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The paper addresses a computational method to simulate more accurate models for population growth with immigration, focusing on integral equations (IEs) featuring a delay parameter in the time variable. The proposed method utilizes Legendre wavelets within the Galerkin scheme as a orthonormal basis. Legendre wavelets are known for their localized functions, offering suitable precision and stability in simulating time-delay biological models. This approach employs the composite Gauss-Legendre (CGL) quadrature rule to compute integrals appeared in the scheme. An error bound analysis demonstrates a convergence rate of order 2 − M k. Additionally, various numerical examples are presented to show the efficiency, accuracy and validate the theoretical error estimate of the novel technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cross-sectional studies suggest: Economic growth increases migration in poor countries. • Yet, neglecting systematic country differences risks an omitted variable bias. • The panel estimations in this paper yield contrasting results: Emigration falls as incomes increase. • These results imply that conducive economic policies can actually reduce emigration. Comparing emigration rates of countries at different stages of economic development, an inverse u-shape emerges. Since the "migration hump" peaks at an average income of 6000 to 10 000 USD, economic progress in developing countries is often assumed to increase migration consistently. However, it is poorly understood to what extend country-level characteristics, individual incomes and other dimensions of development evoke this pattern, which limits its value for causal inference and concrete policy advice. In this paper we focus on the role of economic growth and investigate whether in developing countries emigration indeed increases with economic progress at shorter more policy-relevant time periods of up to 10 years. Using 35 years of data on migration flows to OECD destinations, we successfully reproduce the hump-shape in the cross-section. However, our more rigorous fixed effects panel estimations that exploit the variation over time robustly feature contrasting results: emigration rates fall as incomes increase. This finding holds independent of the level of income a country starts out at. In contrast to prevailing development emigration narratives, our results imply that rising individual incomes discourage emigration and hence conducive economic policies can reduce emigration. Our findings do not rule out that other slow-moving development dimensions such as educational advancement, demographic change, and structural economic transformation could still increase migration in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Travel Information and Authorisation System , along with the automated decision-making system for immigration filtering, is soon to become a guardian controlling entry into Europe. In the digital realm of issuing travel authorisations, a central question arises: does streamlining the process of using an authoritative decision through IT tools and artificial intelligence simplify administrative decision-making, or does it raise more profound legal issues? The pressing question is whether algorithms will ultimately determine human destinies, or if we have not reached that point yet. This paper examines the set of rules for making a decision on the refusal of a travel permit, considering the obligations tied to providing reasons for such decisions. It emphasizes that the rationale should be built upon a combination of factual and legal foundations, which would entail revealing data linked to profiling. While explicit rights for explanations might not be granted, having substantial information gives the ability to contest decisions. To ensure decisions are well-founded, the methodology used for profiling must support these determinations, as general system descriptions are inadequate for clarifying specific cases. Therefore, the paper concludes that the complex interaction between the ETIAS screening process, data protection laws, and national security concerns presents a challenging situation for procedural rights. Fundamental rights, such as accessing records and receiving decision explanations, clash with the necessity to safeguard national security and build a so-called security union for Europe, it establishes a feeling of insecurity about respect for EU values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which Australia's northern cities have become increasingly important mediators of migration of nurses and general practitioners (GPs) to the regional north since the 1980s. Over that period, national and provincial policy has focused on 'regionalisation' of health workforce development, including creating education and training infrastructure outside of metropolitan areas. This paper hypothesises that the effectiveness of regionalisation in northern Australia should be reflected in an increased net flow of GPs and nurses from northern cities (which are the hubs of education and training) to the regional north. Data from the seven Australian Census between 1986 and 2016 are used to model changing patterns of migration. Overall, there was limited evidence of substantial change in migration patterns, although for GPs there was a reduction in migration from the key metropolitan source markets (Brisbane and Adelaide) matching an increase in supply from northern cities. Northern cities have consistently been the source of about one quarter of new nurse and GP migrants to the regional north, but the regional north has become a much less favoured destination for professionals leaving northern cities as cities' populations have grown much faster than regional populations. Net flows have remained small and for nurses have favoured the cities while for GPs favoured the regional north. The paper concludes that, while there is limited evidence of increased 'spillover' of labour from the cities to the regional north, there is also no evidence of the cities increasingly 'spongeing' regional labour. Cities and regional migration systems may be increasingly disconnected as labour demands diverge, but new connections are being created with the rest of non-metropolitan Australia. The research is the first to analyse health professional migration over such a long period, and contributes to the debates about the roles of cities in sparsely populated areas in the development of their rural and remote hinterlands. • There is no evidence of increasing 'sponge' or 'spillover' relationships between northern cities and the regional north. • Large investment in 'regionalisation' of workforce development has not led to an increase in intra-northern migration. • There is evidence of increasing net loss of health professionals from the regional north to other regional Australia. • Regionalisation may be an ineffective strategy for growing the health professional workforce in the regional north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the economy-wide effects of cross-border movements of Palestinian labor for employment in Israel. The integration of Palestinian and Israeli labor markets is unique, as it differs from international labor migration and associated remittances described in the literature. Especially, it departs from the cultural and social dimensions associated with international migration because there is no shift in residence. We find based on an economy-wide model calibrated to a newly developed database of the West Bank economy that increasing Palestinian labor demand in Israel negatively affects the West Bank economy by bidding up domestic wages, reallocating labor away from tradable activities and reducing competitiveness of the Palestinian export sector. However, increasing labor income from Israel has positive welfare effects for Palestinian households. Considering these results, the paper identifies policy options for the Palestinian National Authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines international temporary migration as an intermediary step among aspiring entrepreneurs to accumulate the needed capital when they face credit constraints at home. The analysis is based on a representative dataset of lifetime employment histories of return migrants from Bangladesh. After establishing the credit constraints that potential entrepreneurs face, the paper shows that non-agricultural self-employment rates are significantly higher among returning migrants — over half versus around 20% of non-migrants. Most migrants transition into self-employment by using their savings from abroad as the main source of financing. The paper then offers, for the first time, a detailed account of the financial costs and benefits of international migration. Our findings suggest that temporary migration can contribute to structural transformation of lower-income countries by enabling credit-constrained workers to enter into non-agricultural entrepreneurship. • Many aspiring entrepreneurs in lower income countries face tight credit constraints. • Temporary international migration allows faster accumulation of