undergoing surgical repair of laparoscopic Heller myotomy for cardiac achalasia at Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi over a period of four years (2010-2014). Patients undergoing laparoscopic-modified Heller myotomy at a thoracic referral and surgical training center. Eighteen cases of achalasia cardia based on clinical, barium and endoscopic findings were included in the sample using non probability purposive sampling technique. Pseudo achalasia, sigmoid esophagus were excluded. Laparoscopic modified Heller myotomy was done in all patients. Data were analyzed with the help of SPSS 20.0. Results: Age ranged between 14 years to 40 years with mean age of 28 years. The most frequent symptom was dysphagia (95%), followed by regurgitation of ingested food (60%), weight loss (40%) and chest pain (20%). Mean operating time was forty minutes. There was no perioperative mortality. We applied Dor patch in 4 patients. Three patients had mucosal tear on large myotomy, diagnosed per operatively and repaired. There was no conversion to open procedure. There was marked improvement in symptoms especially dysphagia and there was no post operative reflux. Conclusion: Modified Heller myotomy by laparoscopic approach is a safe and effective procedure with acceptable results. It is easy to perform and improves the symptoms of the suffering individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of high density plantation on growth and yield of citrus (Kinnow and Musambi) grown under drip irrigation at Postgraduate Agriculture Research Station (PARS) Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Plants were grown at three planting distances as T1 (11 x 22ft), T2 (11 x 11ft) and T3 (22 x 22ft). T1 (11x22ft) was optimum plantation and showed best results for yield. Maximum fruit yield per plant (3.6373 kg) was observed from the same plants. T2 (11 x 11ft) was close plantation and had more total number of flowers per plant (441.58) and fruit length (58.243 mm), but yield was less due to more fruit drop % (74.165). While, T3 (22 x 22ft) exhibited the poorest results. V2 (Musambi) showed best results for most parameters. Overall situation indicated that plants planted at 11 x 22ft (T1) showed better results as compared to plants planted at 11x11ft (T2) and 22 x 22ft (T3) of both species. Musambi showed best results as compared to Kinnow. So this study helped to optimize best planting distance in citrus adopted for high yield and good quality fruit with some extra care and management practices in orchard and proved to be the best planting distance for citrus under agro ecological conditions of Punjab province of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of electron beam irradiation on volatile flavor profile of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton., from Pakistan. The volatile flavor compounds of non-irradiated and 1, 5, 10 and 20 kGy E-beam irradiated samples were extracted by simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Volatile flavor compounds were slightly changed by E-beam irradiation as some of the components showed a minor increase or decrease in concentration after ionization treatment. A total of 136 (10684.15 mg/kg) volatile flavor compounds were detected in non-irradiated control samples which decreased to 133 for 1 kGy (11068.61 mg/kg), remained the same 136 for 5 kGy (10884.10 mg/kg) and 10 kGy (11762.52 mg/kg) and increased to 137 for 20 kGy (10973.78 mg/kg) E-beam irradiated samples. There was no major change observed in the application of E-beam irradiation treatment of the samples compared to the non-irradiated ones. E-beam irradiation was therefore concluded to have no adverse effect on the volatile flavor of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and doses up to 20 kGy were declared not to interfere with the flavor perception of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiency is a vitalfactor in the domain of software. Several different approaches had been used for this purpose, but no one completely assessed the efficiency and parameters of the software reliability. In this paper, a genetic alogorithm based approach proposed, for evaluating the efficiency of the SRGMs (Software reliability growth models). Genetic algorithm (GA) is a technique in artificial intelligence for optimization and problem solving with the help of selection, crossover and mutation. The experiments were conducted on four real data sets andfour different traditional models. Comparing GA based approach with other approches, i.e., simulated annealing and multiple objective optimizations using genetic algorithm, the results shows that GA based approch provides very efficient results of SRGMs as compared to other selected techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest biological crisis which happened at the Permian-Triassic boundary (250 million years (My) ago) is best documented in the well-exposed rocks of the Salt Range and the adjacent