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Critics often present Eliot as a poet who emphasizes subjective states or moods as concrete elements of a readily delineable interiority. Such a view suggests that Eliot perceives inwardness as a stable, substantive essence constitutive of individuals' sense of self. But to essentialize the self in this way necessarily constructs an oppositional relation between the self (the inner) and the "reality" external to that self (the outer). However, as his graduate work in philosophy and social theory makes clear, Eliot in fact perceives interiority and exteriority in mutually constitutive dialectical tension with one another. Neither term exists in isolation; each roots itself constitutively in relation to the other. Eliot's poetry from this early period reflects these views as well. In "Portrait of a Lady," one of his first mature poems, Eliot portrays subjectivity dialectically, as a product of subject/object interrelations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A call for papers about feminist ethnographies, the lives of Jewish women and the influence of feminism on strategies of research is presented.

While in the early days of the internet, there was great enthusiasm about the wealth of new possibilities for science, in recent years, awareness about the darker sides of digital technologies has been rising. It is known today that the leading academic publishers have tapped into the data analytics business. The resulting massive collection of user traces not only threatens privacy rights but also increases concerns about the consolidation of the oligopoly in the global academic publishing industry and large-scale corporate influence on science. This paper explores the consequences of this development for the constitutional protection of science. It argues that while classic accounts of constitutionalism are not entirely blind to constitutional challenges transcending the state-individual relationship, they struggle to capture the subtle yet systemic risks that the science system faces in the digital age. Societal constitutionalism is not only a useful lens to better understand these threats, but also to respond to them, providing valuable lessons for debates about digital constitutionalism and the effective protection of fundamental rights in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Has net neutrality been institutionalized as a fundamental right in the digital constitution? Empirical evidence shows that statutory embedding of net neutrality has recently been taking shape in certain jurisdictions. The unfolding of constitutional structures and processes--the next step to be expected according to the theory of societal constitutionalism--is still pending. What would the scope of protection of net neutrality be if institutionalized as a fundamental right? To answer this normative question, two theoretically challenging issues must be addressed as a preliminary: First, what should be the adequate conceptualization of the relationship between the social and the technological? The perspective adopted by this paper is a combination between science and technology studies scholarship and legal sociology literature. Second, as net neutrality involves relationships between private parties, the question is how fundamental rights should be conceived beyond state-centrism. Methodologically, the sociological reflection of fundamental rights as institutions of society will serve as a benchmark for evaluating future developments of constitutional legal doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the symposium issue of the Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies dedicated to "Digital Constitution: On the Transformative Potential of Societal Constitutionalism," where a group of scholars, using societal constitutionalism as a background theory, presents concrete proposals for a digital constitutional law. The symposium issue seeks to answer three interrelated questions. What is the message of societal constitutionalism for the emerging digital constitution? How can fundamental principles of nation-state constitutions be generalized and re-specified for global digitality with a transformative outlook? What would new institutional arrangements and interpretive practices look like? In this introduction, we aim to overcome three reductive tendencies stemming from traditional constitutionalism's legacy. We argue that digital constitutionalism needs to look beyond (1) the still dominant state-centricity of constitutional principles, (2) their exclusive focus on political power, and (3) their narrowly individualist interpretation of constitutional rights. This deconstruction opens the view to the main constitutional threats posed by digitalization--in particular, what we call the double colonization of the digital space--and to possible counterstrategies inspired by societal constitutionalism. Subsequently, we outline the content of the contributions to this symposium, grouped into four areas: (1) reformulation of constitution- and law-making; (2) digital economy; (3) institutions of constitutionalism; and (4) digital justice. Finally, we point to future developments as well as to links to other strands of literature that focus on the relationship between digital technologies and (constitutional) law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have advocated the need for a "digital constitution," including the idea of drafting an "internet bill of rights." Numerous civil society groups have crafted decalogues of digital rights, giving rise to a movement advocating a form of digital constitutionalism. This paper investigates the added value of these texts is in the constitutional ecosystem. These declarations highlight the transformative potential of societal constitutionalism well. By adopting the language of constitutions, they seek to be part of the current conversation on how to translate the core values of contemporary constitutionalism in the context of the digital society through a process of generalisation and respecification of principles. Internet bills of rights are not legally binding sources, yet represent a ductile instrument whereby their promoters are free to experiment with new legal solutions in a gradual way and in a more democratic manner. This includes actors beyond the worlds of politics and business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “bourbon” has become increasingly popular in markets all over the globe. The popularity of the bourbon trend has been exploited for both labelling liquors and describing nonalcoholic products. Bourbon has several separate definitions, usually differing on the issue of the geographical scope of the spirit’s production. The bourbon liquor industry has experienced periods of significant downturn followed