the necessary capital. • Cost benefit analysis shows that it shares many features with classical investments. • Novel data from Bangladesh show frequent transitions into self-employment upon return. • Self-employment to a large extent is financed by savings acquired abroad. • Self-employment after return strongly increases the gains from temporary migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 2016 International Astronautical Congress, SpaceX's Mars immigration plan was first formally proposed alongside a fully-reusable transportation infrastructure. In the 12th edition of the China Trajectory Optimization Competition (CTOC-12) held in 2022, a Mars transportation trajectory design problem using reusable transporters from a parking distant retrograde orbit (DRO) in the Earth–Moon system was released. It is expected to transport as many immigrants as possible using a maximum of 50 transporters within a total of 20 years. The BIT-DFH-BJUT team reported a solution that can deliver 9080 immigrants to Mars, which ranked first in the competition. In this paper, the methods and results from the winning team are presented, primarily including an overall analysis, underlying round-trip trajectory design, and top-level scheduling. Specifically, a round-trip is divided into four phases, leaving the DRO to man-boarding at the perigee, Earth–Mars interplanetary transfer, Mars's return to the Earth, and return to the DRO. An overall optimization framework is constructed by synthesizing techniques such as data set creation and patching, differential evolution, nonlinear programming, greedy algorithm, and mixed-integer programming. Finally, we outline the final solution of our team and compare the results with those from the top five teams. This competition demonstrates that a large-scale Mars immigration plan is possible by using reusable transporters from the Earth–Moon system. • Trajectory designing and optimization problem for large-scale Mars immigration is established. • The practical designing and optimization methods are presented, including underlying round-trip trajectory design, and top-level scheduling. • The solution that can deliver 9080 immigrants to Mars is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the asymptotic behaviour of a critical 2-type Galton–Watson process with immigration is described when its offspring mean matrix is reducible, in other words, when the process is decomposable. It is proved that, under second or fourth order moment assumptions on the offspring and immigration distributions, a sequence of appropriately scaled random step processes formed from a critical decomposable 2-type Galton–Watson process with immigration converges weakly. The limit process can be described using one or two independent squared Bessel processes and possibly the unique stationary distribution of an appropriate single-type subcritical Galton–Watson process with immigration. Our results complete and extend the results of Foster and Ney (1978) for some strongly critical decomposable 2-type Galton–Watson processes with immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we look at the interaction of terrorism with immigrants' quality of life (measured by the foreign-born unemployment rate and globalization level) for OECD countries, and its impact on GDP per capita. We find strong evidence that GDP per capita is adversely affected by domestic terrorism. The magnitude of this effect is also substantial: at the sample mean, a one-standard-deviation increase in the number of domestic incidents is found to decrease GDP per capita between 5.7 % and 7.8 % of the sample average depending on the specification used. These results contrast with previous research which finds that transnational terrorism primarily affects these economic indicators. We find strong evidence that when we factor in the interaction of the foreign-born unemployment rate with either type of terrorism, an increase in the foreign-born unemployment rate decreases GDP per capita. On the policy front, we show that peace is valuable, and OECD countries will benefit by adopting policies to reduce the problem of terrorism. We also find that an increase in the foreign-born unemployment rate has a large negative impact on GDP per capita and policies that close the gap between foreign-born and native-born unemployment rates (for example, those aimed at reducing discrimination against immigrants) help the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New dynamics of local development have shed the light on the possible revitalization of European rural and mountain areas. A key element in these dynamics is the international migration fluxes that have these areas as new destinations. Newcomers' arrivals to rural and mountain areas represent both an opportunity and a challenge. They can fill in the gaps in local job markets left by the out-migration of young and the depopulation of remaining locals, but migrants' integration can present hurdles. Within the complex composition of the integration process, this research analyses the economic aspects related to local entrepreneurs' behaviours, migrant self-entrepreneurship, the role of the social economy and its effects on local communities. This paper presents results from secondary sources produced by the work of ten research teams – which collaborate on a European project MATILDE Horizon 2020 – based in as many European countries. The consortium agreed on a qualitative research approach, the use of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and participatory observation for data collection, and the "Foundational Economy" as the principal theoretical framework. Then, our research team carried out data extraction and comparison. Results show the diverse features of economic integration, encompassing local economic actors' solutions, reactions in the communities, the role of the social economy and migrant entrepreneurship. • A broader perspective on the examination of dynamic of international migrants' economic integration. • Data and information from 14 European regions in 10 countries. • Findings about the role of local economic agents in favour migrants' economic integration to revitalize rural areas. • Importance of migrants' self-entrepreneurship. • The key role of social economy in migrants' economic integration in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first to investigate the role of China's top-down model captured by cities' administrative level in the hukou transfer intention of rural migrants with settlement intention. We develop a conceptual framework and attribute rural migrants' decision on hukou transfer to a comprehensive evaluation of the benefit, risk, and opportunity. Using a Multilevel Logistic Regression, the empirical study uncovers that the impact of cities' administrative level comprises direct effect and moderating effect. The direct effect highlights the benefit of hukou transfer, through which cities' administrative level positively affects rural migrants' hukou transfer intention. The moderating effect underlines both the benefit and risk of obtaining urban local hukou, through which cities' administrative level shapes the relationship between marital status/migration type/arable land/homestead/household income and hukou transfer intention. Our work offers an international insight into rural migrants' settlement by revealing the role of cities' political system in shaping the stratification of the distribution of permanent migrants at the city level. It also contributes to the knowledge of the neoclassical perspective in migration studies by considering rural migrants' long-term cost-benefit balance on settlement. • China's top-down model shapes rural migrants' hukou transfer intention. • The impact of cities' administrative level consists of direct and moderating effects. • The direct effect highlights the benefit of hukou conversion. • The moderating effect underlines the benefit and risk of hukou conversion. • Further considering the long-term cost-benefit balance from the neoclassical view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• International Retirement Migration demonstrates new social and spatial patterns. • Lower-cost countries and pension-poor Westerners are emerging. • Italian pensioners relocate to Bulgaria mainly to overcome financial difficulties. • Relocation reaffirms intergenerational practices e.g. sustaining economically children. • Partial social integration restricts the stay in Bulgaria during fourth age. The geography of international retirement migration is constantly changing with the rise of new countries of origin and destination. The latter are often peripheral, lower-cost countries at various latitudes of the world. New actors are also emerging, like pension-poor Westerners with economic constraints who seek suitable locations to enhance their standard of living. This paper is set within this context and studies the recent emigration of Italian pensioners to Bulgaria. By using narratives from interviews carried out with 25 retirees who have recently relocated to this country, the paper addresses two questions. The first relates to the main reason for