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Iron ore tailings (IOT) are industrial solid wastes that pose environmental threats. This study prepared IOT-biochar composite materials as multifunctional soil conditioners through an in-situ growth method. Biochar served as a carrier to improve the dispersity and reactivity of IOT in soil. The IOT-biochar composite (FeOT-BC) showed balanced impacts on soil properties, increasing pH, organic matter and available nutrients compared to IOT alone. This was due to the buffering effects of biochar. In pot experiments, FeOT-BC significantly promoted rice plant growth compared to IOT alone. The improvements were attributed to the improved soil fertility and increased microbial activities induced by biochar. The results suggest that integrating IOT with biochar can mitigate the negative effects of tailings and convert them into a value-added product. The biochar component can optimize the performance of IOT by moderating soil acidification, enhancing nutrient release from iron minerals, and stimulating microbial activities. The IOT-biochar composite materials integrate the functionalities of both components for optimized soil conditioning effects, providing a promising strategy for comprehensive tailings utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of antibiotics in wastewater has become a significant concern due to their potential environmental impact and contribution to antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated the degradation of tetracycline, a commonly used antibiotic, in wastewater using a system based on zero-valent nano iron assisted micro-nano bubbles (MB/nZVI). The synthesized nZVI-BC composite, consisting of nano zero-valent iron particles loaded onto phosphoric acid-activated biochar, served as an efficient adsorbent for tetracycline removal. Our findings revealed that the combination of MBs and nZVI significantly enhanced the degradation efficiency of tetracycline. The MB/nZVI system exhibited the highest removal rate of 82.81% after a 2 h reaction, surpassing the performance of MB alone, nZVI-BC alone, and conventional bubble (CB)/nZVI-BC systems. Furthermore, the MB/nZVI system showed superior degradation performance at a dosage of 25 g/L and an MB flow rate of 30 mL/min. The pH condition had no significant effect on tetracycline degradation in the MB/nZVI system. Our results demonstrate that the use of MB/nZVI has the potential to be a sustainable and efficient approach for the remediation of tetracycline-contaminated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart agro-practices over the years have revolutionized the agriculture sector and promoted the concept of sustainable agriculture. One such practice is use of agro-waste biochar in agricultural, environmental, and climatic operations. The viability of using a biochar-based nanocomposite as a support fertilizer for the gradual release of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in various media is examined in this study. The banana peel biochar (BPBC) and its nanocomposite (BNF) were prepared using a simple yet comprehensive chemical process. Synthesized materials were evaluated using FT-IR and SEM/EDX. Physical attributes as well as fertilizer basic characteristics were determined and prepared nanocomposite demonstrated noticeably better water absorbance ratio (68%), equilibrium water content (78.97%), and swelling ratio (3.64 g g−1) than biochar, which is advantageous for preserving soil water levels. The salt index values (0.087mmhos/cc) of the created nanocomposite performed better when compared to the conventional fertilizers due to their safer application. Long-term availability of all doped minerals to the plants, during experimental cycle, was revealed by slow-release nutrient studies in water and soil, which is ideal for promoting germination and growth. The findings of this research revealed that prepared BNF showed improved germination parameters i.e., time for 50% germination (3.4, 3.3, 4.4 days), germination index (3.1, 3.5, 2.4), final germination percentage (91.7, 100, 83.3%), mean germination time (4.0, 3.9, 4.9 days), for cucumber, broccoli and okra, respectively. In addition to that the prepared BNF facilitated enhanced shoot and root length in all the three vegetables as compared to conventional fertilizers. The dose optimization studies depicted that best results of germination as well as plant growth parameters are facilitated by BNF (37.5 kg/ha) owing to enhancement in soil quality by supplying additional organic matter in addition to provision of nutrients on slow-release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the adsorption capacity of the biochar obtained from Pinus patula biomass micro-gasification was studied using malachite green (MG) as the probe pollutant. For this purpose, the biomass type (wood pellets and chips) was selected to produce two