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KRAS mutation is associated with the progression and growth of pancreatic cancer and contributes to chemo-resistance, which poses a significant clinical challenge in pancreatic cancer. Here, we developed a RT22-ep59 antibody (Ab) that directly targets the intracellularly activated GTP-bound form of oncogenic KRAS mutants after it is internalized into cytosol by endocytosis through tumor-associated receptor of extracellular epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and investigated its synergistic anticancer effects in the presence of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. We first observed that RT22-ep59 specifically recognized tumor-associated EpCAM and reached the cytosol by endosomal escape. In addition, the anticancer effect of RT22-ep59 was observed in the high-EpCAM-expressing pancreatic cancer cells and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells, but it had little effect on the low-EpCAM-expressing pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, co-treatment with RT22-ep59 and gemcitabine synergistically inhibited cell viability, migration, and invasion in 3D-cultures and exhibited synergistic anticancer activity by inhibiting the RAF/ERK or PI3K/AKT pathways in cells with high-EpCAM expression. In an orthotopic mouse model, combined administration of RT22-ep59 and gemcitabine significantly inhibited tumor growth. Furthermore, the co-treatment suppressed cancer metastasis by blocking EMT signaling in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that RT22-ep59 synergistically increased the antitumor activity of gemcitabine by inhibiting RAS signaling by specifically targeting KRAS. This indicates that co-treatment with RT22-ep59 and gemcitabine might be considered a potential therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer patients harboring KRAS mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumour-associated macrophages have been implicated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) therapy response and Extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed by macrophages might have a role in this process. Here, we demonstrated that large EVs released by anti-inflammatory human macrophages decreased PDAC cellular sensitivity to gemcitabine. Using proteomic analysis, chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) and fibronectin (FN1) were identified as two of the most abundant proteins in the cargo of macrophages-derived EVs. Overexpression of CHI3L1 and FN1, using recombinant human proteins, induced PDAC cellular resistance to gemcitabine through ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) activation. Inhibition of CHI3L1 and FN1 by pentoxifylline and pirfenidone, respectively, partially reverted gemcitabine resistance. In PDAC patient samples, CHI3L1 and FN1 were expressed in the stroma, associated with the high presence of macrophages. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis revealed an association between CHI3L1 and FN1 gene expression, overall survival of PDAC patients, gemcitabine response, and macrophage infiltration. Altogether, our data identifies CHI3L1 and FN1 as potential targets for pharmacological inhibition in PDAC. Further pre-clinical in vivo work is warranted to study the possibility of repurposing pentoxifylline and pirfenidone as adjuvant therapies for PDAC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrant glycosylation in pancreatic cancer has been linked to cancer development, progression and chemoresistance. However, the role of glycogene, such as galactosyltransferase, in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. Herein, we establish beta-1.4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) as a clinical marker and regulator of chemoresistance. Clinically, high B4GALT1 expression correlates with poor survival, enhanced tumor size, increased lymph node metastasis, elevated cancer progression and enhanced incidence of relapse in PDAC patients. Expression of B4GALT1 is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant patient derived organoids as well as chemoresistant cancer cell lines, while genetic perturbation of its expression in PDAC cell lines regulates cancer progression and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, we show that elevated p65 activity transcriptionally up-regulates B4GALT1 expression, which then interacts with and stabilizes cyclin dependent kinase 11 isomer CDK11p110 protein via N-linked glycosylation, in order to promote cancer progression and chemoresistance. Finally, depletion of B4GALT1 rescues the response of chemoresistant cells to gemcitabine in an orthotopic PDAC model. Overall, our data uncovers a mechanism by which p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signalling axis determines cancer progression and chemoresistance, providing a new therapeutic target for an improved pancreatic cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental metabolic enzyme, anti-Thymidylate synthase (TS) strategy has been shown to be an effective therapy for human cancers. However, the genuine effects of TS in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) are still conflicting. We systemically assessed the prognostic value and whether TS associated with malignant progression in PDA. Protein and mRNA expression level of TS were evaluated in en bloc PDA samples, the prognostic effect of TS expressed in cytoplasm or cytonuclear was determined separately in the first time. The impact of TS on tumor cell behaviors was assessed in in vitro assays, and the TS associated metastatic potential was further determined in two different PDA metastatic models. The retrospective clinical analysis firstly demonstrated that tumor cytonuclear TS expression was positively correlated with lymphatic metastasis and negatively correlated with the overall survival (OS) in PDA patients. The subsequent experiments further confirmed that TS depletion can effectively abate EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal) process in in vitro and decline most of the metastatic lesions in two different PDA mice models, and the deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) biosynthesis malfunction resulted imbalanced dNTP pools may be the fundamental causation. Collectively, the present study suggested the prospective strategy of combined anti-TS scheme for metastatic PDA, and we strongly suggest further clinical standardization research with a large cohort to verify the prognostic value and the therapeutic potential of TS in PDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]