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Dilthey frequently recognizes anthropology as a foundational science of human nature and as a cornerstone in the system of the human sciences. While much has been written about Dilthey's "philosophical anthropology," relatively little attention has been paid to his views on the emerging empirical science of anthropology. This paper examines Dilthey's relation to the new discipline by focusing on his reception of its leading German representatives. Using his book reviews, essays, and drafts for Introduction to the Human Sciences from the 1860s–70s, it highlights the influence of the new anthropology on his earliest attempts to elaborate the foundations of the Geisteswissenschaften. It argues that anthropology was a key source for some of the naturalistic features of Dilthey's philosophy, and that it pulled him in a direction contrary to the historicist hermeneutics of his teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical investigation of a former convent graveyard for conversion to a community centre identified an unrecorded, unmarked burial below a later burial. Archaeological excavation confirmed the presence of skeletonized human remains, considered by police as a possible clandestine burial. Mortuary examination indicated the remains belonged to a mature adult female. To determine whether the deceased could be a recorded missing person, radiocarbon dating was undertaken on a femur and a rib bone. This is not always straightforward, and results showed two possible ages due to intercepts on either side of the nuclear weapons testing spike in atmospheric 14C; however, the later dated burial allowed us to constrain the date of a rib to CE 1959. This study demonstrates that dating a second tissue with a longer turnaround time, such as a femur, can help to constrain which side of the bomb spike is most probable. This paper documents in one work the search, scene and sample and then advances this to resolution by anthropological analysis and radiocarbon dating of human remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gendered divisions of labor are a feature of every known contemporary hunter-gatherer (forager) society. While gender roles are certainly flexible, and prominent and well-studied cases of female hunting do exist, it is more often men who hunt. A new study (Anderson et al., 2023) surveyed ethnographically known foragers and found that women hunt in 79% of foraging societies, with big-game hunting occurring in 33%. Based on this single type of labor, which is one among dozens performed in foraging societies, the authors question the existence of gendered division of labor altogether. As a diverse group of hunter-gatherer experts, we find that claims that foraging societies lack or have weak gendered divisions of labor are contradicted by empirical evidence. We conducted an in-depth examination of the data and methods of Anderson et al. (2023) , finding evidence of sample selection bias and numerous coding errors undermining the paper's conclusions. Anderson et al. (2023) have started a useful dialogue to ameliorate the potential misconception that women never hunt. However, their analysis does not contradict the wide body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies. Furthermore, a myopic focus on hunting diminishes the value of contributions that take different forms and downplays the trade-offs foragers of both sexes routinely face. We caution against ethnographic revisionism that projects Westernized conceptions of labor and its value onto foraging societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth identification is important not only for anatomists and anthropologists but also for dental practitioners and dental students studying dental anatomy courses. This review paper provides an overview of the significance of tooth identification focusing on the morphological and developmental background. The process of tooth identification comprises five steps of distinction: (1) between deciduous and permanent teeth; (2) between tooth classes; (3) between maxillary and mandibular teeth; (4) within the same tooth class; and (5) between the left and right sides of a tooth. According to Mühlreiter's features, the mesial half is more developed than the distal half, and the curvature feature is associated with the configuration of the dental arch. Each step of tooth identification refers to effective traits and characteristics. The possibility that systemic conditions affect dental morphology should be considered. Tooth identification is occasionally difficult owing to individual variations (size and shape, supernumerary tubercles, root fusion) and sex-based differences. A tooth type error within the same class is the most frequent error in tooth identification, followed by a left or right side error. To understand tooth identification, it is necessary to have comprehensive knowledge of dental morphology. A broad education with regard to tooth evolution and comparative odontology, as well as a thorough understanding of the morphology and function of teeth, which play a crucial role in sustaining life as organs of mastication, is essential. [Display omitted] • Tooth identification is a necessary skill in anatomy and many other fields. • The process of tooth identification follows five steps of distinction. • According to Mühlreiter, the mesial half is more developed than the distal half. • The curvature feature is associated with the configuration of the dental arch. • Broad education as to tooth evolution and comparative odontology is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Albania has experienced one of the Europe's highest population migration rates in recent decades. At the same time, the landscape of this country has very dynamic geomorphological behaviour (erosion and ground subsidence), as an effect of various drivers. This paper examines the correlation between the population migrations and geomorphological dynamics in the wider Vlora area in Southern Albania between 1979 and 2016. In social studies and the humanities this interplay is largely unrepresented, whereas in the environmental sciences these two issues have been conceptualized as having a causal relationship. The article develops a tripartite analytic-synthetic model consisting of (A) remote sensing analysis based on automated land/water detection from satellite data; (B) demographic analysis focusing on population changes using the methods of statistical analysis; and (C) extensive anthropological fieldwork grounded on participant observation, archival work and gathering previously inaccessible statistical and other relevant data. The results of this study show that the coastal erosion or water inundation along with other geomorphological (site-specific relief, place-bound ground subsidence and water bodies distribution) and geotectonic characteristics of the wider Vlora area are inextricably bound up with the population migrations. The paper foregrounds new methodological approaches that correlate coastal or peri-coastal erosion with geomorphological, geotectonic and population movements, and provides a holistic framework that can be applied to examine this issue in similar areas elsewhere. Highlights • Novel insights into the interrelation between land cover change and population movements. • Links (peri)coastal erosion, geomorphological, geotectonic with population dynamics • Develops a tripartite analytic-synthetic model. • Provides a holistic framework for understanding the landscape changes. • Geodynamics embodied in population movements and the latter spatialized in landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's role in agriculture is widely reported to be essential; despite this, women's role in the wheat-sector is under-researched. Feminist standpoint theory is applied in analyzing 73 documents on women's role in agriculture from 1990 until 2016 to answer the following questions: How does the world look, and operate, for males and females in wheat growing households? What do we know about social relationships and mediating processes (i.e., social factors mediating men's and women's access to resources and activities) that exist in the prime wheat growing regions in Pakistan? The paper highlights a knowledge gap in relation to the life histories, local experiences, as well as unofficial and informal networks of small farmers in general, and of poor and marginalized women in particular. This neglect of rural subjects is a missed opportunity to learn and to engage in improved program design that contributes to enhanced food security and resilience in rural communities. The paper is relevant to development professionals and agriculture researchers and proposes further research questions on topics that appear to have an influence on women's role in wheat farming and food systems and women's ability to be successful in securing a wheat-based livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridging anthropological understandings of “non-place” (Augé, 1995) with insights on the “in-between city” (Sieverts, 2003), this paper advances the concept of in-between place as a useful heuristic device through which to examine spaces of contention outside the city. Focusing on a single protest organised by youth activists in Wadi Ara in the summer of 2013, it uses frame analysis to interrogate the power of roads, particularly the nodal power of