Surghar and Khisor Ranges in northern Pakistan which has been intensively studied since the pioneer work of Waagen in 1895. In these ranges the Upper Permian to Middle Triassic is represented by mixed siliciclastic carbonate sediments, named (in ascending order) the Chhidru, Mianwali, and Tredian formations. The present studies have brought in new insights to stratigraphy, faunal turn-over dynamics and environmental conditions of the Permo-Triassic (PT) sequence exposed in western Salt Range continuing in the adjoining Surghar Range. The Permo-Triassic (PT) boundary is reportedly diachronous in the Salt and Surghar Ranges. The conodont fauna suggest that the PT boundary coincides with the disconformity at the Chhidru-Mianwali formations but the palynological assemblages from the upper-most Chhidru Formation have affinities with Permian as well as Griesbachian (basal Early Triassic). The Ammonite fauna from the Lower Triassic Mianwali Formation shows at least two episodes of radiation-extinction in the time interval from the Griesbachian to the early Spathian: within just three-to-four million years' time span. The palynological and the carbon isotope analysis of the Upper Chhidru-Mianwali-Lower Tredian sequence suggest series of reduced humidity events which coincides with positive shifts in global carbon isotopes record. The particulate organic matter record of the Mianwali Formation does not support the prolonged 'Early Triassic marine anoxia' but suggests rather oxygenated environmental conditions. In summary, the diversification patterns and environmental changes after the end-Permian extinction event are much more complex than previously thought, which are being highlighted in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving efficiency of applied nutrients is important to produce optimum crop yields with reduced fertilizer inputs. Phosphorous (P) has antagonistic effect on zinc (Zn) uptake by plants and information on the efficiency of these each nutrients in maize cultivars are limited. This study evaluated the response of different levels of Zn (0, 9 mg kg-1 soil) and P (0, 40 mg kg-1 soil) on growth, nutrient uptake and their utilization efficiency in four maize cultivars differing in their growth behavior (DK-6142, P1543, Neelam and Afghoi) when grown under natural greenhouse conditions. Maize cultivars significantly differed for above given traits and among treatments, combined Zn+P application increased dry matter, nutrient uptake and their efficiency as compared with control. Agronomic, physiological and recovery efficiency of P increased in Neelam, Afghoi and DK-6142 cultivars with Zn applied and vice versa. Afghoi and DK-6142 cultivars were more responsive for agronomic, physiological and apparent Zn and P recovery efficiency than other ones. For P1543 cultivar, Zn and P physiological efficiency decreased while recovery efficiency increased, respectively with combined application of both nutrients. However, for each of the nutrients utilization efficiency, none of these were related to open pollinated or hybrid maize cultivars and rather dependent on genetic makeup for internal higher utilization efficiency. Overall, nutrient efficiency of applied Zn or P are interdependent on each other and maize cultivars had a differential response to their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates removal of cephalexin using ozonation in the presence of granular activated carbon. Initial experiments were carried out about adsorption of cephalexin onto granular activated carbon, effect of catalytic ozonation, and biodegradability of cephalexin solution. The effect of ozonation on pH, ozone utilization efficiency and decomposition byproducts, was observed. Response surface methodology was adopted to optimize three operating parameters pH of solution, ozone supply and cephalexin concentration. GAC assisted ozonation, was found to be effective in decomposing COD (chemical oxygen demand) and cephalexin from solution. Optimum values of variables were pH from 7-8, ozone supply 30 mg/L and 100 mg/L of cephalexin solution. The complete removal of cephalexin and 60% COD removal was achieved at these optimum input values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate outcome of chest tube removal without clamping and relying only on clinical or radiological status for removal. Study Design: Retrospective descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in CMH Rawalpindi over a period of four years. Material and Methods: All patients of tube thoracostomies during Jan 2010 to Dec 2013 were included. Sample size was 2661. 