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Rushan is a traditional dairy product consumed by the Bai people in the Yunnan Province of China, and its production still follows the traditional procedure of backslopping. However, how the microbial composition of raw materials and processing shape the microorganisms in rushan have not been systemically reported. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technique was applied to analyze the microbial compositions of raw milk, fresh rushan, curd whey, acid whey, and dry rushan at the phylum, family, genus, and Lactobacillus species levels. The results indicated that Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , and Streptococcus were dominant genera in rushan, whereas Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and Lactobacillus helveticus were the 2 abundant species at the Lactobacillus species level. The network analysis indicated that raw milk mainly contributed to the microbial diversity of rushan, whereas acid whey made a great contribution to shaping the relative abundance of microbes in rushan and dramatically increased acid-producing genera, such as Lactobacillus and Acetobacter. The variation in microbial composition led to an increase in the relative abundance of pathways related to energy supply, acid production, fatty acid accumulation, cysteine, methionine, and lysine accumulation. The volatile profile of rushan was rich in esters and acids, and the high relative abundance of Lactobacillus might be associated with reduction of amino acid metabolism, degradation of unpleasant flavored xylene, and accumulation of decanoic, dodecanoic, and tetradecanoic acids in the products. The accumulation of medium long-chain fatty acids might result from the relative abundance of FabF , FabZ , and FabI , particularly from Lactobacillus amylolyticus and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research reported that fermented yak milk had a diverse microbial composition. For this study, raw yak milk, qula, and fermented yak milk samples were collected from the Aba Tibetan autonomous region of China. The genus and species microbial composition of these samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and groEL gene amplicons, and the volatile profile of the samples was quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results indicated variation in abundance of microbiota at the genus level among the fermented yak milk samples, with Lactobacillus as the most abundant genus in the majority of samples, ranging from 41.6 to 98.3%. The volatile profile of the samples varied among those collected from different villages. Correlations between bacterial composition and volatile compounds of the samples were also observed. Lactobacillus displayed a significant correlation with volatile compounds such as benzaldehyde, 2,3-pentanedione, ethanol, and ethyl acetate, whereas the samples with relatively high abundance of Streptococcus and Lactococcus displayed relatively low contents of volatile compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing research interest in green human resource management (green HRM) in the context of hospitality and tourism, little is known about its effects on team nongreen hospitality performance. To address this gap, this paper examines the relationship between team perceptions of green HRM and team nongreen performance in hotels. Drawing on social exchange theory (SET) and convergence and emergence in organization theory, we propose that green team behaviors in hotels, such as in-role and extra-role green team behaviors, mediate the relationship between team perceptions of green HRM and team nongreen performance. Analyses of multisourced data from 63 teams in four hotels in China support our hypotheses. The findings of this paper provide novel implications for green HRM research in the hospitality and tourism literature. • Team perceptions of green HRM are positively related to team performance. • Team perceptions of green HRM are positively related to team performance through in-role green team behaviors. • Team perceptions of green HRM are positively related to team performance through extra-role green team behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a long history of producing and consuming fermented dairy products, and these traditional fermented dairy products (TFDP) have made important contributions to social development and human health. A detailed review of their characteristics is crucial to understand the functions of the various microorganisms that shape and define TFDP and the microorganisms' correlations with nutritional value, flavour and texture profile, and health benefits. This review focuses on the basic composition, microbial diversity, flavour profile, and health benefits of Chinese TFDP, and discusses the latest advancements in the understanding of their microbial ecology and flavour profiles. This review also examines the limitations of existing studies on the health benefits of these foods, to encourage the establishment of population-based diet and health databases, as well as randomised controlled trials addressing the mechanisms of health outcomes associated with the consumption of Chinese TFDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total yield of rice in China has been greatly improved in recent decades. However, this yield improvement is excessively dependent on the input of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. In recent years, since the demand for rice quantity has basically been met, consumers pay more attention to rice quality, especially the eating quality. Increasing N application improves the yield of rice, but it changes the protein and amylose content in rice, generally reducing the eating quality. It is necessary to establish a more reasonable N management to balance yield and eating quality for rice sustainable development in China. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of various N managements on rice yield and eating quality by meta-analysis. Under traditional N management, increasing the amount of total N and late-stage N applications weaken the yield increase and decrease the eating quality with the significant increase in protein and amylose content in rice. By reducing total N and late-stage N application input, eating quality and N use efficiency could be significantly improved. Further, conditional inference tree analysis indicated that adjusting the amount of late-stage N application was a major measure to improve traditional N fertilization, since it could increase agronomic N use efficiency in rice production and balance yield maintenance and eating quality improvement. Our supplementary experiment results further confirmed that adjusting N management could improve the rice yield and eating quality with less N input. Thus, we propose the following adjusting N management strategies for rice sustainable production in China: (1) Decreasing the traditional high N rate is absolutely necessary, although it will slightly decrease rice yield, but significantly improve rice eating quality and N use efficiency; (2) Reducing the amount of late-stage N application appropriately could improve the rice eating quality; (3) Improving agronomic N use efficiency is the key to balance rice yield and eating quality. Our results provide an important reference for the future N management in rice production for the purpose of achieving high yield and better eating quality. • Rice yield and quality under various N management were assessed using meta-analysis. • Amount and proportion of N application significantly affected rice yield and eating quality. • Improving agronomic N use efficiency is key to balance rice yield and eating quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a direct modelling approach to evaluate household travel energy consumption and CO 2 emissions based on the spatial form of neighborhoods and streets. It integrates one multinomial logit model and four double hurdle models to predict travel outcomes: vehicle ownership portfolio choice, car travel distance, bus travel distance, motorcycle travel distance and ebike travel distance. The energy consumption and CO 2 emissions are then estimated using these travel outcomes. A full application of the modelling approach is demonstrated through a pilot project in Jinan, China. A holdout validation is also performed to address the over-fitting problem of models calibrated from the training set data. Results show that the proposed approach is operational and appropriate for sketch planning applications to promote clean energy and low carbon city planning in urbanizing China. • A direct modelling approach to evaluate household travel energy consumption and CO 2 emissions is presented. • The approach assesses the impact of the spatial form of neighborhoods and streets. • A holdout validation is performed to address the over-fitting problem of calibrated models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of understanding of the protective effects and safety of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in immune-deficient populations, the vaccination rate of PPV23 among HIV-infected patients is still very low in China. The main objectives of this study were to determine whether the efforts to assess measures for the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia are still worthwhile, and provide designated vaccination program of HIV-infected persons for government policy based on. 60 HIV-infected adults in Lanshan county who had never been vaccinated with any pneumococcal vaccine were enrolled in this study, voluntary vaccination of PPV23 and One-year follow-up after vaccination can be completed. 76.67% patients (46/60) had serologic response at 12 months after vaccine, CD4 count(≤500 cells/ul or > 500 cells/ul) and Month from diagnosis to first antiviral therapy (≤1 month or > 1 month) were related to antibody responses (p < 0.05).In this study, PPV23 was well tolerated, no adverse reaction was reported.11 Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia (9.17%,11/120) occurred in the Unvaccinated group and 1 case(1.67%,1/60)in the vaccination group within one year after vaccination(Fisher's exact probability, P = 0.225). The VE was 81.79%. The per capita benefit was 39.32 dollars, the benefit-cost ratio = 1.19. There are significant statistical differences between the vaccinated group and the non-vaccinated group in outpatient costs (p < 0.05, 95 %CI: 9.29–32.11), Medicine costs (p = 0.017, 95 %CI: 2.47–24.44), and disease related indirect costs (p = 0.038, 95 %CI: 0.93–33.63) within one year of vaccination. Our study results showed that PPV23 can be safely and effectively administered to HIV-1 infected individuals and effectively preventing Streptococcal pneumonia. Considering the cost-benefit of vaccination among HIV-infected persons, as it has been reported in our