by periods of explosive revival, motivated mainly by foreign interest, from countries such as Japan, in the product In the 1970s, Japanese interest in whisky and US bourbon facilitated a resurgence of the then-struggling US bourbon industry. In 2018, production of bourbon reached its highest level since 1972. Compared to the exports of 1997, bourbon exports to foreign countries tripled in volume and price in 2018 There are minimal legal protections currently available to America’s bourbon producers to insulate their unique spirit from foreign competition. Despite successful adoption and use of geographical indications (GIs) in many countries, the United States has avoided employing GIs to insulate local products in international markets, with the exception of a few protections for regionally produced wines. GIs have been gaining significance as accessibility to international markets has increased substantially in recent years. In 2015, Japan joined the GI trend, agreeing to recognize GIs with the EU. Products such as Scotch whisky are recognized and protected as GIs in Japan. The previous year, the Japanese company Suntory acquired Jim Beam, a Kentucky-based company comprised of several well-known bourbon labels. The relationship between the US bourbon and Japanese whisky markets has a long history and an arguably longer future ahead. Many of the arguments for the use of GIs have not been updated since countries such as Japan joined the international trend towards GI adoption. Thus, this paper will use the bourbon industry as an example to illustrate and further arguments presented by advocates of GIs. Looking to the successful adoption of GI agreements in Japan, this paper will highlight the benefits of participation in GI recognition and advocate for the US’s entering into GI agreements with Japan and other international bodies generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Kitula Kinge'i's reworking of a controversial nineteenth-century Swahili classic, Utendi wa Mwana Kupona by Mwana Kupona, into "biographical" children's books. It revisits some of the critical controversies surrounding her poem in order to underscore how King'ei's adaptations participate directly in the debates about the status and importance of Mwana Kupona's text within Swahili popular culture and imagination. The paper also highlights the ways in which, at the formal level, King'ei radically transforms Mwana Kupona's text, as well as the effects such transformations have on the way she is read in a new, global context. Ultimately, I demonstrate that although King'ei's transcreative adaptations of the formal elements of the poem are so extensive as to result in new texts, he is unable to decisively untether himself from its conservative, feudal class values. What would have been a radical project is, in the end, hampered by its didactic impulses and its ideological affinities to Mwana Kupona's poem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phrase "amari-akaghi" in my Akpoha, Igbo village, is tied around the metaphor of women and masking culture in Igbo society. This phrase alludes to women's knowledge of the workings of masquerades yet they cannot talk about it openly. I have weaved this paper around the perception of the "knowledge of the unknown" as touted and exemplified by Okonkwo's wives in Achebe's Things Fall Apart. Achebe in his seminal work revealed the position of the egwugwu masquerade tradition vis-à-vis women in Umuofia. Literatures on masquerade and women also suggest that women know much about the inner workings and secrecy associated with masquerade but cannot openly discuss it. However, no known effort has been dedicated to investigating this phenomenon in Achebe's Things Fall Apart against the reality of the concept of "amari-akaghi" in Akpoha, Igbo village. This paper, therefore, subjects Things Fall Apart to textual analyses through deconstruction of the narration. I conclude with valid interrogation of works, including the primary resource of this paper, that women in many Igbo villages of old and those represented in Achebe's Umuofia have always known and thought about the inscrutability of masquerades but have constantly kept to themselves to avoid upsetting the peace of their society and attracting ugly repercussions. This knowledge of the unknown exhibited by women in both societies, as investigated in this essay, had ensured cordial shared gender roles, which guaranteed peaceful coexistence in Igbo society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their Anthology, Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience, Hatch and Stout argue that Edwards' strand of Christianity is more critical to the American experience than many modern thinkers may realize. They claim that this is because his "stern Calvinism is central" (5) to this country's historic identity and that his philosophy was not only "compatible with the theological needs of the new nation but the social and political needs as well." (7) In this paper I would like to extend this argument. Not only was Edwards' philosophy necessary for the shaping of this country, it provided some of the moral justification necessary for a distinct kind of colonization that gave rise to settler colonialism in British America. To make this claim, this paper will be broken down into three parts. The first section will explore the historical elements of Jonathan Edwards' life in a settler colonial context. The second will be to explain and explore the framework of settler colonialism. Finally, this paper will argue that Edwards' life and philosophy meet all four proposed criteria of settler-colonialism and should therefore be understood as extending a legacy of violence here in the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Louis Farrakhan's Nation of Islam is a small minority Muslim community with affiliated mosques and study groups throughout the United States. Minister Farrakhan is a well-known and divisive religious leader. Indeed, he is regarded by many as a dangerous anti-Semite. Much less is known about the rank-and-file members of the NOI who work tirelessly to improve socioeconomic conditions in their respective communities. Minister Farrakhan has engaged in interfaith activism throughout his career. His followers have likewise made significant efforts to work across religious and racial lines. This paper concerns itself with the social activism and inter-faith outreach efforts that NOI members make to transform their communities and to ease tensions where they exist within these communities. The paper argues that such efforts have earned the NOI a degree of prestige and respect while also providing Minister Farrakhan with an ever-growing platform in some communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of cholera in Istanbul in the autumn of 1871 has