1061 intubations were done for trauma, effusions and pneumothoraces, 905 in thoracostomies, 443 in VATS procedures like decortications, apical staplings, pleural biopsies and thymectomies and 252 in miscellaneous procedures such as open pleural biopsies, thoracoplasties and chest wall resections and reconstructions. Chest tube removal was based on absence of air bubbling in chest bottle, clinically or radiologically expanded lung, less than 6 cm excursion of column of chest tube and fluid output of <50ml (pus) and <100ml (clear fluid). It was ensured in all cases that chest tube was not blocked and all tubes were removed by a thoracic surgery trainee. Chest tube was not clamped in any patient before removal to see respiratory distress. Results: Tube thoracostomies were performed in a vast variety of procedures. 1940 (72.9%) were males and 721 (27.1%) were females. Mean age was 37 years. In 1529 (57.4%) intubation was done on the right side. In 34 (1.27%) there was recurrent fluid collection. Recurrent pneumothorax was seen in 18 (0.67%) while tension pneumothorax was seen in 4 (0.15%). Collective complication rate was in 56 (2.1%). There was no mortality. Conclusion: Current worldwide practice of clamping chest tube before removal to judge respiratory distress can be challenged by our study. Emphasis is laid on clinical judgment, absence of air leak and minimal excursion sign of well expanded lung before removal of chest tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To examine the socio-demographic factors, associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among Pakistani males. METHODS: Bivariate and binary logistic regression analysis carried out by using the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) data set 2012-13, conducted by National Institute of Population Studies, Pakistan. RESULTS: Every 7 out of 10 ever-married men have heard about STIs and every 5 out of 10 believed that the risk of getting HIV/ADS can be reduced by always using condoms during sex. Bivariate analysis revealed that age, place of residence, education status, media access and wealth index were found to be significant i.e. (p<0.0001) with respect to STIs knowledge. Binary logistic regression model confirmed that younger participants had lack of knowledge [OR=0.127] compared to upper age-groups. Urban residents were more aware of STIs [OR=1.740] compared to rural residents. Illiterate participants had less knowledge regarding STIs [OR=.037] compared to people with higher education status. Media exposure was also positively associated with knowledge of STIs. The participants reading newspaper, listening to radio and watching television had more knowledge regarding STIs [OR= 2.082, 1.240 and 1.936] compared to people with no access to any sort of media. CONCLUSION: Participants with no education, low socio economic status, profound lack of media exposure, those living in rural areas and early ages are on greater risk to be affected with STIs. These statistical outcomes about STIs knowledge and exploration of significant socio demographic factors of ever-married men can be an emerging for disease management and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(styrene) was synthesized by suspension polymerization of styrene. Molar mass of poly(styrene) was determined by viscosity method. Sulfonated poly(styrene) was synthesized by direct sulfonation of poly(styrene) at 40°C. These products were identified by using IR spectroscopic technique. Cation exchange properties of sulfonated poly(styrene) have been determined for some metal ions such as Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+. The distribution co-efficient and apparent adsorption capacities show that selectivity order of the metals as follow: Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Ca2+. It was found that by increasing the pH of solution, the distribution Co-effecients (Kd) value also increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physico-chemical characterization was carried out of the surface water samples, collected from nine sampling points of drain passing by the territory of Hafizabad city, Punjab, Pakistan. The water of drain is used by farmers for irrigation purposes in nearby agricultural fields. Twenty water quality parameters were evaluated in three turns and the results obtained were compared with the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) municipal and industrial effluents prescribed limits. The highly significant difference (p<0.01) was recorded for the content of phenols, carbonyl compounds, cyanides, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total soluble salts, total dissolved salts, nitrates and sulphates, whereas, the concentration of magnesium, potassium and oil & grease differed significantly (p<0.05) with respect to the sampling points on average basis. Non-significant difference (p>0.05) was noted for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, calcium, sodium, chemical oxygen demand and chloride among water samples from different sampling points. Furthermore, the experimental results of different water quality parameters studied at nine sampling points of the drain were used and interpolated in ArcGIS 9.3 environment system using kriging techniques to obtain calculated values for the remaining locations of the