inter-urban crossroads, in enabling Palestinian protest in Israel. In so doing, this paper seeks not only to address the creative efforts to be seen and heard on the margins of an ethnocratic regime, but to contribute to a wider decentring research agenda that would move beyond the city in concrete and analytical terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconstructs a number of Abui (Papuan) place names and micro-toponyms from the coastal area of Alor (South-East Indonesia) through the analysis of a legend centered on two gods from the Abui traditional religion, ending with the replacement of the first deity with the second one. The myth appears as diachronically ‘multi-layered’, from ancestral times to the arrival of Christianity in Alor, with the consequent identification of the ‘bad’ (or ‘weaker’) god as a demon and, then, as the devil. The story allows the etymological explanation of the meaning of around eight place names (toponyms and micro-toponyms), drawing a map of that ‘mythological’ space and landscape that is real and still attested, existing, known, and recognized by Abui native-speakers. The etymological and historical/diachronic analysis of place names, in this context, is fruitful not only in the reconstruction of their origins and in map-tracking, but it also involves an anthropological study of cultural aspects of oral tradition in the Abui religion. The story documented in this paper is considered true and not a legend by the Abui people and all the place names in this story known and accepted by the Abui people according to the parts they play in the legend. These place names and micro-toponyms, therefore, have a relevance that goes beyond their etymological reconstruction, allowing important insights into the fields of anthropology and history of culture and a close association between diachronic toponomastics and anthropological linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses cultural relativism through contrasting views within philosophy and anthropology, drawing parallels to linguistic relativity. Language is commonly perceived as a tool for classifying the world, where the researcher is a detached observer of language or reasoning. This is the starting point for the relativism/rationalism dichotomy in philosophy, which relies on a distinction between language and thought, or the form and content of thought, as separate categories that can be identified from an objective viewpoint. Both the rationalist and the relativist are commonly described as agreeing on the terms of the debate, and disagreeing only on the relations between the categories. This starting point will be challenged through drawing parallels between debates in philosophy, anthropology and linguistics. • The rationalist/relativist dichotomy relies on a distinction between language and thought. • The rationalist and the relativist share a theoretical view of understanding. • The static view of understanding as an all-or-nothing matter should be rejected. • Finding intelligible points of contact with people from other cultures require a broader view of humanity and rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackson Jr. and Winston (2021) claim there is no taboo against research on race and intelligence. We argue, to the contrary, that there is a taboo against such research. We begin by addressing Jackson Jr. and Winston's arguments concerning expert surveys, as well as their criticisms of our published database of controversies. We then provide additional evidence of the taboo, and explain why it would be expected given the features of academic social science in Western countries. We also point out that Jackson Jr. and Winston's paper exemplifies the very taboo they claim does not exist. • We respond to a critical commentary on Carl & Woodley of Menie (2019). • Racial/population 'hereditarianism' is a mainstream but minority position in psychology and anthropology. • Exclusion of contested controversies from our databases does not impact the historical pattern. • Racial/population 'hereditarianism' is considered highly taboo by many researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As repeatedly acknowledged since the ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992, the equitable allocation of climate burden among parties is at the heart of climate negotiations. But while equity principles have been extensively addressed in the literature on climate policy, their fundamental underlying values remain elusive. Drawing on anthropology and relational models theory, this Perspective paper aims to shed light on this topic by showing that any climate equity principle corresponds to one of the four relational models people in all cultures use to implement their exchanges – and thus corresponds to their associated principles of distributive justice. Such a clarification may facilitate academic research on this topic, as well as the definition, the acceptance and, finally, the effective implementation of climate policies. • Climate burden sharing is key in climate negotiations, but the values underlying climate equity principles remain elusive. • Drawing on anthropology and relational models theory, we clarify the nature of climate equity principles. • Such a clarification may facilitate academic research on this topic as well as climate negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite impressive global investment in reproductive health programs in West Africa, maternal mortality remains unacceptably high and obstetric care is often inadequate. Fertility is among the highest in the world, while contraceptive prevalence remains among the lowest. This paper explores the social and technical dimensions of this situation. We argue that effective reproductive health programs require analyzing the interfaces between technical programs and the social logics and behaviors of health professionals and client populations. Significant gaps between health programs’ goals and the behaviors of patients and health care professionals have been observed. While public health projects aim to manage reproduction, sexuality, fertility, and professional practices are regulated socially. Such projects may target technical practices, but access to care is greatly influenced by social norms and ethics. This paper shows how an empirical anthropology that investigates the social and technical interfaces of reproduction can contribute to improved global health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper asks how contending political leaders legitimize their authority in a competitive authoritarian regime. It contends that ‘legitimization through patronage’ is an important means of convincing the public of the rightfulness of a leader’s authority when ‘ideology-based normative legitimacy’ is declining and the formal electoral route is not available. Drawing on an understanding of legitimacy that accounts for leaders’ strategies and public receptions, the paper seeks to explore the moral norms and values on the basis of which followers evaluate leaders’ performance. Drawing on anthropological studies of patronage in South Asia not only helps to transcend an exclusively instrumental understanding of patronage by stressing its moral dimension but also complements comparative politics’ focus on the national level by studying the everyday processes through which political leaders’ legitimacy is locally constructed and contested in patronage relations. Evidence from Darjeeling in northern West Bengal/India (where the State’s preferential treatment of a regional party claiming leadership of a movement for regional autonomy has contributed to the establishment of a dominant party regime) highlights patronage’s potential as a legitimating strategy – but it also reveals its practical limits. While the establishment of resource monopolies over developmental funding helped leaders of the ruling party to “feed” their support networks and foster reputations as selfless “social workers”, differing bases for the evaluation of leaders, the growing expectations of followers, and dependence on external patronage resources limited the long-term success of patronage as a legitimating strategy. This, in turn, enabled the State to curtail demands for autonomy by controlling regional elite construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans le présent article, nous proposons une revue de l'évolution de la conception de la schizophrénie du phénoménologue belge Marc Richir au travers des concepts d'affectivité et de dissociation (Spaltung). Notre objectif est de montrer comment ces notions trouvent leur place dans la refondation de la phénoménologie de Richir et de réfléchir à la pertinence clinique possible de ces conceptions. La Spaltung que nous thématisons dans cet article n'est pas un mode déficient de structures transcendantes ou existentielles, mais caractérise dans une certaine mesure chaque existence humaine. Et c'est paradoxalement à l'endroit de la Spaltung que Richir propose une distinction renouvelée entre le normal et le pathologique inspiré de la phénoménologie. Nous présentons une revue systématique des conceptions de Richir sur la Spaltung et la schizophrénie, depuis ses premiers travaux sur la psychopathologie à la fin des années 1980 jusqu'à ses derniers travaux présentés dans son maître-ouvrage sur les psychopathologies, Phantasia , imagination, affectivité, en 2004. La perspective de Richir offre une