long been considered something of a historical non-event. Although responsible for several thousand deaths, in the historiography of the city it remains almost entirely obscured. Yet the 1871 outbreak briefly highlighted the social tensions in the burgeoning Istanbulite public sphere, and threatened to fracture the formerly "unified" Istanbulite medical establishment along spatial, colonial, and racialized lines. This article examines the reportage of four newspapers which circulated in Istanbul during the outbreak, each of which claimed to speak for a generalized public, albeit through very different methods. Three of these newspapers—the English-language The Levant Herald , the French-language La Turquie , and the Ottoman Turkish Basiret —were dailies with circulations in the thousands. The fourth paper, the French-language Gazette Médicale d'Orient , was instead the press organ of the city's emergent sanitary establishment. The responses of these papers to this sudden crisis revealed the underlying assumptions which animated Istanbulite social and medical discourse in the late Ottoman Empire, and the tensions inherent in claims to speak for public opinion or to act on behalf of global public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers Sello K. Duiker's two novels Thirteen Cents (2000) and The Quiet Violence of Dreams (2001) as precursors of recent literary trends in the South African post-transitional period. It makes an argument that these two novels anticipate the recent preoccupation with utopian idealism as a response to the challenges of the post-transitional postapartheid dispensation. To this day these texts remain unrivaled in their comprehensive meditation and elaboration on utopian idealism through their depiction of varied utopian paradigms, from singularity of pastoral solitude in Thirteen Cents to multiplicity of different monastic enclaves in The Quiet Violence of Dreams. These narratives not only pay tribute to utopian idealism through a depiction of its varied forms, but they are also a critique about its limitations and pitfalls. Hence, the narratives also foreground apocalyptic demise of the world as an alternative narrative resolution that competes with utopianism as the final and decisive panacea to the social imperfections of the postapartheid dispensation. In conclusion the paper argues that both Duiker's texts are presciently prophetic not only about what is to come but also what needs to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Issues of Pragmaticism" (1905) contains the only published version of Peirce's doctrine of "critical common-sensism." One of the claims of that doctrine is that common sense beliefs are invariably vague. In this paper, we seek to explain this claim. We begin by providing a philological reconstruction of the drafts of "Issues of Pragmaticism" and a comparison of Peirce's several, successive expositions of critical common-sensism across those drafts. Then we examine Peirce's theory of vagueness; we show that there is both a "subjectal" and a "predicative" variety of vagueness, and that Peirce construes predicative vagueness according to three distinct models. Finally, we assess in what sense, i.e., according to which of the three models, common sense beliefs may be said to be invariably vague. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The closing section of James's "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results" contains a surprisingly abrupt dismissal of Kant's philosophy. This paper suggests that James's real target is his host, George Holmes Howison, whose Philosophical Union had invited James to speak at Berkeley. James and Howison shared a common commitment to pluralism in opposition to the Absolute monism such as Josiah Royce was developing. Howison relies on Kant's account of the a priori as well as his moral ideal of a Kingdom of Ends in order to fashion a pluralistic form of |idealism that would avoid the errors he found in Absolute monism while also countering the influential evolutionary philosophy of Herbert Spencer. While James shared Howison's opposition to monism, as well as his critical view of Spencer, he did not share his aversion to evolutionary ideas. Ultimately, the pragmatism that he announced at Berkeley would reply to Howison's Kantian approach by retaining a pluralism while building on the modern psychology growing out of evolution. James's position would test the alliance that they had forged against monism. In time, it would prove too fragile to withstand their growing differences until a final break came in the year before James's death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Djibril Diop Mambéty's 1994 film Le Franc explores experiences of disruption and powerlessness caused by monetary devaluation. This paper examines the cinematic grammars of Mambéty's film as they relate to currency devaluation. The CFA franc was devalued by 50 percent on January 12, 1994. The devaluation, imposed on countries in the franc zone, represents an instrument of financial control that restrains their monetary sovereignty, perpetuating vestiges of imperialism. Analyzing Mambéty's cinematic language, I offer a reading of his film through these economic structures. He works against the forms of temporal disruption introduced by processes of financialization in general and by the devaluation in particular. Ultimately, by embracing the future-past tense, Mambéty reaches into a future that has still yet to come, wresting comedy and even hope out of intolerable economic and social realities and offering a radical vision of possibility in the midst of degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflecting from the perspectives of a plant scientist, an Indigenous Māori scholar, a Māori tōhunga (spiritual leader), and an arts researcher, we engage with the concept of the "plantationocene" (Mitman 5). Our focus is to reclaim and communicate our different cultural narratives of people and trees, particularly focusing on Pinus radiata D. Don , introduced for commercial forestry in Aotearoa New Zealand. Like many large trees in the era of the plantationocene, pine plays a role in local and global carbon and water cycles, as well as in multiple and diverse cultural narratives. Drawing on Karen Barad's concept of entanglement, we seek to reveal our people-pine entanglements. In this paper, we utilize the methodologies of interviewing, observation, and the tools of narrative inquiry, as well as quantitative scientific techniques, to write back and forwards between personal experiences and the understandings of our wider social-cultural context in Aotearoa New Zealand. This writing back and forth mirrors the movement back and forth between our local experience at home in the Global South and the global theorizing of the plantationocene. We identify