Drain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals to observe frequency & duration of tooth brushing & their relation with incidence of caries, gingivitis & sensitivity. In this study total 1200 patients were selected randomly reported to Department of Operative Dentistry of both institutes. The duration of study was one year. Out of these 1200 patients 755 (62.91%) were male and 445 (37.08%) were female with age range from 15-74 years. All patients were divided into three groups on the basis of their age, in group 1 age range was 15-25 years, in group 2 age range was 26-50 years while group 3included patients of above 50 years. After taking consent from the patients a self designed questionnaire was used to get necessary details. Data compiling and statistical analysis was done by using SPSS - 20 & results were obtained. Brushing frequency and duration of brushing is better in group 2 followed by group 1 & 3 respectively. The rate of caries and gingivitis is also significantly higher in group 2 (50.8% & 40.4%) followed by group 1 (21.6% & 15%) and group 3 (1.8% & 2.5%) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the relationship between ethnicity and demographic factors with the time taken by patients to get negative on PCR for COVID-19. Study Design: Prospective Comparative Study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Malir Pakistan, from Mar to May 2020. Methodology: All patients who tested positive for COVID-19 with less than one week of exposure time and were admitted to the COVID-19 ward of Combined Military Hospital, Malir without any complications were included in the study. They were tested after every seven days with PCR. Time taken to get two consecutive negative tests were noted for each patient. Results: Out of 84 patients included in the study, 12(14.3%) tested negative on the 7th day, 34(40.4%) on the 14th day and 38(45.3%) tested negative after 14 days. 17(20.2%) were Sindhi, 13(15.5%) were Muhajir, 19(22.6%) were Punjabi, 25(29.7%) were Pathan, and 10(11.9%) were Kashmiris. Chi-square revealed that ethnicity and advancing age have a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) with the time taken by patients to get negative on PCR for COVID-19. Conclusion: Ethnicity emerged as a significant factor in getting negative for COVID-19. Punjabis and Kashmiris required a shorter period to get negative than Sindhis and Pathans. Older age emerged as a factor requiring a longer period to get negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in post thymectomy patients of thymomatous myasthenia gravis (MG-T) is a rare procedure. A 42 years old patient with previous thymectomy and chest radiotherapy was in disease remission on pyridostigmine, oral steroids and azathioprine for seventeen years until developed critical diffuse left main stem (LMS) disease. He underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, early extubation, smooth post operative course and was discharged home on 4th post operative day. Optimization for surgery, intraoperative revascularization technique and post operative intensive care management of these patients can be really challenging and require multidisciplinary team effort. Moreover, treatment therapy should be tailored according to severity of symptoms and disease stratification of each individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehabilitation of worn dentitions is a big challenge. To save badly damaged teeth after endodontic treatment, provision of post and core restoration is very effective treatment option. The aim of this study was to observe common complications associated with provision of post and core treatment for the badly damage tooth. In this study 95 patients reported to Oral Diagnostic Departments of Hamdard University Dental Hospital (HUDH), Karachi and Nishtar Institute of Dentistry (NID), Multan were randomly selected. Sixty two females and thirty three males were included in this study with age range from 18-47 years. After taking consent, patients were evaluated by using self designed proforma after six month from provision of post and core restorations. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 was used for data analysis to find common complications linked with post and core restorations. The most frequent complain was gingivitis which was reported in 21 patients (22.1%) followed by loss of retention/ requirement of re cementation which was found in 15 (15.7%) patients respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender, being a substantial dynamic in establishing the philosophy of language use, language ideology and difference in the process of language preference, is an irrefutable and prospective disposition of a given socio-linguistic fiber. Present study aims at investigating and analyzing the discernible socio-linguistic phenomenon of language preferences exhibited by varied gender categories in Pakistan. It is directed towards analyzing how gender along