relocation, while the second concerns the balance of their life in Bulgaria. Study results highlight that the main motivation for the relocation was the financial constraint they were living under in Italy. However, for some of them, in addition to this, another motivator related to the emotional, personal problems they were facing. A novel aspect of this study relates to the outcomes illustrating that, beyond the improvement of their standard of living, for most of the participants the relocation provided a way to reacquire intergenerational practices with regard to family duties (e.g. to economically sustain children left in Italy). While the overall balance of their life in Bulgaria is positive, the partial social integration due to the strong language barrier renders their stay in this country improbable, as they approach the fourth age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study reviewed forced family separation as the result of migration policies. • Forced family separation is linked to negative mental health outcomes for children. • Forced family separation is linked to adverse health among parents/caregivers. • There is racial and ethnic discrimination in punitive immigration policies. This paper aims to systematically look at the impacts of child separation from the primary caregiver as the result of migration policies from a racial and ethnic equity perspective. An online systematic search of Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts with keywords relevant to migration, family separation, and health outcomes was conducted in January 2022. The studies retrieved through the search were independently reviewed by two of the authors using the PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews and Covidence systematic review software. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 14 papers were included in the scoping review. We found that none of the studies were centered on a racial and ethnic equity framework. The reviewed studies showed that forced separation was associated with negative mental health outcomes including anxiety, depression, emotional and behavioral problems, post-traumatic stress or post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbance, and stress among children. Similar adverse health outcomes were reported among caregivers. These negative mental health outcomes can have long-term and even generational impacts on the well-being and health of the communities in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa's openness to migration is strongly continental (about 80% of African migrants are settled in Africa). This paper explores how intra-continental migration impacts the real exchange rates of African economies. International migration may impact the real exchange rate through many pathways (demand-side and supply-side effects on prices, indirect effects through demography structure and remittances), thus leading to contradictory effects. Using a sample of 51 African countries over the period 1990–2019, econometric estimations show evidence that an increase in net intra-African migration exerts an appreciating effect on the real exchange rate of host countries. This finding holds when controlling for potential endogeneity using gravity-based instruments for migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the social and built environment shapes preference on protectionist immigration policy, generalised trust, and life satisfaction. It seeks to understand the intergroup processes that underpin intergroup contact and acculturation in the neighbourhoods by combining an individual-level survey (n = 1188) with census information on housing resale transactions (as proxy of socio-economic class) and other geospatial points of interest. Analyses of spatial big data revealed that neighbourhoods with a higher density of ethnic minorities and immigrant households are characterised by lower trust and quality of life. In contrast, neighbourhoods with a higher density of immigrant households are associated with a preference for a protectionist immigration policy (mitigated by proximity to community clubs). These environmental factors are associated with the outcome even after controlling for individual-level differences. Importantly, the findings underscore the enduring influence of ethnicity and immigrant identities more than the socio-economic background of the neighbourhood. Intergroup contact alone is insufficient to foster inclusion, especially in locales densely populated with ethnic minorities and immigrant communities. Shared amenities, such as community clubs, were found to play a crucial role in creating a conducive environment for meaninful contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• I am conducting a long-term study on how Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in India take their place and deal with space. • This paper examines the stages between refugeehood and citizenship. • The results suggest that refugeehood is about complex day-to-day living practices that shape identities. • The refugee camp is more than a humanitarian space of assistance, more than a space of exception and biopolitical control. This article looks at subjectivities and regimes of homing from a position of liminality and questions the placements dynamics displayed by Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Tamil Nadu, India. Based on long-term and longitudinal fieldwork conducted in Keezhputhupattu refugee camp near Pondicherry between 2010 and 2023, this study analyses the experience of the refugees, which combines a "know-how" that they have developed due to a life in exile since 1983, which is linked, among other things, to a sometimes well-developed diasporic network; and a restrictive agency that has been granted to them by the Indian and Tamil Nadu authorities, which places them in a regime that is intended to be exceptional. The results of the study are significant and show how families spanning three generations may reproduce their new normalcy and negotiate their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic led to a global food crisis. Like previous food crises how the debate is framed by food policy actors can have a bearing on policy outcomes. This study researches how the policy responses to migrant horticultural labour shortages, due to the pandemic, were framed in the Italian print media and how this relates to longer-term food policy making. Data were gathered from the six highest-circulation Italian daily newspapers. The coverage was dominated by left-leaning outlets and peaked in relation to Covid-19 recovery policies and political processes. Farmer industry bodies were the most quoted group, and the legalisation of undocumented migrant workers was the most frequently discussed policy response. A frames analysis was conducted and identified three principal frames: food security, worker exploitation and immigration. The worker exploitation and immigration frames were most frequently used by left-leaning newspapers, while centre-right papers used the food security frame the most often. The results suggest that media framing could contribute to both policy change, helping to open policy windows, as well as policy lock-ins, side-lining certain debates, actors and policy solutions. The research aims to contribute to growing empirical work which seeks to understand the impact of Covid-19 on migrant agricultural workers and food policy. • First frames analysis of migrant agriculture labour policy debate in Italian print media during Covid-19. • Three frames were used in the media debate – food security, worker exploitation, immigration. • Explores media influence on food policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an ethnographic study of Afghan Sikh refugees in New Delhi, India, the present paper explores the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs), especially social media, in their lives and practices to survive after the forced migration. The unique identity of being Afghan Sikhs in India is largely unknown, as the notion of Afghans is attached to the Muslims and Sikhs to the Indians. The extant knowledge on literature on their narratives of forced migration and struggles of re-settlement is inadequate. The present paper employs the concept of 'capital' by Bourdieu to argue that ICTs enable refugees to gain different forms of capital in their journey of survival in a new country post forced migration. The paper highlights the importance of ICTs being equal to the physical infrastructure for the refugees. The digital practices provide them with a collectively owned capital in the form of relevant information and experiences of being refugees. The visibility enabled by the ICTs has contributed to their social, economic and symbolic capitals. • For refugees, information and communication technologies (ICTs) are as important as physical infrastructure. • The refugees are building the cultural capital by sharing information in Facebook in the host countries. • The refugees negotiate their state of vulnerability by seeking accurate information through text messages and Whatapp groups. • The refugees relive and build