nouvelle compréhension de l'expérience schizophrène et de la relation thérapeutique qui peut embrasser les dimensions à la fois incarnée, intersubjective et imaginaire de l'expérience humaine. Elle pourrait ainsi constituer un dispositif heuristique fécond pour la recherche translationnelle en psychiatrie. In the present article we propose to review the evolution of phenomenologist Marc Richir's conception of schizophrenia through the prism of affectivity and dissociation (Spaltung). Although this concept is not at all new – indeed, already Bleuler has proposed to describe the "group of schizophrenias" with this term – we can nevertheless affirm that it appears in a new light in Richir's phenomenological anthropology. Furthermore, the term of Spaltung is absent on the description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5 and reserved for the dissociative disorders. We argue that this notion can be made fruitful not only in the context of a historical analysis of these troubles, but also in the context of phenomenological psychopathology. Our aim is to show how this concept finds its place in Richir's refoundation of transcendental phenomenology and to reflect on the possible clinical relevance of his conception. This objective is related to a second one, implied by Richir's conception of schizophrenia, and namely that of showing that affective troubles associated with mental health issues should not be conceived of in terms of deficiencies. The Spaltung that we thematize in this paper is not a deficient mode of transcendental or existential structures but characterizes to some extent each and every human existence. Paradoxically, it is in the area of Spaltung that Richir proposes a renewed distinction between the normal and the pathological inspired by phenomenology. In order to answer these questions, we present a systematic review of Richir's conceptions of Spaltung and schizophrenia from his first works on psychopathology in late 1980s to his latest work presented in his groundwork on psychopathologies Phantasia, imagination, affectivité in 2004. We were able to identify three moments of Richir's thought: (1) Firstly Richir's understanding of psychosis is in terms of formation of sense (Sinnbildung) and symbolic institution related to the affective tonality (Stimmung) of the experience in general. He describes formation of sense as an inner division of Stimmung in normal and pathological embodied experience. (2) In the second moment, we focus on a further development of the question of affectivity in intersubjective and embodied relationship. Here Richir analyzes this archaic character in its embodied dimension and more precisely in its intersubjective circulation through what he calls the Phantasieleib , a flesh of phantasy. Through the structures of inter-corpreality, affectivity can even be contagious, pass from the intimacy of one flesh to the other, and it is precisely through this contagion-character of the affective circulation that we can also speak of a peculiar contact with the affectivity of a patient suffering from schizophrenia. (3) Lastly, we pursue the analyses of affectivity and its relation the embodiment and imaginary life by drawing on Richir's main work on psychopathology and phenomenological anthropology: Phantasia, imagination, affectivité. In this, he offers a renewed perspective on dissociation (Spaltung): between an embodied affectivity in the Phantasieleib and delusional affectivity that is not embodied, but makes up what Richir calls a Phantomleib. The Spaltung is thus a dissociation of affectivity of its original embodiment and it is characterized by an "atmopsherisation" that relates it to the pure imaginary that functions autonomously, independently of its phenomenological base in phantasy life. These analyses show that a phenomenological approach to schizophrenia is possible without understanding this latter a deficient mode of human experience. Rather, one has to pass through the field of phenomenological anthropology and the phenomenological analysis of sense formations, phantasy, affectivity. Richir's perspective offer a new comprehensive modelisation of schizophrenic experience and therapeutic relationship that can embrasse both embodied, intersubjective and imaginary dimension of human experience. It could be thus a fruitful heuristic device for translational sciences in psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, drawn from anthropological research done for a project on Mexican imaginaries of outer space, I consider the role of the AEM, or Mexican Space Agency, in space education and outreach in Mexico, focusing on the ways in which the AEM engages with different sectors and social groups, including elementary age children, college students undertaking STEM careers and artists who use space imagery and technology in their work. The research undertaken for this project consists primarily of formal and informal interviews with key actors engaged with outer space who project space into Mexican futures from different perspectives, from enthusiastic involvement in technological advancement as a means of fomenting social and economic progress, to the artistic uses of space and technology as a means of critically reflecting on earthly issues of human relationality and geopolitical power. In addition to interviews, I draw on information gathered from documents, works of art, online discussion groups and attendance at events sponsored by the Mexican Space Agency. I am particularly interested in exploring the implications of the agency's mission to "promote space culture", as I critically confront anthropological notions of "culture" with the uses of this concept in the public sphere. I am also interested in understanding what is "Mexican" about Mexican space culture, and how national institutions and actors relate to their international counterparts. • Mexico has a nascent space program, but a millennial tradition of stargazing. • The AEM has a strong outreach program, although its public visibility could improve. • Importance of creation of a network of space entrepreneurs, scientists and artists. • Mexicans' outer space imaginaries are diverse, often critical of space exploration. • Anthropology can contribute to the dialogue on the promotion of "space culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While discussions of accessibility, mobility and activities of daily living frame relocation studies, in older adulthood, the paper explores the emotional motivation of gift giving as a rationale for moving. This ethnographic study investigates the processes of household disbandment and decision-making of older adults in the Midwestern United States relocating in post-Global Financial Crisis contexts. In this study, relationships are created and sustained through the process of moving, linking older adults ( n = 81), their kin ( n = 49), and professionals ( n = 46) in the Midwestern United States. Using Marcel Mauss' The Gift (1925/1990) as a theoretical lens, relocation in older adulthood is conceptualized as a gift in two ways: to one's partner, and one's kin. Partners may consider gift-giving in terms of the act of moving to appease and honor their partner. Kin who were not moving themselves were also recipients of the gift of moving. These gifts enchain others in relationships of reciprocity. However these gifts, like all gifts, are not without costs or danger, so this paper examines some of the challenges that emerge along with gift-giving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is the 2018 Political Geography invited lecture. I discuss the geographical component to early state formation and its impact on theories of human nature. Ever since Rousseau accused Hobbes of taking post-state passions as constitutive of human nature and projecting them onto pre-state peoples, the question of whether or not early state formation produced qualitative changes in human emotional and cognitive structures has been debated in anthropology and philosophy. The work of James C Scott, especially in The Art of Not Being Governed and Against the Grain has emphasized the geographical component of early state formation and the concomitant and often futile attempts of states to stop flight from states as in the proverbial "run for the hills!" I will put Scott's work in dialogue with the philosophical work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, as well as with new anthropological theories of human evolution, including the Human Self-Domestication thesis of Brian Hare, and the obligate collaborative foraging thesis of Michael Tomasello. At stake will be attempts to account for prosocial egalitarian sentiments and their conflict with hierarchical states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Changes in the nature and structure of healthcare pathways have implications for healthcare professionals' jurisdictional boundaries. The introduction of treatment focused BRCA1 and 2 genetic testing (TFGT) for newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer offers a contemporary example of pathway change brought about by technological advancements in gene testing and clinical evidence, and reflects the cultural shift towards genomics. Forming part of an ethnographically informed study of patient and practitioner experiences of TFGT at a UK teaching hospital, this paper focuses on the impact of a proposal to pilot a mainstreamed TFGT pathway on healthcare