the complexity of people-tree entanglements, problematizing a simplistic application of the plantationocene in the context of Aotearoa New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rather than Sunrise (1927), F. W. Murnau dearly wanted his first film for Fox to be Frozen Justice , based on Danish explorer Ejnar Mikkelsen's 1920 novel, and to shoot it in Alaska. Studio boss Winfield Sheehan, however, thought that Murnau's friend John Ford should make that film closer to home, an idea Ford did not take up. Extensive Fox studio documentation and Murnau's correspondence show a much more convoluted history of Murnau at Fox than has previously been detailed and reveal more of the director's personality. Contracts with his writers and studio papers show that Murnau never lost hope that he could make his Alaska film for Fox. Even after leaving Fox, his partnership with Robert Flaherty to make films in faraway places could have led to Alaska after completing Tabu (1931) in the South Seas had it not been for Murnau's untimely death from an auto accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unique realities influenced the development of the military nursing profession in Israel. While other countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, established military hospitals staffed by separately trained military nurses, conditions in Israel led to the development of interlocking military and civilian healthcare sectors, as the young country responded simultaneously to healthcare needs brought on by war, ongoing attacks on civilians, and massive waves of immigrants, including European Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab countries. Relying on an analysis of documents in multiple archives, contemporaneous newspaper articles and interviews conducted with nurses who served in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1956 Sinai Campaign, this paper describes the development of the nursing profession in Israel through 1958, when military nursing was fully established as part of the civilian health sector, a reality that continues to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the life stories of six Jewish women who were born in Vienna, survived the Nazi persecution there or in camps, and stayed in Austria after the war. The subjects were chosen in an effort to reflect a diversity of fates, reactions and coping strategies and to offer a representative overview. I will discuss why these women did not leave Austria after the Nazi takeover, how they managed to survive the years of persecution, why they subsequently decided to remain in Austria, and how their sufferings influenced the course of their lives after liberation. As Marion Kaplan has shown for Germany, I argue that gender, class, age and family ties were important reasons for their choices to stay, both before and after the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical review of Nawal El Saadawi's novels indicate the centrality of the feminine experience—foregrounding the extent to which women's oppression and exploitation are legitimized by race, class, religion, and the patriarchal system in Africa, how her novels attempt a socialist restructuring of the society, and the extent to which she undermines patriarchal power in heterosexual practices. While these remain symptomatic of El Saadawi's novels, it is important to reconsider the role of her male characters and the ways in which their representations speak to futurity. This is important because although various scholars expose the rot in the world of El Saadawi's novels—stressing the male chauvinism factor—there is also the need to unearth the anticipatory impulses that are realized through masculine representations and spatial dynamics. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of the carnival, the objective of this paper is to examine how El Saadawi reimagines the future nation through masculine representations, spatiality, and futurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminism represents the battle for equal access to opportunities in society for males and females and, therefore, a necessary struggle for social justice. It is sometimes the case, however, that feminism degenerates into a battle against men, a tendency Mawuli Adzei refers to as "radical separatist feminism" (47). In African literature, this standpoint is reflected in the abject degradation of male characters, who are usually presented as the oppressors of women, enemies of women, barriers to women's progress, and only without whom women would be able to achieve their highest potentials in society (Adzei 47). Against this backdrop, and using El Saadawi's Woman at Point Zero as a primary text, this paper, while acknowledging the validity and necessity of the crusade for gender equity in African societies, contests the logic fueling male-bashing by foregrounding certain often-ignored variables in this debate: first, the faulty homogenization/essentialization of men and women (and by extension, the neglection of intersectionality) and, second, the constraints certain cultural expectations pose to men. I conclude by highlighting Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's point that—because feminism is potentially liberating for both women and men—we can all be feminists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to inform readers of the prevalence of and increasing demand for human trafficking, both domestically and globally, and to propose necessary next steps governments must take in order to end the demand for such human exploitation. This paper will closely analyze the issue of trafficking humans for sex and labor within the Western Hemisphere and throughout Asia by using the United States and China as primary case studies. These case studies analyze the specific actions or inactions taken by the United States and Chinese governments to combat modern day slavery, as well as the current criminal sentencing guidelines these countries employ. Further, this paper will examine the theories of criminal punishment, taking a specific interest in the deterrence theory of tort law as a method that can be used to deter offenders and possible future offenders from engaging in such heinous crimes against society. By focusing on the economic principles that fuel human trafficking, such as low-risk, high-reward; systemic inequalities; and supply and demand, this paper stresses the importance that legislatures, government officials, and country leaders across the globe take an assertive approach in not only enacting legislation that enhances criminal punishments for those who engage in the trafficking of persons, but also enforcing the provisions that are established within the legislation to reduce the overall demand for human exploitation. Lastly, this paper emphasizes the need to reduce