socio-cultural identities through the Facebook and the Whatsapp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws from ethnographic fieldwork conducted between August–October 2014 and July–August 2015 in a rural village located inside of a Tanzanian marine park. Through narrative responses elicited during interviews with village residents, coupled with ethnographic vignettes from a key interlocutor in the village, the paper reveals people's diverse perspectives on village out-migration. In doing so, it interrogates the claim that the marine park has forced people to out-migrate. Some respondents explained that men generally engage in circular forms of labour-related mobility in the context of seasonal fishing activities and short-term business ventures. Others said that people choose to out-migrate due to everyday hardships, leaving "in search of a good life." These narrative responses are at once commentaries on the macro-level political and economic drivers of rural out-migration, and on respondent's micro-level aspirations for future socioeconomic autonomy. Thus, they are both expressions of structural constraint and individual agency. While very few interviewees believed that people were forced to migrate because of the marine park, most respondents contended that it had deepened pre-existing experiences of a "hard life," and exacerbated lived experiences of vulnerability. However, migration has historically been woven into the sociocultural fabric of the community, and there are broader trends of rural population mobility in Tanzania, and fisher mobility in coastal areas, which long pre-date the establishment of the park. Furthermore, some respondents offered alternative narratives, noting that villagers may choose not to out-migrate, and that village in-migration may be increasing due to various pull factors. As such, the paper complicates the scholarly discourse on the relationship between marine protected areas and displacement of local communities. • I interrogate the claim that the marine park has forced villagers to out-migrate. • Coastal villagers are vulnerable to 'multiple livelihood stressors'. • Migration drivers are sociocultural, economic, psychological, political, and environmental. • Patterns of migration are historically embedded. • Migration from inside the MPA is a product of agency and structural constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adds to the literature on the determinants of international migration. First, we offer a joint analysis of the driving forces of migration capturing year-to-year variations and long-run effects. Second, we analyze the dynamic response of migration to shocks to its determinants. We start by presenting a theoretical model that allows us to model migration as an augmented gravity equation. We then construct a rich panel data set with 16 destination and 198 origin countries between 1980 and 2015. We find that climate variables are important drivers of migration flows in our sample. We then estimate a panel vectorautoregressive model showing that the dynamic response of migration is very different across shocks to different driving forces. These findings add to the discussion about the effects of climate shocks on mobility and the concept of trapped population. Our findings carry implications for national and international immigration policies. • This paper adds to the literature on the determinants of international migration. • We construct a panel data set with 16 destination and 198 origin countries from 1980 to 2015. • Climate change is a more important driver than income and political freedom at origin together. • The dynamic response of migration is very different across shocks to different driving forces. • Our findings add to the discussion about the effects of climate shocks on mobility and the concept of trapped population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of fisheries development in Myanmar is poorly understood. A growing body of evidence suggests that working conditions in some of Myanmar's fisheries are extremely precarious. The treatment of labour in the wider fisheries literature has been fragmented. Drawing together these strands, this paper addresses two central questions through a qualitative analysis of marine fisheries in Mon State in Southeast Myanmar: (1) How have marine fisheries developed in a context of broader political, economic, technological and environmental change? (2) What are the characteristics of labour conditions in Mon's marine fisheries, and how have these been shaped by the context of fisheries development? We show that Mon's fisheries have transformed over the past three decades. Fishing has become more reliant on migrant labour, and a range of unsafe and exploitative labour practices are increasingly apparent. The paper makes several contributions: First, we address gaps in the knowledge on the nature of fisheries in Myanmar. Second, we extend previous research on working conditions in fisheries to show how labour arrangements and exploitation in fisheries emerge in the context of place-specific geographies of environmental, social and economic change. Third, we highlight the need for greater critical attention to labour and working conditions in research on fisheries of all scales. • Labour, and conditions under which it is employed, is overlooked in fisheries research. • Marine fisheries in Myanmar's Mon State have expanded rapidly since the 1990s. • Fishing has become more reliant on migrant labour, at sea and for onshore processing. • Unsafe and exploitative labour practices are increasingly apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This paper evaluates geopolitical framing of migrants via European media sources. • Migrants were subject to 3 temporal representations linked to European geopolitics. • Escalation of depictions reveal prejudices that contradict alleged EU principles. Abstract This paper explores the geopolitical framing of migrants in Europe through an analysis of the discourse and imagery shared by both the mainstream and social media. Employing a critical discourse analysis of a corpus of material collated between January 2015 and December 2016, we suggest that migrants have been subject to three temporal representations that are linked to a European geopolitical vision of the world. While they were initially described as humans migrating into Europe, some parts of the media quickly equated the arrival of migrants with natural disasters, and then, finally, as geopolitical threats to security. This intensification of representations of migrants as the 'Other' and eventually as non-human threatening entities, reveals European geopolitical conceptualizations of belonging and sovereignty that are often at odds with the principles and values to which the European Union subscribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper interrogates the space-times of migration and debt in, and through, the global city of London. It advances three key arguments. First, we argue that migration must be understood as a financial practice situated within specific space-times thus highlighting the destructive debt implications of current migration policies. Second, exploring debt through a migration lens problematizes its spatial and temporal boundaries. In both its guise as a debt advice industry and resistance, the focus is largely on formal debts situated within territorially bounded nation-states. Yet, migrants' debt ecologies traverse myriad boundaries such that formal/informal, economic/social and market/nonmarket debts are folded into, and sit alongside, each other. Third we argue that spatial and temporal explorations of the migration-debt nexus potentially affords new insight into the politics of migration and debt. Drawing upon research with migrants from Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon and Brazil, we explore how debt shapes migration; the creation, management and resolution of 'new' formal debts in London and migrants' participation in and creation of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) in the city. The paper concludes by identifying broader lessons which can be drawn from migrants debt relations in configuring spatial and temporal politics of debt and credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Albania has experienced one of the Europe's highest population migration rates in recent decades. At the same time, the landscape of this country has very dynamic geomorphological behaviour (erosion and ground subsidence), as an effect of various drivers. This paper examines the correlation between the population migrations and geomorphological dynamics in the wider Vlora area in Southern Albania between 1979 and 2016. In social studies and the humanities this interplay is largely unrepresented, whereas in the environmental sciences these two issues have been conceptualized as having a causal relationship. The article develops a tripartite analytic-synthetic model consisting of (A) remote sensing analysis based on automated land/water detection from satellite data; (B) demographic analysis focusing on population changes using the methods of statistical analysis; and (C) extensive anthropological fieldwork grounded on participant observation, archival work and gathering previously inaccessible statistical and other relevant data. The results of this study show that the coastal erosion or water inundation along with other geomorphological (site-specific relief, place-bound ground subsidence and water bodies distribution) and geotectonic characteristics of the wider Vlora area are inextricably bound up with the population migrations. The paper foregrounds new methodological approaches that correlate coastal or peri-coastal erosion with geomorphological, geotectonic and population movements, and provides a holistic framework that can be applied to examine this issue in similar areas elsewhere. Highlights • Novel insights into the interrelation between land cover change and population movements. • Links (peri)coastal erosion, geomorphological, geotectonic with population dynamics • Develops a tripartite analytic-synthetic model. • Provides a holistic framework for understanding the landscape changes. • Geodynamics embodied in population movements and the latter spatialized in landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Racial logics explore racialized identities in relation to climate-insecure futures. • I use the case study of climate-induced migration from the MENA region to the EU. • Climate-induced migrants can be racialized as prone to terrorism or radicalization. Abstract Whether formulated as a security risk, a form of climate adaptation, a legal dilemma, or an issue of (in)justice, the debate on climate change and migration draws upon multiple, oftentimes contradictory, discourses. This paper examines the role of racial identities in debates about the security implications of climate-induced migration (CIM). The paper proposes a reconceptualization of 'racial logics': a form of discursive construction that connects naturalized assumptions about racialized Others with possible outcomes in conditions of future climate insecurity. The paper argues that 'Muslim' and 'African' migrant populations – in the context of possible CIM from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region to the EU – are racialized with a potential capacity for radicalization and terrorism. Constructed as racialized Others, 'Muslim' and 'African' migrant populations could face exclusionary containment policies in climate-insecure futures. The article concludes with a call to challenge racial logics and the restrictive, unjust possibilities they suggest for future climate security politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The intensification of global mobility has introduced international migration to rural areas and small towns with little or no significant recent history of immigration. Drawing on an emergent literature in rural studies, this paper seeks to consolidate the concept of 'rural cosmopolitanism' both as a political or ethical project, and in relation to the 'actual-existing cosmopolitanism' of inter-cultural mobility, conviviality and openness to difference in rural communities. The framework is then tested through case studies of two rural small towns in Ireland – Gort, which was home to over 1000 Brazilian migrants in a population of less than 3000 in the late 2000s; and Ballyhaunis, Ireland's most diverse town with 42 different nationalities in a population of around 2300 – to examine the dynamics and relationships that have brought migrants to these towns and shaped their engagement with long-term residents. The paper contends that the emergent cosmopolitanism in the towns is defined by precarity, experienced at different scales from the individual to the community, and informed by broader economic and political trends. The paper argues that the rural context of the towns can serve both to facilitate cosmopolitan relations and to extenuate the precarity of this emerging cosmopolitanism. Highlights • Many rural communities in the global north have experienced new dynamics of immigration as part of globalization. • Rural cosmopolitanism is multi-faceted and can refer to an individual property, a collective culture or a normative project. • Rural cosmopolitanism can be assisted by the small scale, proximity and peripherality of rural communities and small towns. • Rural cosmopolitanism is partial and imperfect, constrained by factors including limited support structures for migrants. • Precarious rural cosmopolitanism captures the precarity of individual migrants and of rural cosmopolitanism itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper investigates housing in two rural New Immigration Destinations in the United Kingdom (UK) that have experienced substantial recent migration. It focuses on temporary and often overcrowded housing known as "Houses of Multiple Occupation" (HMOs). This paper has two main aims. Firstly, it adds to our knowledge of housing and HMOs in rural areas from the perspective of migrant occupiers and stakeholders. It documents that migrant-occupied HMOs were key issues in both case studies. Secondly, this paper establishes that there were notable challenges of uncertainty in managing housing and HMOs. The ways uncertainty was contested or accepted are investigated, noting that there is a political economy of certainty. This points to the value of improving evidence in addressing migration and housing. Highlights • Contributes to knowledge of migration, mobilities, housing and HMOs in rural areas. • Identifies the governance challenges of uncertainty. • Investigates responses to uncertainty, noting the political economy of certainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We show that social media data, including images and messages, can be used to distill location-specific factors which are linked with displacement and return including discussion of the economy and ongoing violence. • We find that discussion of these factors differs at a statistically significant level in areas with and without returnees and IDPs, revealing the potential of social media as a monitoring tool for identifying returnee and IDP populations. • We combine text analysis with image analysis to see to what degree images dovetail with the discourse and what additional information we can extract from this medium. According to UNHCR reporting there are over 27 million refugees globally, many of whom are hosted in neighboring countries which struggle with bureaucracy and service provision to support them. With the onset of Covid-19 in early 2020, gathering data on the location and conditions of these refugees has become increasingly difficult. Using Syria as a case study, where since 2011 80% of the population has been displaced in the civil war, this paper shows how the widespread use of social media could be used to monitor migration of refugees. Using social media text and image data from three popular platforms (Twitter, Telegram, and Facebook), and leveraging survey data as a source of ground truth on the presence of IDPs and returnees, it uses topic modeling and image analysis to find that areas without return have a higher prevalence of violence-related discourse and images while areas with return feature content related to services and the economy. Building on these findings, the paper uses mixed effects models to show that these results hold pre- and post-return as well as when migration is quantified as monthly population flows. Monitoring refugee return in war prone areas is a complex task and social media may provide researchers, aid groups, and policymakers with tools for assessing return in areas where survey or other data is unavailable or difficult to obtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Remittances implicated in land system maintenance and transformation. • Remittances and land change seldom a primary focus of research. • Four non-exclusive pathways identified for impacts of remittance expenditures on land systems. • Remittance expenditures associated with six types of land system changes. • Four avenues for future research identified to advance understanding of remittance-land dynamics. Remittances—funds sent by migrants to family and friends back home—are an important source of global monetary flows, and they have implications for the maintenance and transformation of land systems. A number of published reviews have synthesized work on a variety of aspects of remittances (e.g., rural livelihoods, disasters, and economic development). To our knowledge, there are no reviews of work investigating the linkages between remittances and land change, broadly understood. This knowledge gap is important to address because researchers have recognized that remittances flows are a mechanism that helps to explain how migration can affect land change. Thus, understanding the specific roles remittances play in land system changes should help to clarify the multiple processes associated with migration and their independent and interactive effects. To address the state of knowledge about the connection between remittances and land systems, this paper conducts a systematic review. Our review of 51 journal articles finds that the linkages uncovered were commonly