with other social factors plays its role in determining linguistic attitudes in social mosaic of Pakistan. Over two hundred people were chosen through convenient sampling technique from different cities of Pakistan in order to explore their opinion regarding given issue. Results of the study reveal that women tend to associate themselves with emblematic capital, English, for their societal standing and repute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the anatomic location of cysts, operative characteristics of intrathoracic extrapulmonary hydatid cyst and to determine the outcome of aggressive surgical interventions. Study Design: Case series. Place and Duration of Study: Thoracic Surgery Unit Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from 1st July 2008 to 30th June 2011. Methodology: All patients admitted to Thoracic unit from July 2008 to June 2011 with intra thoracic hydatid cysts were evaluated prospectively as to age, sex, symptoms, diagnostic procedures, anatomic location of cysts, surgical procedures, complications, and outcomes. Chest radiography, computed tomography, and thoracic and abdominal ultrasonography had been performed preoperatively in all of them. Bronchoscopy and spirometry was also performed in all patients for assessment and operability. Echocardiography had been used in 2 patients to determine the contiguity of the cyst to the pericardium. Cystectomy and wide resection were the chief operative procedures. Most of the patients were having cysts in the pulmonary parenchyma only 10 patients had intrathoracic cysts in extrapulmonary locations. This group of patients was included in the study. We excluded patients who had a parenchymal cyst that had perforated to the pleura, myocardial hydatid and patients who had experienced transdiaphragmatic transmission. Results: Total of 149 patients were operated for hydatid cystectomy, out of these 139 patients had pulmonary hydatid and 10 patients had intrathoracic extrapulmonary hydatid cysts. These 10 patients constitute our study group; out of these 7 were men and 3 women whose mean age was 39.14 ± 16.8 years (range, 16-69 years). Eight (80%) of these were symptomatic, most commonly with chest pain, two patients were asymptomatic. There were 2 (20%) mediastinal hydatid, 2 (20%) diaphragmatic, 2 (20%) pericardial, 2 (20%) oblique fissure, and 1 (10%) each in chest wall and pleural hydatid in our study. Albendazole (10 mg/kg) was prescribed to all patients for as long as 3 months postoperatively. No complication, recurrence, or death occurred during the follow up period of 13 ± 15.4 months (range, 2-36 months). Conclusion: The extrapulmonary location of Hydatid cysts within the thorax is very rare. This rarity may cause difficulties in diagnosis. To avoid recurrence, it is necessary to resect the affected tissues completely and an anthelmintic medical regimen post operatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of cleft will affect the functional abilities and esthetic profile of the affected individuals. For oral rehabilitation of these patients multidisciplinary approach is essential. The role of Prosthodontist is equally important before and after surgical intervention. It was a descriptive type of study. The study was carried out in the Department of Prosthodontics, Hamdard University Dental Hospital, Karachi from September 2014 to September 2016. Total 22 patients were selected after taking consent by random sampling technique. The age range varies from 01 month to 45 years, among 22 patients 15 were female while 7 were males. Depending upon various factors like age, expectation of the patient, financial status, compliance of the patient, underlying soft and hard tissue, status of existing dentition, different type of prosthesis were fabricated. Feeding plate obturator was fabricated for three patients, while removable prosthesis was fabricated for 15 patients. Four patients were provided with fixed prosthesis. The early provision of prosthesis will result in better out come for these patients, there is a need to increase awareness regarding role of Prosthodontist during rehabilitation of cleft patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate sowing time is an important aspect that can affect the gowth and yield of any crop. So, a research trial was planned at Research Area, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan to investigate the impect of different sowing dates on growth and yield on mungbean cultivars. The research trial was arranged out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) under split plot arrangement followed by 3 replicas. In this study four different sowing dates (1st March, 15th March, 29th March and 12th April and two cultivars (AZRI-2006 and NM-92) were used. Data regarding leaf area index, leaf area duration, plant height (cm), number of pod bearing branches per plant, number of grains per pod,1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (kg