at-risk victims’ level of vulnerability of exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the divergence between the objectives of the state in ensuring citizens’ right to health and the profit-maximization objective of pharmaceutical corporations in relation to, access to, and supply of medicine. This divergence is pertinent given both the rising cost of medicines and unmet needs, particularly in developing countries. This paper analyses the correlation between pharmaceutical corporations’ profit drive and the state’s welfare obligation. There is a need to bridge the gap between business and human rights, which can be achieved by combining the concepts of “business ethical responsibility” and corporations’ contributions to “common good” with the jurisprudence on the right to health. This is imperative in view of the impact of the business of pharmaceutical corporations on vulnerable populations, particularly in, but not limited to, developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental theorists and practitioners generally accept that responsibility for environmental harm is best understood as common but differentiated , yet little work has been done to philosophically articulate this idea. This paper develops this theory by bringing Iris Marion Young's two-tiered model of responsibility to bear on the topic of addressing and redressing environmental damage. I demonstrate how her approach can satisfy the commonality criterion (i.e. that everyone has a role to play in confronting environmental harm), while still satisfying the differentiation criterion (i.e. that different actors have different kinds and degrees of responsibility), and that it does so in a manner that is persuasive, politically useful, and reasonably acceptable to all sides. In aiming to satisfy the commonality criterion, the paper identifies traditional sustainable communities as environmentalist exemplars, emphasizing that these communities have a vital role to play in combatting our present ecological crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

McMahan, Nussbaum, and Johannsen have recently suggested that humans should seek to eliminate predators from the wild or avoid reintroducing them if this can be done without great harm to an ecosystem. This is because predators cause a great deal of pain to those sentient animals which are their prey. This paper will first challenge the pragmatic aspects of such a position on the global level, arguing that it would be extremely difficult if not impossible to remove predators from the environment without doing great ecological harm. Because removal of predators might be considered more feasible on the micro scale this paper will go on to challenge the axiological foundations of such a view. In particular defenders of the removal of predators from the environment tend to base their position on the preferencing of the disvalue of pain over the value of life. Yet if life itself has value it can be a good even with those beings that cause pain to others. Moreover, there is a value to diverse forms of life that must also be acknowledged. An ecosystem with diverse habits and life forms exercising different ways of being has great value even if again this comes at the cost of suffering and pain to some of the creatures in it. Once these things are understood it is clear that predators should not be eliminated from the wild and indeed should be reintroduced into ecosystems where they once flourished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper proposes that early modern Ottoman intellectuals familiar with a medieval cosmographic theory of wonder formed a large emotional community whose members valued and practiced this emotion towards imperial Ottoman mosques. To achieve this objective, I draw upon a variety of sources from the early modern period, including chronicles, treatises on architecture, and travelogues, created by individuals who belonged to this emotional community. Sources such as these contain words, symbols, and gestures, that aided the whole group in recognizing this desirable emotion in the context of imperial architecture. Through their writing, these individuals sought to instill cosmographic wonder among their readers, while at the same time conveying the message that imperial mosques represent the creation of God. Such a narrative was employed by the Ottomans as long as cosmographies were in demand. From the beginning of the seventeenth century, when updated studies on geography gradually replaced cosmographies, there were those within this emotional community who underwent an epistemological change. From this point on, wonder at Ottoman architecture was generated by different stimuli which were not necessarily related to the cosmographic theory of wonder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tales (gushi in Chinese, including all narrative genres) are like living fossils—preserving not only historical events in general, but also behaviors and beliefs in specific places and in specific cultural groups. Therefore, Chinese tales of epidemics reveal fundamental beliefs in and life-views toward not only epidemics, but also the meaning of living a life. The three parts in this paper are intended to tell a long story: first providing some basic terms and concepts related to epidemics; second presenting, for the first time in English, seven tales spanning a two-millennia history up to the present day which show the struggles between the human and the god/ghost/ wu -shaman of epidemics; and, finally, offering some reflections upon the realities we are facing in the current COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors examine possibilities and challenges in using digital tools to obtain tax simplification and to improve tax assessment, collection, and transparency. Hence, the main objectives of the article are, from a legal perspective, to shed additional light on the relations between tax administrations and taxpayers in an increasingly digitalized world and to discuss how this development may influence taxpayers' rights and the overall efficiency of tax systems. In doing so, practical experiences—incurred in Denmark during its journey from a paper-based and manual tax administration process toward a more digitalized one—are analyzed. Against this background, it is concluded that many states around the world, including Denmark, have come a long way in making tax processes smoother and more efficient through the use of digital tools for the benefit of both taxpayers and tax administrations. However, at the same time, global as well as Danish experiences clearly show that states, in their pursuit to digitalize tax administrations further, need to take appropriate measures into consideration in order to ensure the legality and transparency of the digital tax administration processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the threats posed by digitalization, particularly with regard to the public sector. It starts by describing digital risks as true global risks and argues that their scope and severity have not been recognized until now. The most well-known challenges come from the transformation of the private sector (economy, society, and individuals) and the emergence of large private powers that dominate the digital environment (digital feudal lord). However, there are even greater challenges coming from the digitization of government, creating almighty public bodies detached from laws that kept them locked until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American philosophy has an uneasy relationship with sex. At least, this is the central claim of Richard Shusterman's recent article, "Pragmatism and Sex: An Unfulfilled Connection,"1 in which he provides for us an overview of the failures of Peirce, James, Dewey, and Mead to theorize about erotic life in any particularly "useful" way. This paper will critically examine this claim by advocating for a more careful reading of the appearance of sexuality within classical American thought—particularly as it is cast within Dewey's aesthetics—while ultimately sympathizing with the felt need for American philosophers to engage intimate experience with more frankness, respect, and focus. Although American philosophy has erred on the side of reserve, Shusterman's misreading of Dewey's critique of Freud, and his mistaking the appearance of Darwin's theories as reductive, are critical blunders that paint the tradition as overly prudish, and egregiously dismissive of this important sphere of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral prophets are agents who aim to transform the customs and practices of their community. They are critics of the social order whose calls for change are often met by skepticism, resentment, and hostility from those around them. This paper takes up the phenomenon of moral prophecy as a way of elucidating the relationships between three key features of a pragmatist ethics: fallibilism, hope, and sociality. I begin by discussing a problem that moral prophecy poses for pragmatists, wherein their commitment to evaluative fallibilism appears to conflict with the fact that moral prophecy requires resolve in the face of disagreement. I then look to the work of Richard Rorty and John Dewey to develop a pragmatist account of moral prophecy and argue that it can overcome this problem. Finally, I conclude with some thoughts about how a pragmatist account of moral prophecy presents a challenge to forms of evaluative realism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecofeminists have called for adding an ecological dimension to gender research to address various forms of oppression that women experience in their daily lives and to explain how feminine exploitation of the planet results from the same logic of patriarchal domination. Now that the flow of essentialism-phobia (Field 2000, 39) has decreased, it seems that it is time to deal with the risky topic of the body in ecofeminist research and theory to make it more central in feminist epistemologies. Yet feminist theory needs to avoid repeating the past mistakes in theorizing embodiment from an ecofeminist point of view and pay proper attention to the questions of difference and diversity: whose body is being discussed and generalized? This paper builds upon the postcolonial ecofeminist perspectives of embodiment and highlights the diversity of lives and experiences of living in Others of cisgender heterosexual male bodies with a focus on covered raced body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I argue that ecofeminist theory needs a clearly stated ontological grounding in order to strengthen its ethical framework. In Karen Warren's work, she proposes an ecofeminist ethic delineated by "boundary conditions" which determine the approaches that cohere to ecofeminist concerns. One such condition is a reconceptualization of "what it is to be human." Here I trace the ontological assumptions present in Karen Warren's work in order to argue for the acceptance of a feminist, relational and cosntext-dependent ontology as a boundary condition of an ecofeminist ethic. I propose that Karen Warren's approach to ontology functions similarly to her ethic in that she allows for a pluralistic approach to ontology and presents a number of boundary conditions that limit which ontologies can be deemed "ecofeminist ontologies." I conclude that Warren's ethic and ontology are closely intertwined and suggest that further ontological analysis of ecofeminist work could strengthen the growing field of ecofeminist ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines screenwriter Frances Marion's use of sound in scripts she wrote during the transitional period from silent to sound film. Engaging feminist historiography, screenwriting studies, and sound studies, I argue that Marion's expressive use of narrativized sound in both sound and silent scripts was remarkably innovative, yet underappreciated. Her skillful use of integrated sound helps account for her success in the early 1930s and aligns with the style of sound filmmaking that later came to dominate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we argue that propinquity–physical proximity leading to frequent interaction with publishers, artists, and each other–aided the careers of both the subjects and the essayists represented in Women Novelists of Queen Victoria's Reign (1897). Focusing on Mornington Crescent in the 1850s, we draw on new modes of digital mapping that allow us to reconstruct the influence of propinquity on popular women writers, opening up new understandings of the literary networks that made their careers possible. We reanimate the personal and geographic connections amongst the subjects and authors in WNQVR, to demonstrate the reverberations of propinquity and early-career literary connections throughout the long careers of women writers who first flourished in the mid-nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the incorporation of aspects of multiples cultures in hybridity by African female postcolonial characters allows for an improvement in "women's fallback position and bargaining power within a patriarchal structure, and, identify different causal pathways of change; material, cognitive, perceptual and relational" (Rahman 11). Hybridity, here, is the creation of new transcultural forms within the contact zone created by patriarchy and elements of misogyny. Considering the interwoven-ness of hybridity and feminism, this paper interrogates hybridity as empowerment, foregrounding the several ways female characters in Purple Hibiscus and Americanah have been able to appropriate hybridity