subtle and/or indirect. Very few studies looked at the direct connections between receipt of remittances and quantitative changes in land. Most commonly, the relationship between remittances and land change was found to occur through pathways from labor migration to household income to agricultural development and productivity. We find four non-exclusive pathways through which households spend remittances with consequent changes to land systems: (1) agricultural crops and livestock, (2) agricultural labor and technologies, (3) land purchases, and (4) non-agricultural purchases and consumables. In the papers reviewed, these expenditures are linked to various land system change outcomes, including land use change, soil degradation, pasture degradation, afforestation/deforestation/degradation, agricultural intensification/extensification/diversification, and no impact. These findings suggest four avenues for future research. One avenue is the use of the theoretical lens of telecoupling to understand how remittances may produce wider-scale changes in land systems. A second avenue is further examination of the impacts of shocks and disturbances to remittance flows on land change both in migrant sending and in remittance receiving areas. A third avenue is scholarship that examines the extent that household uses of remittances have a "ripple effect" on land uses in nearby interlinked systems. A fourth avenue for future work is the use of spatially explicit modeling that leverages land cover and land use data based on imagery and other geospatial information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This paper mobilizes primary material evidence and analyzes spatiotemporal trends to explore the role of the U.S.-Mexico border wall in enforcing the contemporary border, particularly in terms of the trend known as the migration funnel effect. • Enabling a comparative view of migration and border security, the variables considered include the left behind belongings of undocumented migrants, migrant death records, and the physical infrastructure of border security. • Three distinct periods associated with the increased walling and shifting migration patterns are proposed. • This paper utilizes an intertwined theoretical framing building on theories of sovereignty and materiality. • This innovative analysis combines ethnography, document analysis, archaeological survey, and GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western Europe is one of the main destinations for young emigrants coming from Eastern Europe. While most migrants want to move into urban areas, this paper explores in detail the motivational make-up of those targeting international rural destinations. Specifically, we look at the motivation behind the intentions of soon-to-graduate students of agriculture in Bulgaria to move into rural areas in Germany for high-skilled farm work. The formation of migration intentions is depicted along the lines of the Theory of Planned Behavior in a Structural Equation Model. The paper takes a pioneer step in identifying, operationalizing and analyzing the background factors driving the international migration decisions of high-skilled farm specialists. The quantitative survey results highlight general economic motives, such as the desire for better earnings and to avoid unemployment at home, as crucial for the attractiveness of a possible move. With regard to their future career in agriculture, the respondents wished to learn how to run their own farm, take managerial responsibility for a farm, and saw emigration as an opportunity to work with animals. Non-economic aspects such as the desire to escape corruption, or lifestyle considerations were overall not significant, although migration decision-making is influenced by the opinion of the core family. The main perceived barriers for potential migration are a lack of language skills and fear of difficult integration in the host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2001 the United States Border Patrol's Detroit Sector has grown from 38 agents to 411–the fastest rate of growth of any Border Patrol jurisdiction in the United States (CBP, 2016). Through ethnographic observation, semi-structured interviews and the examination of a growing archive of internal US Border Patrol data obtained via the US Freedom of Information Act, this paper examines the everyday discourses of ‘threat’ and ‘suspicion’ that inform routine enforcement practices by Detroit Sector personnel as they police the US/Canada frontier. It finds that both ‘threat’ and ‘suspicion’ are narrated expressly according to geographic factors of origin, location and direction of travel, scrutinizing bodies and persons that, as an outcome, are said to appear “out of place.” At the same time, according to the Border Patrol's daily apprehension logs, enforcement activity disproportionately concentrates on Latinx residents across divisions of citizenship and immigration status, affecting peoples' everyday ability to circulate through urban and suburban space free from scrutiny, surveillance and the possibility of state violence. To theorize the site and stakes of these outcomes, the paper borrows Stuesse and Coleman’s (2014) concept of “automobility” and develops this as an explicitly racial and racializing concept, one that affords an intersectional reading of state violence based on its distributional impacts on peoples' autonomy and control over their conditions of everyday social reproduction. This, then, suggests a need for greater dialogue between literature on immigration enforcement and those concerned expressly with geographies of racial confinement, policing, dispossession and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Farr–Bertillon law states that the mortality rate of single and widowed persons is about three times the rate of married people of same age. This excess mortality can be measured with good accuracy for all ages except for young widowers. The reason is that, at least nowadays, very few people become widowed under the age of 30. Here we show that disability data from census records can also be used as a reliable substitute for mortality rates. In fact excess-disability and excess-mortality go hand in hand. Moreover, as there are about ten times more cases of disability than deaths, the disability variable is able to offer more accurate measurements in all cases where the number of deaths is small. This allows a more accurate investigation of the young widower effect; it confirms that, as already suspected from death rate data, there is a huge spike between the ages of 20 and 30. By using disability rates we can also study additional features not accessible using death rate data. For example we can examine the health impact of a change in living place. The observed temporary inflated disability rate confirms what could be expected by invoking the “Transient Shock” conjecture formuladted by the authors in a previous paper. Finally, in another observation it is shown that the disability rate of newly married persons is higher than for those who have been married for more than one year, a result which comes in confirmation of the “newly married couple” effect reported in an earlier paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French right and far-right have promoted a dehumanized vision of the migrants through their discourse in the last ten years. In this paper, we argue that this is the outcome of a diachronic linguistic process involving migration-related lexicon. A remarkable frequency increase enabled the progressive semantic bleaching of its [+human] trait and finally its functional recategorization as a simple trigger of a non-referential category where migrants and terrorism, but also the European Union and globalization, conflate to generically designate the "other". Combining corpus methods and critical discourse analysis through the quantitative, semantic, and distributional analysis of migration-related lexicon in a corpus of 5689 tweets by Marine Le Pen and other right-wing French politicians, we show the association between migration and several unrelated topics through pragmatic implicature at various stages. We find a robust tendency of migration-related lexicon to occur in lists and parallelisms, whose sematic-pragmatic function is specifically to implicate a relation between the members of a category construed in context. We claim that these structures are the main culprit for the emergence, the spread, and the entrenchment of manipulative categories in public discourse and for their expansion in ad hoc fashion, following the right's political agenda. • The French right used for years implicit strategies to spark hate towards migrants. • A relation between migration, terrorism, EU, globalization, finance was implicated. • Lists containing migr-lexicon are used to construct the category of the "enemy". • Migrants are now represented as dehumanized, while immigration as anthropomorphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a study of migration patterns out of Turkey since 2016, this paper examines how state-sponsored gendered violence contributes to international migration. While gender-based violence is acknowledged as a critical driver of migration, existing scholarship generally focuses on domestic violence and violence by non-state actors. This paper examines how gendered violence perpetrated or encouraged by the state can force migration. While women in Turkey have long experienced shifting approaches to women's rights, after the July 2016 coup attempt, state-led and state-sanctioned violence intensified and became visible as a tool to repress alleged dissidents, minorities, and LGBTQ individuals. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with recent migrants and an analysis of news articles and reports by international governmental and non-governmental organisations, the paper identifies gendered forms of violence perpetrated by the Turkish state that lead to decisions to migrate. In doing so, the paper draws attention to the role of state-sponsored gender-based violence as a cause of human mobility. • State-led and state-sanctioned gendered violence drive international migration • Violence perpetrated by the state becomes visible after the 2016 coup in Turkey. • The state's response to the coup visibilises the violence against women. • Women of different backgrounds experience different forms of violence in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puerto Rico (PR) has a growing physician migration problem. As of 2009, the medical workforce was composed of 14,500 physicians and by 2020 the number had been reduced to 9,000. If this migration pattern continues, the Island will not be able to meet the recommended physicians per capita ratio proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Existing research has focused on the personal motivations for movement to, or permanence in, a particular setting, and social variables that encourage physicians to migrate (e.g., economic conditions). Few studies have addressed the role of coloniality in fostering physician migration. In this article we examine the role of coloniality and its impact on PR's physician migration problem. The data presented in this paper stem from an NIH-funded study (1R01MD014188) that aimed to document the factors associated with physician migration from PR to the US mainland and its impact on the Island's healthcare system. The research team used qualitative interviews, surveys, and ethnographic observations. This paper focuses on the data from the qualitative interviews with 26 physicians who had migrated to the USA and ethnographic observations, which were collected and analyzed between September 2020 and December 2022. The results evidence that participants understand physician migration as a consequence of three factors: 1) the historical and multidimensional deterioration of PR, 2) the idea that the current healthcare system is rigged by politicians and insurance companies, and 3) the specific challenges faced by physicians in training on the Island. We discuss the role of coloniality in fostering these factors and how it serves as the backdrop for the problem faced by the Island. • Puerto Rico has a growing physician migration problem that impacts population health. • This qualitative study explored reasons for migration with Puerto Rican physicians. • Coloniality underlies the structural factors that foster physician migration. • Physicians, trainees, and patients are impacted by neoliberal views of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the networks, experiences and aspirations of Nepalese workers in Southern Portugal's farms and greenhouses. The main research objective is to analyse how recruitment networks, which supported the move of Nepalese to Portugal, were established and have rapidly consolidated. These networks impacted not only the increase of irregular migration flows but also the migration experience and vulnerability in the country of destination, including the passive acceptance of a certain degree of exploitation. By highlighting the perspective of the migrants themselves, we examine the impact on their lives, both of the migration experience and of paying large sums to smugglers, usually obtained through indebtment, to enter Portugal. We relate this impact to a context of immigration where the existence of a large informal labour market facilitates these workers being hired as irregular migrants. The study employed secondary data, in-depth interviews and participant observation. As well as migrants, greenhouse owners and recruiters were also interviewed for the study. The main finding is that the disposition of Nepalese to migrate, in which the pressure of the family plays a key role, tends to be reinforced by the action of the networks of recruiting agents. Secondly, the costs of migration and labour exploitation tend to be accepted by the migrants as a way to fulfil their social aspirations and economic necessities. • Aspirations for material gains through migration are coupled with a rise in social status in Nepal. • Using migration networks, Nepalese resort to smuggling services and pay on average €9600 to recruitment and travel agencies. • Though living conditions in Portugal are precarious, the Nepalese simultaneously enjoy consuming 'modernity' in Portugal, new lifestyles and greater individual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants in rural areas and immigrant employment in the agricultural sector have been studied from a variety of perspectives. However, we currently lack a bird's-eye view of these two phenomena covering all EU member states through time. This paper tackles that gap, first by describing the main features of immigrant settlement and economic integration in rural areas in the EU. Second, it offers an EU-wide overview of immigrants' integration in the agricultural sector. Then, it investigates empirically the degree to which the different characteristics of agricultural production in two member states – Italy and Spain – are associated with a migrant presence in the area. The study finds that, in the context of a shrinking agricultural labour force, the share of migrant workers in that sector in several regions is increasing over time. Migrants living in rural areas are more likely to be unemployed and face economic hardship than locals. Migrants employed in agriculture are, also, more likely to work in elementary occupations and temporary jobs. Finally, the case studies on Italy and Spain demonstrate that the relative size of the migrant population is related to the typology of agricultural land use and to the labour intensity and seasonality of cultivation. • Immigrants in rural areas tend to fare worse compared to the local population and to migrants living in cities and towns. • In the agricultural sector, migrant workers have steadily increased their share of total employment over time. • Migrants are more likely to work in elementary occupations, to be employees, and to have temporary forms of recruitment than locals. • In Italy and Spain migrants in rural areas tend settle where intensive agricultural production, a high degree of temporary employment prevails. • Quantitative analyses based on official stastistics face challenges in terms of under-representing the real number of migrants in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Will the rising share of ethnic minorities in western societies spark a backlash or lead to greater acceptance of diversity? This paper examines this question through the prism of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), the most successful populist right party in British history. The paper contributes to work on contextual effects by arguing that ethnic levels and changes cross-pressure white opinion and voting. It argues that high levels of established ethnic minorities reduce opposition to immigration and support for UKIP among White Britons. Conversely, more rapid ethnic changes increase opposition to immigration and support for UKIP. Longitudinal data demonstrates that these effects are not produced by self-selection. The data further illustrate that with time, diversity levels increase their threat-reducing power while the threatening effects of ethnic change fade. Results suggest that the contextual effects literature needs to routinely unpack levels from changes. This also suggests that if the pace of immigration slows, immigration attitudes should soften and populist right voting decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how migration infrastructure conditions migrant mobilities within receiving states. The paper examines two infrastructural case studies, language testing and housing markets, in relation to Asian ‘middling’ migrants, that is, the relatively educated and skilled but not elite, who arrive in Australia on temporary visas. The analysis highlights the interplays and dependencies of different ‘logics of operation’ (Xiang and Lindquist, 2014) of infrastructure in relation to these migrants’ status mobilities and housing mobilities within the receiving society. The paper draws on data from in-depth narrative interviews with migrants to also understand how infrastructure produces perceptions and meaning-making around the migration process. This analysis reveals that, in