professionals' negotiations of professional jurisdiction. Based upon semi-structured interviews (n = 19) with breast surgeons, medical oncologists and members of the genetics team, alongside observations of breast multidisciplinary team meetings, during the time leading up to the implementation of the pilot, we describe how clinicians responded to the anticipated changes associated with mainstreaming. Interviews suggest that mainstreaming the breast cancer pathway, and the associated jurisdictional reconfigurations, had advocates as well as detractors. Medical oncologists championed the plans, viewing this adaptation in care provision and their professional role as a logical next step. Breast surgeons, however, regarded mainstreaming as an unfeasible expansion of their workload and questioned the relevance of TFGT to their clinical practice. The genetics team, who introduced the pilot, appeared cautiously optimistic about the potential changes. Drawing on sociological understandings of the negotiation of professional jurisdictions our work contributes a timely, micro-level examination of the responses among clinicians as they worked to renegotiate professional boundaries in response to the innovative application of treatment-focused BRCA testing in cancer care – a local and dynamic process which we refer to as an 'oncogenetic taskscape in the making'. Highlights • A micro-level examination of clinicians' work assembling an 'oncogenetic taskscape'. • Mainstreaming genomic testing requires changes to professional jurisdictions. • Technology's clinical relevance informs clinicians' acceptance of mainstreaming. • Clinical implementation of new technology requires inter-professional collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract What have we learned since anthropologists first realized that tourists alter the societies they study? Intended for non-anthropologists, this paper explores this question and critiques the hegemony of business perspectives in tourism studies. It discusses tourism as a complex and fluid set of phenomena that cannot be reduced to one dimension, highlighting five points: (1) Tourism is one of the names of power. (2) The complex nature of tourism cannot be understood without studying socio-cultural processes. (3) The socio-ecological processes that construct territory determine and are determined by social space. (4) The industries of seduction create a corpus of desires through which socio-cultural groups forge their own identity. (5) Anthropological studies allow researchers to propose alternative forms of tourism development. Highlights • Tourism is one of the names of power. • Tourism is a fluid and complex set of phenomena not reducible to one dimension. • Tourism cannot be approached from one disciplinary perspective only. • Territory determines and is determined by social space and various types of capitals. • Anthropological studies suggest alternative tourism developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A novel method enabling flexible energy harvesting from natural gas distribution networks. • Load shifting becomes possible without employing electrical storage. • Gas bagging enables overnight charging of electric vehicles. • Hazardous operations are avoided by employing model predictive control. • A daily operational cost reduction of about 10% is achieved. Abstract In a swirling dynamic interaction, technological changes, environment and anthropological evolution are swiftly shaping the smart grid scenario. Integration is the key word in this emergent picture characterized by a low carbon footprint. Between the wide range of key actions currently pursued by European municipalities, the possibility of harvesting energy from natural gas distribution is being established in this context. Load matching is crucial for local energy exploitation and integration of renewable resources. In this paper, the authors introduce a novel management method to increase the flexibility of the energy harvesting process from gas distribution networks. This method, called gas bagging, enables one to shift energy production schedules by properly manipulating the downstream pressure of the pipeline system. The emerging system dynamics in gas bagging must be managed using a proper system control architecture. This is fundamental to avoid system-safety-constraint violations. From a relevant case scenario, the authors demonstrate that the energy load can be totally shifted to night hours without violating system-safety constraints. For this purpose, the implementation of model predictive control has revealed to be a strategic measure. In fact, this ensures safe and cost-effective operations enabling up to a 10% daily operational cost reduction. Results reveal gas bagging to be a strategic tool for energy production flexibility and carbon emission reduction using natural gas distribution networks integrated into a smart grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design anthropology covers various design practices and research. While some researchers/pactitioners rely on anthropological insights to enhance design, others use design as a tool to gain anthropological knowledge. This paper explores the symbiotic relation between design and anthropology and proposes a 'design anthropology of collaborative making'. It contributes to gaining insights in plural ways of knowing while providing contextual insights that inform design practices. Starting from a common skill from an 'in-habitat' position, we consider both perspectives and invite collaborative engagement between people and materiality. Based on collaborations with the San community in Namibia on shoemaking and with Syrian refugee women through embroidery, we explore the added value of this tactile engagement through making to bridge theory and practice. • Collaborative making to inform design practices and situated knowledge creation. • Common skills from an in-habitat position as a means of correspondence. • Values of design anthropology to collaborative design research practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The site of Tepecik-Çiftlik in southern Cappadocia, Turkey, has provided a rich assemblage of worked bone objects from Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) levels continuing into the extensively excavated Pottery Neolithic (PN) levels and the Early Chalcolithic period (6100-5800 cal BCE). This report presents an initial study of the worked bone objects recovered from the Chalcolithic levels during the 2013 excavation season. This paper examines the methods of manufacture, use-wear traces, and animal species used in the manufacture of two types of Chalcolithic bone tools at Tepecik. The most common tools are pointed implements, primarily made on caprine metapodia, many of which appear to have been used as perforators. Other objects include “idols” made from the first phalanges of equids, including both wild horses and hydruntines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the study of needles made of long human bones ( Homo sapiens ) from the region of Xochimilco, now a quarter in Mexico City, which in pre-Hispanic times was one of the cities conquered by the Aztec empire. We shall discuss the development and use of these needles, as well as the identification of the raw material they are made of and a proposal about what people these bones were obtained from: captives or craftsmen's relatives? The archaeological household at San Pedro, in Xochimilco, presents in its early stages (12th century–15th century) stone technology, and in its final stages (16th century, around the time of arrival of the Spanish conquerors) the possible use of metal. Therefore, it is important to study the technology produced by these different tools. In order to achieve this goal, we have used experimental archaeology with obsidian cutting tools and abrasives (igneous rocks) as well as metal tools and other abrasives (emery). Thus, we have analyzed the use trace, the operational chain ( chaîne opératoire ) and the effort and time spent when applying each of these techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is ongoing discussion in forensic science and the law about the nature of the conclusions reached based on scientific evidence, and on how such conclusions – and conclusion criteria – may be justified by rational argument. Examples, among others, are encountered in fields such as fingermarks (e.g., ‘this fingermark comes from Mr. A's left thumb’), handwriting examinations (e.g., ‘the questioned signature is that of Mr. A’), kinship analyses (e.g., ‘Mr. A is the father of child C’) or anthropology (e.g., ‘these are human remains'). Considerable developments using formal methods of reasoning based on, for example (Bayesian) decision theory, are available in literature, but currently such reference principles are not explicitly used in operational forensic reporting and ensuing decision-making. Moreover, applied examples, illustrating the principles, are scarce. A potential consequence of this in practical proceedings, and hence a cause of concern, is that underlying ingredients of decision criteria (such as losses quantifying the undesirability of adverse decision consequences), are not properly dealt with. There is merit, thus, in pursuing the study and discussion of practical examples, demonstrating that formal decision-theoretic principles are not merely conceptual considerations. Actually, these