to their advantage, to bring about more respect, satisfaction, sociopolitical freedom, and selfreliance for themselves. It does this using the phenomenological approach in tandem with Obioma Nnemeka's conception of Nego-feminism and postcolonial notions of hybridity and identity as given by Gayatri Spivak and Stuart Hall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers Achebe's No Longer at Ease in terms of its modest canonical fortunes and its peculiar formal construction. The paper argues that the novel's urban setting is produced through an emergent and local noir style, that this setting indexes the increasing centrality of the city in late colonial African life, and that it formally responds to the success of Achebe's rural Things Fall Apart and its problematic status as a paradigmatic African text. The paper suggests that No Longer at Ease 's foreign and local horizons of interpretation, as symptoms of an ongoing imperial world-system, are internalized and symbolically resolved by the novel's instantiation of Lagos as chronotope. The paper's methodological intervention offers a hermeneutics of literary setting through which to elaborate the relationships between form, literary institutions, and material conditions in the postcolony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological Holism—and 'radical environmentalism' more broadly—has often attracted the charge of embodying 'ecofascism.' The reason is that holism allegedly implies that it would sometimes be morally permissible—and perhaps even morally required —for fundamental individual human interests to be trumped by the interests of the ecological whole. This paper is an attempt to clarify what 'ecofascism' precisely is, and which form of it is invoked to make this objection plausible. From here, the paper goes on to argue that given the extent of the impending environmental catastrophe, even the most austere anthropocentrist is in ever-growing danger of becoming a de facto ecofascist, rendering the initial objection effectively redundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper places the debate on intrinsic value taking place in environmental ethics within the context of the traditional controversy between realism and antirealism. It lays the groundwork for a new kind of realism with respect to intrinsic value. The latter does not claim that intrinsic value is real in the sense that it exists in an external, mind-independent reality; nor does it claim that that there are objective truthmakers of valuing statements. First, it aims at acts of valuing instead of values. So, the question is whether there are cases in which something merits an act of intrinsic valuing. We propose that the core of realism with regard to intrinsic value is the endorsement of what might be is provisionally called the axiological rule of excluded middle; it says that for a given subject or group of subjects any entity either merits an act of intrinsic valuing or does not. However, for the proposed account to work, the paper also seeks a new account of meriting an act of valuing itself, endowing this specific relation with a new, more "embodied" sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief response to papers presented by Herman Saatkamp, Krzysztof Skowroński, Eric Weber, and John Stuhr on the occasion of John Lachs' retirement from Vanderbilt University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a badly understudied topic, the feminist leadership provided by southern women in the Department of Christian Social Relations, a subunit of the Woman’s Society of Christian Service (WSCS), and the United Methodist Women (UMW) from 1940 to 1990. It examines the origins and influence of the powerful UMW and its predecessor organizations, and explains why southern women predominated in leadership and why southerners, who are usually understood to be forces of conservatism, led the church to adopt progressive positions and policies regarding racial and gender justice in the mid- to late twentieth century. Profiled are the three most influential women within the UMW and its predecessors: Thelma Stevens, Peggy Billings, and Theressa Hoover. It briefly describes the effect that the Religious Right had on progressive women, and concludes with a brief discussion of the current debate over human sexuality within Methodism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The affective turn has prompted literary scholars to take interest in neuroscientific and philosophical approaches to the materiality of bodyminds, even while often insisting on the immaterial qualitativeness of feeling. This paper examines the prehistory of this divided investment, which reinscribes affect into the atom, the cell, the fiber, and the molecule. The Victorian fascination with newly imaginable physical worlds creates unsettling scales of existence that were understood as formative of human identity, emotion, and moral capacities, but were seemingly fungible, nonindividual, and depthless. Examining George Eliot's treatment of the material basis of feeling in Middlemarch (1871–72), I argue that Victorian science insisted on the metaphorical bearing of materialist concepts, presenting materiality itself as affectively charged to avoid grappling with the threat of a noninteriorized reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nineteenth century, a new term emerged for moral disgust, which then, as now, sat uneasily within physiologically and socially based models of emotions. The history of "antipathy"—antagonist of that politically and aesthetically important emotion, sympathy—reveals tensions in liberal society around the role of moral disgust. Often invoked with disclaimers about its imprecision, antipathy's revival evidences efforts to grapple with a newly puzzling feeling. Examining the term's use by theorists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries including Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, John Hey, and Alexander Bain, this paper shows how an initially neutral term came to describe an emotion thought dangerous to social cohesion, and was then in turn revalorized in the service of racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lea Goldberg played a pivotal role in the children literature arena during the Yishuv period. Beginning in 1936, only a year after her immigration to Mandatory Palestine, Goldberg served as associate-editor for Davar Leyeladim , the leading Hebrew children's weekly, published by the official newspaper of the Histadrut (the General Federation of Labor). Additionally, over 500 hundred of her works for children, including poems, stories, translations, essays, literary criticism for young readers, and even comic strips were published in the magazine. It was a tumultuous era. The Arab Revolt (1936–1939), the outbreak of WWII