ha-1), biological yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%) of mungbean were recorded by using standrd procedure. Results of experiment revealed that sowing date of 1st march and varity AZRI-2006 result in maximum leaf area index (3.43), leaf area duration (24.14), plant height (74.067cm), number of pod bearing branches per plant (60.96), number of grains per pod (11.30), grain yield (715.11 kg ha-1), biological yield (7773.3 kg ha-1) and harvest index (9.6167%) while sowing date 12th april and Varity AZRI-2006 produce maximum 1000-grain weight (66.67 g). On the bases of result of this study it was concluded that sowing date of 1st march and varity AZRI-2006 play important role in aching maximum yield of mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollutants are considered harmful not only to humans but to flora and fauna. Fluoride present in the soil, water or even in the atmosphere may adversely affect plants and ultimately cause serious negative consequences on the development, growth and maturity of crops. In this regard, this study was conducted to examine the possible health effect of fluoride pollution in the form of sodium fluoride on the growth and physiological parameters of cotton plant. The cotton plants were grown in the pots. Six different concentrations of fluoride (3mg/L to 15mg/L) along with water as control were used periodically. At both harvests, maximum growth and physiological functions were recorded at 0mg/L treatment while, reduction was recorded at 15mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their importance, we synthesized a new Schiff base 2, 1-diylidene(E)methylidene}diphenol ligand(H 2-BHMD) and its metal complexes(M-BHMD). % inhibition= A c - A s ×100÷ A c Result and Discussion FTIR and 1 HNMR study of H 2-BHMD and its metal complexes(M-BHMD) N 2 O 2 type Schiff base ligand which are tetra dentate in nature was produced by reacting together hydrazone with O-vaniline. By comparing the kinetic and thermodynamic terms of Co-BHMD and Ni-BHMD, Nickle based metal complex is far more stable than Co-BHMD and is unlikely to degrade. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: A field experiment on lentil was conducted to see the effect of Zn application alongwith PGPR on growth and yield under rain-fed conditions at National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad during 2016-17. Split plot design (main plots with and without inoculation and Zn application in sub-plots) with three replications was followed. Agronomic data i.e., plant height, pods per peduncle, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, total biomass and grain yield were recorded. Plant samples were collected at maturity to determine Zn concentration in plant tissues and grains. A significant increase in pods per peduncle, seeds per pod, grain yield and total biomass of lentil was observed with Zn application even at lower rate (5 kg ha-1) under PGPR inoculation. Maximum 100-seed weight (2.56 g) was recorded with PGPR inoculation which was 21% higher than that of without PGPR inoculation. Overall, a significant increase (31%) in grain yield and total biomass was observed due to Zn application as well as PGPR inoculation. Similarly, maximum Zn concentration in plant tissues and its uptake (kg ha-1) was determined from the treatments where Zn was applied under PGPR inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main aim of this research article is to review the literature on factors that are responsible for truancy and truant behavior of students. Truancy is the unexcused absence of learner from school without the knowledge and consent of school authorities and parents. This study was conducted at secondary school level to find out teacher's opinion about various factors that contribute to truant behavior among secondary school students. Population of this study comprised of teachers of public-school teachers and private school teachers. Total 200 respondents including teachers and principals were selected. 130 respondents were selected from public schools and 70 respondents from private schools were selected. Survey questionnaire was used for data collection. It was found that public school teachers and principals considered family related factors like home environment, home environment and socioeconomic status of the family, are most contributing factors to truant behavior while private school teachers considered school related factors as major cause of truancy. School principals considered family related factors as major cause while teachers considered student's related factor and school related factors as major contributor of truant behavior. Significance difference was found in the opinion of young teachers and most experienced teachers. Young teachers considered family factors while most experienced teachers considered school related factors as major contributor to truancy at school level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]