principles can be shown to underpin practical decision-making procedures and existing legal decision criteria, though often not explicitly apparent as such. In this paper, we will present such examples and discuss their properties from a Bayesian decision-theoretic perspective. We will argue that these are essential concepts for an informed discourse on decision-making across forensic disciplines and the development of a coherent view on this topic. We will also emphasize that these principles are of normative nature in the sense that they provide standards against which actual judgment and decision-making may be compared. Most importantly, these standards are justified independently of peoples' observable decision behaviour, and of whether or not one endorses these formal methods of reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival research into episodes of frontier violence in the Kimberley region of Western Australia indicate that the bodies of Aboriginal victims of massacres were frequently incinerated following the event. This paper presents the results of a scientific investigation of a reported massacre at Sturt Creek where burnt bone fragments were identified in two adjacent sites and documents the archaeological signatures associated with the sites. The methodology used to undertake the project brought together three systems of knowledge: the oral testimonies of the descent group originating from a sole adult survivor of the massacre; archival, historical and scientific research. An archaeological survey defined the two distinct sites containing hundreds of fragile bone fragments; a third site was found to be highly disturbed. Scientific investigations included macroscopic and microscopic examination of selected bone fragments by an anatomical pathologist and a zooarchaeologist and X-ray diffraction analysis of sixteen bone fragments. The anatomical pathologist and zooarchaeologist undertook macroscopic and microscopic examinations of selected bone samples to identify morphological evidence for human origin. It was concluded that three bone fragments examined may have been human, and two of the fragments may have been from the vault of a skull. It was concluded that the likelihood of them being human would be strengthened if it was found that the three samples had been subjected to high temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis of 16 bone fragments provided this evidence. All fragments showed sharp hydroxylapatite peaks (crystallite sizes 9882nm and 597nm respectively) and all had been subjected to extreme temperatures of either 600°C for more than 80h, 650°C for more than 20h, 700°C for more than 4h or 800°C for more than 1h. XRD analyses were also done on bone samples collected from three cooking hearths at three different archaeological sites. It was found that two of the three samples had been exposed to substantially lower temperatures for a short time period. It was concluded that there was strong pathological and archaeological evidence that the bone fragments were human in origin, but that the evidence was not conclusive. This research also identified archaeological signatures for the identification of massacre sites in similar Australian environments and circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict casualties refer to those individuals who are lost due to military conflict or war. The involvement of forensic archaeologists and anthropologists in the legal search, recovery, documentation, identification, and repatriation/reburial of conflict casualties is well known. Internationally, there are a number of professional organisations who ethically recover and identify these individuals. However, at the same time, some organisations and individuals have raised significant concerns about working in other countries, understanding specific laws and protocols, and how the whole recovery and identification process should be undertaken. Through this special issue, Forensic Science International is interested in promoting these investigative good-practice procedures, illustrated with case studies, and ethical and legal considerations when undertaking and disseminating these humanitarian missions to the wider forensic community. This Special Issue focuses primarily on the First and Second World Wars, yet other conflicts are covered, and includes the views and perspectives from different organisations within specific countries in the format of original papers, commentaries, and case reports. Specifically, these papers include the legislative regulations, information regarding the authorities to be consulted on and who deal with human remains, the organisations and professionals who are involved with the recovery and analysis of human remains, the process of identification, and how this information is disseminated to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Joint Casualty and Compassionate Centre Commemorations team (JCCC), part of the British Ministry of Defence, is responsible for managing the identification of human remains from British casualties who fell during WWI and WWII primarily. With this task in mind, the work to identify and rebury the historic battle casualties is at the heart of this team's work. In addition, the team also considers new evidence regarding possible identification of an individual buried as "unknown" and they administer the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. This paper provides an insight into the work undertaken by this Team, identifying and commemorating the remains of WWI and WWII British casualties. The paper also includes several case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approaching mental health on a global scale with particular reference to low- and mid-income countries raises issues concerning the disregard of the local context and values and the imposition of values characteristic of the Global North. Seeking a philosophical viewpoint to surmount these problems, the present paper argues for a value-laden framework for psychiatry with the specific incorporation of value pluralism, particularly in relation to the Global South context, while also emphasizing personal values such as the choice of treatment. In sketching out this framework, the paper aims to overcome the clash between universalism and relativism about psychiatric categories by focusing on how overlaps between cultures can contribute to ontology-building. A case study analyzing ethnopsychiatric research in the context of South India will illustrate the proposed view, while also pointing out avenues for further research on the causal efficacy of local shared beliefs about mental disorder. If approaches across different traditions and theoretical frames are shown to work in treating similar ailments, causal connections appear to cut across the different ontologies. Ethnopsychiatry would play a central role in such research, namely in disclosing the variables and mechanisms at work within the local approaches. • The critique of Global Mental Health raises philosophical concerns regarding mental disorder, normativity and values. • A value-laden framework for psychiatry can incorporate values outside the 'Global North'. • Partially overlapping ontologies help overcome the universalism - relativism clash over psychiatric categories. • Ethnopsychiatry illustrates overlaps between ontologies and can demonstrate the causal efficacy of local approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in Eastern Crimea, the multilayered site of Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) represents an important key Middle Palaeolithic site of the Crimean peninsula. The uppermost unit of cultural layers of the site (layers IIIa, III, II, and I) pertains to the final stage of the Middle Paleolithic development. The richness and good preservation of various evidence of human activity and remains of material culture allow exploration of many important aspects of the period often referred as “the time of the last Neanderthals”. One important aspect of Zaskalnaya VI is the bone remains of Neanderthals, especially numerous in layers IIIa and III. One of two main focuses of this report is the presentation of anthropological data, with particular emphasis on the detailed odontological characterization of mandibles Zsk VI-72 and Zsk VI-78. The examined odontological complex is characterized by a set of morphological features and variations which are common for the line of Transition Neanderthals. Another focus of the paper is aimed at a wider presentation of data provided by layers IIIa and III, including the history of study, general stratigraphy and some peculiar stratigraphic and spatial features of layers IIIa and III, data on numerical chronology, technical and typological features of stone and bone industry, use-wear analysis data, paleontological and archaeozoological characteristics and other related evidence. Layers IIIa and III represent remains of Neanderthal occupations of different duration and intensity of habitation dated between 35 and 40 uncal ka BP. Similarity of lithic industries suggests both belong to the same industry of Ak-Kaya type, a variation of the local Micoquian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayahuasca is a psychoactive beverage from the Amazon, traditionally used by indigenous and mestizo populations in the region. Widespread international use of the beverage began in the 1990s in both secular