this empirical context, migration infrastructure produces varied kinds of spatio-temporal insecurity as much as it mediates mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines unbalanced urbanization process in Fujian province from 1982 to 2010 from the perspective of dual-track urbanization. The analysis is mainly based on 67 county-level units. The spontaneous track of urbanization is a new process of urbanization in China emerged in the reform period. It plays an important role in linking urban and rural areas but also creates problems of rural-urban integration and social cohesion. This paper examines the relative roles of spontaneous and state-sponsored urbanization and their impacts on the spatial pattern and structure of urbanization in Fujian. It is found that rural to urban migration plays the most significant role while state-sponsored urbanization and rural urbanization play equal roles in the process of urbanization. There was a significant shift of state-sponsored urbanization from county-level cities and counties to urban areas of central cities, Fuzhou and Xiamen, and from inland area to coastal area after 1990. There have also been significant shift and growth of temporary population towards the central cities in the reform period. The shift from small towns to large urban areas is clear in both tracks of urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration (irregular and forced) represents one of the major challenges the international community faces today. Inasmuch as the phenomenon of irregular and forced migration is the marker of the state of socio-economic systems around the world, the response to and the ways of navigating the resulting multi-scalar challenges mirror not only the efficiency of the global regulatory frameworks, but also our civility. Recognizing the potential inherent in sophisticated information and communication technology (ICT), specifically the blockchain technology and smart contracts, this paper focuses on the special case of "welcome centers" that irregular migrants enter in the hope of acquiring international legal protection and thus refugee status. Since the process may be time-consuming and the living conditions undignified, this paper proposes a tool, named here "responsible wallet", aka rWallet, that bears the promise of navigating some of these challenges. rWallet derives from the recognition that in modern societies ICT should serve the purpose of improving the quality of life of all people. • (Irregular) migration is the key challenge our societies face today. • Precarity and immobility are the key issues that challenge irregular migrants. • Also the receiving communities are challenged and their vulnerability rises. • Blockchain-based tools offer a way of navigating these challenges. • The rWallet is a blockchain-based tool that does it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the central role of the camp in the early Israeli state period and its spatial and geopolitical evolution. Unlike official Israeli history, which presents the immigrant camps as an inevitable improvised response to the unexpected problem of mass immigration, I examine the camp as a strategic modern biopolitical instrument that allowed for the state's profound geopolitical changes and was itself altered according to them. The paper analyses the ways in which the camp facilitated the creation of Israel as a state formed by two seemingly contradictory, but in fact complementary, conditions: on one hand, a product of a chaotic ‘state of emergency’ and a form of ‘ordered disorder’ created by mass immigration, and on the other hand, a product of a comprehensive, tightly controlled modernist project combining physical planning and social engineering. This duality reveals the role of these immigrant camps, which were created both in Israel and abroad, as spatial ‘black holes’ which swallowed the contradiction between the radical geopolitical transformation and the rational self-image of the Israeli state-building project. The evolving and hybrid typologies of the camp in Israel's pre-state and early-state periods expose it as a versatile instrument, highlighting the need for informed spatial and geographical genealogies of the camp in order to illuminate its various transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses migration flows with the purpose of defining functional regions at a micro level. It proposes an innovative approach to the processing of migration data. It includes a reflection on local level migration analysis in relation to local labour markets, and it is inspired by time geographical concepts and research into human spatial behaviour. Relevant identified migration flows are those that occur when a migrant only changes the place of permanent residence, and does not necessarily need to change workplace or most of the localities within a daily timespace context. The paper uses these migration data to delineate local migration areas (daily spatial systems) of the Czech Republic through the application of a standard rule-based procedure of functional regional taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As with most contexts of South-South migration, the Bolivian-Chilean case remains severely under-researched. Responding to this paucity of research, this paper addresses Bolivian migrants’ inclusions in and exclusions from economic citizenship in Chile. Conceptually, the paper calls for a holistic and spatially aware approach to comprehending migration and citizenship, proposing the overarching conceptual framework of interacting transnational social spaces of citizenship representing its legal, political, social, and economic dimensions. It then focuses particularly on the transnational social space of economic citizenship , using this conceptual approach as a means to bring into better dialogue research on the migrant division of labour, precarious employment, labour exploitation, financial exclusion, and migrant citizenship practices. The analytical potential of the conceptual framework is explored through examining the specific geographies of the Bolivian-Chilean space of economic citizenship to reveal the reality of what is increasingly being referred to as the ‘Chilean dream’. Drawing on nine months of multi-sited ethnography and 76 semi-structured interviews, the paper addresses migrants’ economic situation in Bolivia before examining their changes in circumstances following migration to Chile, looking particular at the migrant labour niches of wholesale clothing retail, agriculture, and domestic labour. It explores the structural factors leading to economic marginalisation in Bolivia and labour exploitation in Chile. Additionally, it analyses the practices in which migrants may engage to challenge their exclusion from economic citizenship, and the role that migrant organisations play in encouraging, and at times constraining, such practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine the conceptual and political work that metaphors do, with particular regard to how they construct problems and thus in turn limit the range of solutions. 1 1 This paper builds on the chapter Metaphor and causal layered analysis by Bin Larif (2015) in Inayatullah and Milojević (2015) . The CLA Reader 2.0 : Transformative Research in Theory and Practice. Tamsui, Tamkang University Press. Common metaphors in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia are examined (war, disease and crime metaphors, and the economy and nation as a body) by analysing historical and modern texts about the policy issues of tuberculosis, immigration, asylum seeking, welfare, obesity and food insecurity. Through this we show that metaphors, in conjunction with discourses, may work to: naturalise and privilege certain constructions of problems; attribute blame and responsibility; support claims about the urgency and extent of required intervention (and who should deliver it, to whom and how); influence the identification and consideration of solutions by constructing the problem in particular ways; intentionally or unintentionally result in stigmatisation and non-trivial discrimination (social and workplace); and erase or highlight the role of actors, processes, social relations and systems. Vallis has developed the analysis, the bulk of the paper, and Inayatullah has articulated the theoretical links to causal layered analaysis (CLA). While there are multiple ways to use CLA, in this paper we use CLA to map a number of issues accross perspectives and frames, and to deconstruct creating the possibility for alternative futures. We do not explore alternative or preferred futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes global shifts in migration and population demography and the simultaneous increase in nationalism and xenophobia. The literature lays out a need for more research examining how young people from immigrant or refugee backgrounds are being affected by contemporary trends in nationalism and xenophobia across diverse national contexts. This article concludes with an overview of five papers addressing the topic in the special section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]