study, it is necessary to promote the widespread use of the vaccine among HIV-infected persons in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with the antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:i:- is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria causing global food-borne outbreaks. However, the research on molecular characteristics and evolution of monophasic S. typhimurium in China is still lacking. In the current study, 59 monophasic S. typhimurium strains were isolated from food animals and food products in South China between 2011 and 2018. A total of 87.5 % of monophasic S. typhimurium isolates were grouped into one independent clade with other monophasic S. typhimurium strains in China distinct from other countries by phylogenomic analysis. These isolates possess variable genotypes, including multiple ARGs on plasmid IncHI2, diverse evolutions at the fljAB locus, and virulence factors. Our results suggest that the monophasic S. typhimurium isolates currently circulating in China might be an independent epidemic subtype. • Monophasic S. Typhimurium isolates were obtained from various sources. • 81.3% of monophasic S. Typhimurium isolates harbored the MDR plasmid IncHI2. • Diverse evolution at the fljAB locus in the MDR monophasic S. Typhimurium isolates. • Monophasic S. Typhimurium isolates currently circulating in China might be an independent epidemic subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genesis of the Makeng Fe deposit, located in Fujian Province in southeastern China, has been the focus of numerous studies. Recent studies have revealed that the mineralization and alteration of the deposit may have occurred during the intrusion of granitic magma. In this study, we focus on the magmatic activity that has occurred in the region, as well as the geological context of the Makeng and similar deposits. We have divided the magmatic activity that occurred in the Makeng and adjacent areas into four main stages: the first occurred during the early Yanshanian at ~195 Ma, the second occurred from 150 to 170 Ma (related to Cu–Au–Fe mineralization), the third occurred from 140 to 120 Ma (related to Fe Mo mineralization and producing the Makeng and Longfengchang plutons), and the fourth occurred from 90 to 110 Ma (related to Ag–Cu–Mo mineralization). We propose that the formation of the Makeng Fe deposit was both spatially and temporally related to local granitic magmatism, and that the granitic magma transported Fe during the formation of the deposit. The Juzhou and Dayang plutons also played important roles in the transport and enrichment of other metals during the formation of the Makeng Fe deposit. The Makeng Fe deposit is a concealed or semi-concealed type of granite mineralization, and its ore genesis was due to multiple coupling, critical transformation, and boundary mineralization processes. The contact areas between the granite and the surrounding rocks, as well as the interfaces between the host rock carbonates and silica-rich sediments, are important targets for future prospecting. • Magmatism in the Makeng region can be divided into four stages. • Granite was the source of Fe and mineralizing fluids for the Makeng Fe deposit. • The Makeng Fe deposit is a concealed mineralization-type deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The overall performance of rail TOD is better than that of BRTOD in China. • The rail-based TOD index correlates negatively with air quality measured by AQI. • The regular bus coverage and the BRT-based TOD index show no significant impact. Abstract In this paper, we aim to see whether transit-oriented development (TOD) in Chinese cities is associated with better air quality. We first identify 37 Chinese cities with existing urban rail transit and/or bus rapid transit (BRT) systems. For each of these cities we generate performance-based TOD indicators – including measures such as urban area coverage, population coverage, street network density and land use mix within station catchment areas – and construct composite TOD indices for each city using those indicators. We also collect daily air quality index (AQI) data from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China over the entire year 2014 for 152 cities and calculate annual and seasonal average AQIs for each city. Regression models provide some evidence that rail-based TOD is associated with better air quality, after controlling for meteorological, demographic and economic characteristics. BRT-based TOD shows no significant relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated study of zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry, together with Nd-Hf isotopes, have been carried out on the rhyodacite and rhyolitic tuff of the Jingtan Formation in the eastern part of the Jiangnan orogen. SIMS zircon U-Pb dating of two samples yielded weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages of 784 ± 6 Ma and 788 ± 6 Ma, respectively. Geochemically, they are peraluminous (A/CNK mostly around 1.2) and are characterized by enrichments in Rb, Th, REEs and HFSEs (e.g. Zr and Y) but depletions in Ba, Sr, P, Eu and Ti. The volcanic rocks show a clear A-type granite geochemical signature with high total alkalis (K 2 O + Na 2 O = 5.3–7.64 wt%), FeO t /MgO ratios and low CaO, MgO and TiO 2 contents. They have negative whole-rock ε Nd (t) (−4.2 to −1) and positive zircon ε Hf (t) (+1.26 to +11.6) values, illustrating decoupled Nd-Hf