contexts and religious/spiritual networks. This article offers an analysis of these networks as health care systems in general and for the case of Spain and specifically Catalonia, describing the emergence and characteristics of their groups, and the therapeutic itineraries of some participants. The medical anthropology perspective we take enables us to reflect on the relationship between medicine and religion, and problematize the tensions between medicalization and medical pluralism. Closely linked to the process of medicalization, we also analyze prohibitionist drug policies and their tensions and conflicts with the use of ayahuasca in ritual and 'health care' contexts. The paper ends with a reflection on the problem of ayahuasca as 'medicine', since the connection between religion and medicine is a very difficult one to separate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of universal health coverage (UHC) as a global policy endorsed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) appears to signal new directions in global health as it introduces a progressive language of inclusion, solidarity and social justice and advocates the right of 'everyone' to access the healthcare they need 'without financial hardship'. Since 2018 the Kenyan government has attempted to widen access to healthcare by experimenting with free health care services and expanding health insurance coverage. Such progressive moves are, however, layered onto histories of healthcare, citizenship and state responsibility that in Kenya have been dominated by forms of exclusion, differentiation, a politics of patronage, and class inequality, all of which work against universal access. In this paper, we follow recent attempts to increase access to healthcare, paying particular attention to how a language of rights and inclusion circulated among "ordinary citizens" as well as among the health workers and government officials tasked with implementing reforms. Despite being clothed in a language of universalism, solidarity and inclusion, Kenya's UHC reforms feed into an already fragmented and struggling healthcare system, reinforcing differentiated, limited and uneven access to healthcare services and reproducing inequity and exclusions. In this context, reforms for universal health coverage that promise a form of substantial citizenship are in tension with Kenyans' experiences of accessing healthcare. We explore how, amid vocal concerns about healthcare costs and state neglect, the promises and expectations surrounding universal health coverage reforms shaped the claims people made to accessing care. While our informants were cynical about these promises, they were also hopeful. The language of universality and inclusion drew people's attention to entrenched forms of inequality and difference, the limits of solidarity and the gaps between promises and realities, but it also generated expectations and a sense of new possibilities. • UHC is a progressive policy engendering aspirations for inclusive or substantive citizenship • However in Kenya UHC enters a fragmented and stratified health system • In this context, health care reforms produce an experience of differentiated citizenship • UHC reforms put a language of universality and inclusion into circulation • They also draw attention to continued inequality and exclusion along socio-economic lines [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term geophagy is applied to the recurrent intentional eating of soil with multifactorial motivation. Geophagists are generally defined by gender (women), age (children), physical status (e.g. pregnancy, lactation, postpartum), social status (people exposed to significant nutritional deficiencies), and culture, but lost awareness of traditional medical meaning of this practice is changing these consumption patterns and increasing health risks. Moreover, although the holistic anthropological perspective recognizes soil consumption as mineral supplementation under certain circumstances, we should consider how the living environment has changed and is changing, along with diet, nutrition requirements, and habits. Therefore, benefits-to-risks ratio of cultural behaviours initiated centuries ago based on traditional medical practices requires deep revision and assessment. Knowledge on minerals metabolism, bioavailability and interactions is required to properly assess the role of geophagy in a balanced and safe intake of micronutrients. Most important, the risk of unbalanced intake of minerals may be serious since the mineralogy and chemistry of geophagic clays are uncontrolled, variable, and difficult to standardize. In addition, other factors (radioactive materials, organic chemicals and soil pathogens) complicate the risk assessment for population groups consuming soil. Since the geophagic practice is expected to persist despite economic development, the paper discusses the multifaceted spectrum of geophagy to highlight critical aspects for risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Asmerom et al. (2018) recently obtained U-series dates for the Obi-Rakhmat Grotto, a key Paleolithic site in Central Asia, with ages of up to ca. 107–109 ka. However, their paper contains numerous errors and inconsistencies which affect the conclusions, and they are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We welcome the comments by Harpur and Haddon (2020) on our paper on the typologies of social support and its associations with breastfeeding at two months in a UK sample. We share their concerns around the under-acknowledged costs of breastfeeding, and the need for a truly family-centred approach to breastfeeding support. However, they are mistaken to assume we do not view breastfeeding problems as an important cost of breastfeeding: We explicitly comment on breastfeeding challenges within our paper, and such challenges are theoretically incorporated into the "costs of breastfeeding" following an evolutionary anthropological framework. They are also incorrect in their statement that we recommend breastfeeding promotion messages to wider family members. In fact, we outline in our manuscript that breastfeeding promotional messages can have negative consequences for mothers, and are unlikely to be supportive. What we do suggest is a family-centred approach that recognises that women interact with, and may be supported by, a wide range of individuals (including fathers and grandmothers); and the importance of taking a nuanced approach to support without assuming that all types of support necessarily leads to "more breastfeeding." We hope our response is useful in clarifying the key points of our paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of late twentieth century, successive waves of molecular biological revolutions (recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, genomics, proteomics, stem cells, tissue engineering, gene therapy) have emerged. As a result, technological knowledge base has become more complex. However, innovation and management studies have been ambivalent about this process. Part of the literature suggested that technological activity is highly industry-specific and accumulative. On the other hand, literature at the firm level has recognized that there has been corporate diversification. Such ambivalence reflects the tension between both micro process of technological diversification and technology convergence. One of the main empirical results of this paper is that inter-industrial convergence is localized covering some subsets of “industrial biotechnology” products. Secondly, patent data enable to distinguish between different kinds of corporate technology coherence: whereas health industry adopt conglomerate biotechnological diversification, industrial biotechnology corporations adopt a more coherent technology diversification enabling innovation and (dynamic) efficient growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his 1785-review of the Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit , Kant objects to Herder's conception of nature as being imbued with active forces. This attack is usually evaluated against the background of Kant's critical project and his epistemological concern to caution against the “metaphysical excess” of attributing immanent properties to matter. In this paper I explore a slightly different reading by investigating Kant's pre-critical account of creation and generation. The aim of this is to show that Kant's struggle with the forces of matter has a long history and revolves around one central problem: that of how to distinguish between the non-purposive forces of nature and the intentional powers of the mind. Given this history, the epistemic stricture that Kant's critical project imposes on him no longer appears to be the primary reason for his attack on Herder. It merely aggravates a problem that Kant has been battling with since his earliest writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers need measures of vulnerability that are grounded in explicit theoretical and conceptual frameworks, that are sensitive to local contexts, and that are easy to collect. This paper presents the Index of Vulnerability (IoV), a quantitative yet anthropologically-informed method connecting social-ecological systems to mental and physical health outcomes. The IoV combines measures of five life domains; food insecurity, water insecurity, access to healthcare, social support, and