and the publication of the MacDonald White Paper of 1939 all exerted a direct impact on the Jewish communities in Palestine and abroad. These political and national crises of the day also greatly affected the educational and literary fields. Though most pieces in Davar Leyeladim touched on current events, Goldberg declared her unflagging commitment to aesthetic and humanistic universal values even in those anguished times. The poets' role, she claimed, is to remind their readers what is important and beautiful in the world. Her writings for children epitomized this approach at first, but gradually changed as the war in Europe intensified. The article explores Goldberg's unique treatment of current events in her writings for children, and her efforts to reconcile Labor Zionist ideals and aspirations with her own aesthetic convictions. The conflicts and contradictions between local and universal ideals engendered some of her most fascinating works for children that have not as yet assumed center stage in scholarly research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chevrolet-General Motors–sponsored film American Look (1958) harnessed technologies of Hollywood spectacle to make their production bigger and bolder than many previous sponsored films. Beyond merely selling a car, the film engaged its viewers with an exhibition of General Motors’ corporate persona, aligning its products with the prestige of good design on a grand scale in a Technicolor, widescreen, sponsored epic. Locating my analysis within the cultural and geopolitical context of the Cold War era, this paper argues that American Look expands current rubrics for understanding sponsored and industrial films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two recurring themes of the Qur'ān are ṣalāt and zakāt. Ṣalāt, ritual prayer, symbolizes the vertical relationship of humans to God while zakāt, general charity, symbolizes horizontal interpersonal relationships. The horizontal human-to-human relationship places the tradition of charity at the center of a Muslim's personal and communal life. This paper focuses on charitable activities as they pertain to the Shī'a Ithnā-'Ashari Muslim community of Canada. It took Canadian Muslims (including the Shī'a Muslims) some time to plant their roots as a community in this new land but once they were settled, the human and Islamic impulse moved them to contribute to the well-being of society at large. The sense of gratitude toward Canada and the spirit of charitable giving ingrained in their Islamic values encouraged the Shī'a Muslims to help not only their fellow Muslims but also the less fortunate members of society regardless of race or religion. Although humanitarian causes in third world countries have strong appeal among the children and grandchildren of Muslim immigrants and they indeed give in big numbers, they have not been oblivious to the local needs of society. Using the concept of ṣadaqah, rather than the technical zakat, which is limited in its application among Shī'a Muslims in Canada, the community has participated in various charitable causes beyond the bounds of its own religious members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Muslim presence in Canada grows and matures, so too does local Muslim philanthropy and the number of Muslim-serving, Muslim-led, and Muslim-focused charitable organizations. Limited scholarship currently considers how resources are allocated within this ecosystem. This paper analyzes trends in the Canadian Muslim charitable ecosystem. Building on Qasqas and Chowdhury's (2017) methodology, which looks at annual CRA data on Islamic religious groups, we conduct an analysis of publicly available data on the 50 largest Muslim-serving, Muslim-led, and Muslim-focused charities. We use an analytical framework adapted from Nimer's (2014) typology of Muslim organizations to help categorize organizations and philanthropic investments within this ecosystem. Through this categorization, we show there is disproportionate focus among Canadian Muslims on directing philanthropic investments internationally and toward international organizations and limited publicly available information on the value of Canadian Muslim philanthropic investment in Muslim public affairs and research organizations. These philanthropic patterns may result in Muslim organizations in key areas of interest experiencing underinvestment relative to local Muslim communities' needs. We argue that Canadian Muslim philanthropists should consider donating locally and based on areas of strategic need, and this requires a more systematic assessment of local communities and their needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1930s, Yugoslav "folk" or "traditional" dances have gained the attention of many scholars who were interested not only in studying their form, but their attachments to nationalism and prevailing political ideologies. Such cultural expressions, which were later labeled as "folklore," developed with Romantic nationalism in the Yugoslav area. In this paper, I argue that through their quest for collecting peasant music and dance expressions for the purpose of creating an archive, folklorists and dance researchers were invested in creating discourses that were directly dependent on the emergence and the politicization of terms such as narodna kultura (folk culture), "folklore," and "tradition." This series of shifts allowed for social dances to assume greater import and provide a source of pride and appreciation for the communities associated with their performance. Finally, I trace the creation and the development of the fields of folklore and ethnochoreology. In order to do so, I analyze the work of dance researchers in Yugoslavia and in independent Macedonia, Serbia, and Croatia, who collected and archived this body of knowledge and published some of the first texts that represent peasant dance as folklore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in 1847, a year after his graduation from Harvard College, Francis James Child, beloved Harvard professor, first president of the American Folklore Society, and perhaps the greatest ballad scholar of the nineteenth century, began what would become a twenty-year correspondence with his closest college friend and future brother-in-law, William Ellery Sedgwick. Based on this previously unknown cache of letters contained among the Sedgwick family papers deposited at the Massachusetts Historical Society, this essay will examine the first five years of Child's self-described "secret autobiography" for what it tells about the emotional experiences that shaped the man behind the ballads when he was a young, struggling academic trying to establish himself at Harvard, and not yet the patronym for traditional balladry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]