isotopes which may be genetically related to their petrogenesis process. The positive ε Hf (t) values and juvenile T Hf DM1 (0.89–1.3 Ga) of zircons indicate that the volcanic rocks may have been derived from the partial melting of the Neoproterozoic to late Mesoproterozoic crustal materials. Combined with the occurrence of significant volumes of contemporary bimodal volcanic rocks in eastern section of the Jiangnan orogen, it is inferred that the Jingtan felsic volcanic rocks formed during post-collisional extension shortly after the final amalgamation of Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the environmental protection policies becoming strict in China, the air pollution control devices (especially selective catalytic reduction (SCR)) are widely equipped in coal-fired power plants. The installation and run of these devices will inevitably affect mercury (Hg) species distribution in coal fired by-products such like fly ash (FA) and gypsum. In this work, a new on-line coupling system based on atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) with a home-made chromatographic workstation was successfully developed to identify Hg species through thermal programmed desorption (TPD). The influences of matrix, furnace temperature, and carrier gas flow on analytical performance were investigated and the parameters were optimized. The FA and gypsum samples from coal-fired power plants equipped with SCR were collected and the mercury species were analyzed by the developed coupling system. HgCl 2 and HgO were the main species in FA, while Hg 2 Cl 2 and HgO were the main species in gypsum. All of Hg species in the studied FA and gypsum samples were released below 400 °C. A sequential extraction procedure was applied to further verify the operational Hg species including mobile and non-mobile fractions in FA and gypsum samples. This study demonstrated that AFS coupled with TPD procedure was an effective method to analyze Hg species in coal combustion by-products from power plants. [Display omitted] • A thermal desorption-atomic fluorescence spectrometry on-line coupling system was successfully developed to identify Hg species in coal-fired by-products. • Different mercury species were found in fly ash and gypsum from the plants equipped with selective catalytic reduction system. • Sequential extraction analysis verified the mobile and non-mobile mercury in fly ash and gypsum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transferring soil organic carbon (SOC) to the SOC pool fractions is an essential process in soil carbon sequestration. How the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers can change the SOC functional groups and affect the SOC turnover in the microorganism-driven SOC pool are unclear. A 4-year field experiment with four application rates of N fertilizers (0, 120, 240, and 360 kg N ha−1) was conducted in a rice–wheat rotation system. Applying N fertilizers markedly increased the phospholipid fatty acids of bacteria by 25.3–50.2 % and actinomycetes by 11.1–29.5 %, with larger variations at a higher application rate of N fertilizers compared with no N fertilizer. N fertilization decreased the fungi-to-bacteria ratio. The application of N fertilizers increased O-alkyl C proportion by 18.0–30.7 % and labile SOC content (carbohydrates by 28.9–50.0 %, protein by 23.1–43.0 %, and lipids by 41.5–53.7 %) but decreased aromatic C proportion by 16.0–31.3 %. N fertilizers significantly enhanced the SOC stock in the intra-microaggregate organic matter (iPOM) by 11.4–43.2 %. The highest SOC stock in iPOM was observed at 240 kg N ha−1. The structural equation modeling showed that applying N fertilizers improved the labile SOC functional groups and chemical compounds, and promoted the SOC sequestration in more stable fractions by improving soil microbial abundance. • Nitrogen fertilizers increased bacterial PLFAs, but did not affect fungal PLFAs. • Nitrogen fertilizers decreased aromaticity but improved labile soil organic carbon. • Nitrogen fertilizers promoted the transfer of SOC to more stable aggregate fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of information technology, mobile-based public participation (MPP) has been introduced into urban planning practices. How to evaluate this new approach of public participation is important for supporting decision-making process and achieving effective public participation. Integrating traditional evaluation criteria and Internet product operation strategies, this study proposes an evaluation framework for MPP, which includes seven indicators from three dimensions: preparation, process and outcome. Taking PinStreet, a widely-used MPP platform in China, as a case, this study evaluates the effectiveness of seven pilot projects with a variety of themes and scales. The evaluation results show that factors lying in the aspects of environment, participant and organizer have a significant impact on the effectiveness of MPP. Finally, policy suggestions are proposed to promote the development of MPP. • An evaluation framework for mobile-based public participation (MPP) is proposed. • Seven pilot projects base on PinStreet, an emerging MPP platform in China, are studied. • Government mobilization and acquaintance society largely improves the outcome of MPP. • The performance of MPP is affected by the physical quality of the site as well as participants' attachment of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]