social status. Scores on this index increase for each life domain where the individual falls into a “high risk” category. Thus, individuals with the highest IoV scores are those who are at risk across multiple life domains. This approach makes the IoV malleable to local contexts, as scholars can choose which measure of each life domain is most appropriate for their study population. An anthropological study conducted among 225 Awajún adults living in the Peruvian Amazon from March to November of 2013 showed that men with higher IoV scores had significantly lower summary fat skinfolds, lower triglyceride levels, and a greater probability of reporting moderate to severe somatic symptoms and poor perceived health. Awajún women with higher IoV scores had significantly elevated perceived stress levels and a greater probability of reporting poor perceived health and moderate to severe somatic and depressive symptoms. Importantly, comparing the IoV to its constituent parts shows that it predicts a wider range of mental and physical health outcomes than any of the life domains alone. The IoV is presented here in relation to the broader political-economic and cultural context of the Awajún, forwarding a critical biocultural approach within anthropology, and demonstrating the IoV’s utility for other scholars and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covering problems were first considered in the context of practical motivations to model and locate emergency service facilities. The covering number is an essential tool in the safety of networks, as it gives the minimum number of detection devices required to identify the location of an intruder or a faulty node. In this paper, we provide a graph theory based approach which could be beneficial to keep the network secure. The covering number for complete flower graphs are calculated exactly and their theoretical properties are explored. Our results on flower graphs can be applied to flower like patterns which represent useful frameworks such as anthropology to study the cultural evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavations at the site of Wadi Mataha, located in Southern Jordan, revealed stratified Epipalaeolithic occupations containing Geometric Kebaran, Early Natufian, and Late Natufian deposits. Although the Middle Epipalaeolithic occupation at the site is small, it contains a human burial in a face-down burial position, along with groundstone artifacts, suggesting a unique burial practice was enacted at the site. This paper explores the Geometric Kebaran component of Wadi Mataha, focusing on the lithic assemblage and the recovered human burial. Despite the small size of the assemblage, techno-typological and functional analysis of the lithics and the presence of a human burial suggests that small, limited term occupations were still considered important and symbolically charged places in the landscape. Wadi Mataha represents one of the southernmost extents of Geometric Kebaran occupations in Jordan, making it an interesting case study to understand regional mobility and movement during the Middle Epipalaeolithic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many parts of the humid Tropics, slash and burn shifting cultivation, incorporating a fallow phase, is the most common farming method, encompassing a broad diversity of techniques. The ecological productivity and sustainability of such systems depend upon the crop:fallow time ratio. Farmers often have biophysical criteria by which to match parcels to cropping systems and decide, for example, when to recultivate a fallow. In this paper, we collate reports of indicators used by farmers to aid in fallow choice from across the agronomic, forestry, ecological, and anthropological literature. We found 27 examples of farmers using such biophysical indicators. Examples found were from eight countries across West and Central Africa. The literature review showed that farmers rank fallow age usually first, followed by vegetation composition, the presence of indicator plants, and earthworm casts. 53 indicator plant species were identified across the region of which 37 were said to indicate soil fertility, 13 soil infertility and 3 either fertility or infertility, depending on their growth characteristics. The most exhaustive lists of indicator plants were reported from southern Cameroon, the Ashante region of Ghana and south west Nigeria. Chromolaena odorata was the most frequently mentioned plant indicator species. The trees Triplochiton scleroxylon and Terminalia superba and the grass were each mentioned, generally as soil fertility indicators, in three areas. Other species mentioned multiple times were Aframomum sp., Andropogon gayanus , Ceiba pentandra , Milicia excelsa , Triumfetta cordifolia and Trema guineensis . Farmers in West and Central Africa have identified indicators for selecting which fallow plots to recultivate. Fallow age, vegetation composition, the presence of indicator plants, particularly C. odorata , and earthworm casts all have some logical scientific basis and farmers observations are supported by the results of scientific studies. There is a lack of documentation of farmers’ knowledge and more studies should be conducted. Such knowledge should form the foundation of any suggested interventions in farming systems in the region and provide information to farmers in communities where such knowledge is not currently applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue explores the production of political legitimacy, approached from the angle of the legitimacy claims of the governing authorities of anomalous geopolitical spaces. Legitimacy sits at the heart of theories of sovereign power, a position that has drawn a range of scholars – be they political geographers, political anthropologists, international lawyers or political scientists – to focus on the state as a primary source of political legitimacy. This special issue starts from a different premise: namely, that by studying alternative sites of legitimacy, so-called de facto states, annexed territories, governments-in-exile, liberation movements or unrecognised governments, we may shine a light on the wider arena of political actors, forms of agency and sites of contestation through which legitimacy is produced. This special issue introduction draws attention to, first, the centrality of questions of legitimacy to the enactment of political authority; second, the plural disciplinary and political interpretations of legitimacy, staking a claim for why this study has interdisciplinary significance; and, third, the spatial and temporal importance of studying anomalous geopolitical spaces. The latter are presented as zones that have often been neglected areas of comparative study but may hold the key to understanding the complexities of political legitimacy in the modern world. The introduction concludes with an overview of the themes contained within the individual papers that comprise this special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1871 the travel writer and anthropologist W. Winwood Reade (1838–1875) was inspired by his correspondence with Darwin to turn his narrow ethnological research on West African tribes into the broadest history imaginable, one that would show Darwin's great principle of natural selection at work throughout the evolutionary history of humanity, stretching back to the origins of the universe itself. But when Martyrdom of Man was published in 1872, Reade confessed that Darwin would not likely find him a very good Darwinian, as he was unable to show that natural selection was anything more than a secondary law that arranges all details. When it came to historicising humans within the sweeping history of all creation, Reade argued that the primary law was that of development, a less contentious theory of human evolution that was better suited to Reade's progressive and teleological history of life. By focussing on the extensive correspondence between Reade and Darwin, this paper reconstructs the attempt to make an explicitly Darwinian evolutionary epic in order to shed light on the moral and aesthetic demands that worked to give shape to Victorian efforts to historicise humans within a vastly expanding timeframe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of a prehistoric timescale was one of the most dramatic developments in nineteenth-century ideas of humanity, massively extending the assumed course of human development and placing it within the deep chronologies of geological time. A dominant motif linking prehistory with wider studies of humanity and notions of historical change was the ‘comparative method’—the idea that modern ‘savages’ were analogous to prehistoric Europeans, and that the two sets of peoples could explain one another. The importance of this mode of reasoning has been well-studied, and shown to have had great significance for concepts of progress and social evolution. What has been less investigated are cases when the comparative method broke down, and where ‘modern savages’ and ‘prehistoric man’ seemed to be dissimilar and analogies hard to make. This paper examines how a series of authors engaged with problems in the comparative method when they attempted to place human development within this deep prehistoric past. In doing so, it highlights the changing interactions between the Victorian deep time sciences and the ‘sciences of man,’ and how notions of European prehistory and modern ‘primitives’ often rested on a notion of variability in the ‘savage’ condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of ancestry from skeletal remains is problematic for subadults because of a lack of systematic research on the topic. This paper addresses the need for systematic research into geographical variation through childhood and puberty through the examination of the emergence of cranial morphological traits through an analysis of 756 subadults from 4 months in utero to <20 years of age. The first appearance of a trait, changes in the morphology of a trait through time, age stability as related to the age of maturation of the structure, and the developmental mechanisms and processes that cause traits to appear together are addressed. Most traits are influenced by patterns of growth and development and become age stable in conjunction with the larger growth complexes of which they are a part. Geographic cranial variation is present from an early age. Population specific differences in the expression of most traits are apparent from their first appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite an expanding literature on Ebola-response, few studies detail or reflect on the responses of diverse systems of care. Little is known about how, why or in what ways, strategies of ill-health management were enacted locally, how health-systems power, authority and hierarchy were perceived and contested, or how other social systems, institutions and relationships shaped the response. This paper presents an interdisciplinary analysis of local responses in two early affected districts in Sierra Leone. Drawing on anthropological theories of social ordering and assemblage, we present an analysis of contrasting infection chains in three extended case studies from Bo and Moyamba districts. In contrast to previous scholarship which has understood local actions as being reactive (supporting or obstructing) to a national Ebola response, we show that local arrangements lead and shape responses. Our cases show how multiple, entangled, dynamic and co-existing systems of care influence these responses. Some individuals and communities collaborated with health authorities on measures like reporting and quarantine, others actively opposed them, or played an intermediary role. Collectively, formal health systems actors, local authorities and ordinary citizens negotiated and enacted new arrangements. These arrangements involved compromise and sometimes power was reconfigured. They were also shaped by wider political and historical contexts and by availability or absence of formal healthcare resources. Our research shows the critical importance of understanding how institutions and people involved in healthcare enact diverse "systems of care" and thereby shape Ebola response. Most importantly, our work underlines the need for alignment between formal health-systems and wider social, cultural, political and economic forms of organisation at family and community levels to improve crisis-response and promote sustainable care. In particular, health systems responders need to identify and engage with key brokers – or arrangers – in frontline care systems, with whom mutually acceptable, and effective, reconfigurations of care can be achieved. • Multiple, dynamic, co-existing systems of care shaped Sierra Leone's Ebola response. • Political/historic context, resources, conflict and compromise all shaped care systems. • Diverse local actors negotiated relationships to reconfigure healthcare arrangements. • It is local arrangements that lead and shape crisis-response at the decentralised level. • Health systems need to engage with "arrangers" to reconfigure locally responsive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For sociological and anthropological scholars alike, the body is both a physical and social entity as well as a project to be worked on by the self and by others (Tamari, 2020). However, scholars' conceptual work in organ transplantation and the body has tended to overlook the resultant surgical scars, yet these are borne by all transplantation recipients. For example, in understanding biomedicine's intervention in the body through the skin Shildrick (2008) uses the term 'corporeal cut' conceptually rather than focus on the flesh that is cut and the scar that subsequently forms. In this way body flesh has become abstract; cut but unmarked, with transplantation scars being an 'absent presence' in these disciplines' thinking. In this paper we attempt to develop a more nuanced understanding of how organ transplantation shapes both the corporeality of the body and the embodiment of the self through considering the concept of a transplant scar in three ways. First, through transplantation scars' dynamic physical appearance across their lifecourse and their symbolic meaning for their bearer. Second, how scars' coded messages are framed for 'stranger' audiences in the context of their little experience of organ transplantation; and third, through the scars' display and storytelling in the context of more intimate relationships. Interview data from 27 adult survivors of childhood liver transplantation, who bear either 'Lexus' or 'Mercedes' transplantation scars, are drawn upon to illustrate these concepts. Awareness of the meanings associated with the scar as well as others' reactions, imputed or not, to the physicality of the scar point to the significance of the body as a corporeal marker of personal narratives and negotiations. It also indicates the polysemic nature of the scarring and the way in which inventive narratives can play a positive as well as negative role in the lives of organ transplant recipients. • Sociology and anthropology of the body rarely consider surgical scars. • Scars have both social and personal significance that is conveyed through stories. • The meaning of transplantation scars are polysemous and change over the lifecourse. • Surgical scarring is increasingly significant as new cohorts require intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing polarization of sustainability debates has enhanced the need for designers to re-engage with the politics of sustainable futures. This paper explores these debates in Flemish suburban dwelling contexts, where sustainable development strategies such as densification and depaving trigger conflict between dwellers, policy-makers, designers and organisations. This research investigates how a design anthropological approach could enable design researchers to go beyond polarization by collaboratively researching the politics of how dwelling futures are being shaped in people's everyday lives. It explores the co-production, curation and reconfiguration of dwelling patterns; an approach that combines the situated approach of design anthropology and the dialogical approach of participatory design in engaging with the politics of everyday dwelling and dwelling futures. • Patterns can re-politicize participatory design processes for sustainable futures. • Co-producing patterns enables contextualization of dwelling futures in everyday life. • Curating a catalogue of patterns supports the reframing of dominant conversations. • Reconfiguring patterns supports ongoing dialogue with actors at multiple scale levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Information on the identification of loose molar tooth germs are scanty. • Gross morphology of the centers is described, and supporting sketches and pictures are provided. • Indications for siding the centers are provided. • These indications can be used by forensic anthropologists to correctly identify molar tooth germs. In forensic anthropology, correct identification of human deciduous teeth is of paramount importance for age-at-death estimation and relies on detailed anatomical descriptions. Yet literature is scarce on indications: details on the morphology of molar tooth germs of fetuses and newborns, developing from multiple mineralized centers that will eventually coalesce, are scant. This paper presents new anatomical elements for practitioners to identify human molar tooth germs at early developmental stages. 126 deciduous molars from 22 modern skeletons of fetuses and newborns (with a known age-at-death ranging between 0 days and 2 months and 21 days postnatal), without reported or observed dental pathological signs, were selected from the Collezione Antropologica LABANOF (CAL) documented skeletal collection. Gross anatomical descriptions of the morphology and configuration of the centers were provided, considering the number of mineralized centers, the shape and the outline of the occlusal plane at different stages. Three different developmental stages were observed in the maxillary first and second molar and the mandibular first molar, whereas in the mandibular second molar four stages were observed. For each stage, we provide additional detailed morphological descriptions, sketches outlining the shape of the tooth germ, and a picture of the tooth; also, indications for siding the teeth are presented. This information can be used by forensic anthropologists and odontologists for a proper identification when tooth germs are not found in anatomical connection within the dental sockets. Further analyses that encompass more age groups on a larger sample would allow to map the entire crown development of deciduous molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]