kinds of biochar (BC). Afterwards, the effects of the adsorbent dose (6, 9 and 12 g/L), the solution pH (4, 7 and 10) and the BC particle size distribution (150–300, 300–450 and 450–600 μ m) for the maximization of the MG retention by the selected BC were evaluated using a faced-centered central composite design, as response surface methodology. The results indicated that the BC derived from wood chips (BWC) exhibited a higher MG dye adsorption capacity than the BC obtained from the wood pellets (BWP) gasification under the same operating conditions after having reached the equilibrium. A second-order regression model was built for describing the MG adsorption behaviour by BWC under the considered experimental domain. The model, which was validated, resulted to be statistically significant and suitable to represent the MG adsorption by the studied BC with a p-value of 0.00 and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 95.59%. Additionally, a three-dimensional response surface graph and a contour plot were utilized to analyze the interaction effects between the factors influencing the adsorption system and to discern the optimal operating conditions for the use of BWC. The maximal MG dye retention (99.70%) was found to be at an adsorbent dose, pH solution and a particle size distribution of 9.80 g/L, 10 and from 150 to 300 μ m, respectively. Therefore, the BWC tested can be utilized for the treatment of water polluted with dyes, contributing to the establishment of a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming have become a stress condition due to the generation of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation with the industrial revolution. Climate change induces biotic and abiotic stress conditions which badly disturb the yield of crops with leading to the biochemical and physiological damages to plants. Therefore; this study investigated the capability of Morus alba L. wood biochar and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria PG1 (Pseudomonas sp.) and PG2 (Staphylococcus haemolyticus) to alleviate the drought condition in Brassica napus L. plant. In the current research work, the combined application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and biochar triggered an enhancement in physicochemical properties of soil including %field capacity, water use efficiency, germination parameters including Timson germination index, final emergence percentage, mean germination time, final germination percentage, germination energy, mean emergence time, germination rate index and vegetative parameters including seed vigor indexes (SVI-I & SVI-II) and plant height stress index. Inoculation and co-inoculation of PGPRs and biochar positively promote the canola plant growth even under induce drought stress condition. A positive increase in B. napus biomass including leaf area, plant height and root growth and its dry and fresh mass at p < 0.05 level, which support the effectiveness of this approach. Results also showed that Staphylococcus haemolyticus individually and in combination with biochar even under stress condition promote canola plant growth more than Pseudomonas sp. We concluded that under stressors, co-application of PGPRs and biochar could be an operative approach for enhancing plant productivity and its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, scientists have shown interest in utilizing biochar made from natural sources to enhance various photovoltaic technologies. In this study, Zinc-Bis-8-hydroxyquinoline (Zn-Hq2) was mixed with 10 % biochar obtained from red sea microalgae (Chlorophyta) using a microwave combustion process. This mixture was then used as a novel photoactive layer in a solar cell. The structural properties of Zn-Hq2@BC were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, and SEM. The analysis showed that Zn-Hq2@BC had evenly distributed nano-rods within the BC nanopores network, with widths ranging from 26.94 to 30.90 nm and lengths ranging from 136.43 to 192.38 nm. When measuring dark current density-voltage, it was found that Zn-Hq2@BC/n-Si showed better-rectifying characteristics compared to pristine Zn-Hq2/n-Si, with a higher rectification ratio. The results also showed that the current density and voltage at the maximum power point increased to 5.63 mA/cm2 and 0.45 V, respectively, due to the activation of the biochar. When exposed to light, the addition of approximately 10 % biochar resulted in a 15 % increase in fill factor and a 92 % increase in power conversion efficiency. This is because biochar helps introduce extra charge carriers into the material, thus improving charge transport and reducing recombination losses. These findings reveal the positive effects of microalgae-derived biochar and indicate potential applications of Zn-Hq2 in solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and efficient process for the removal of Ce(IV) from aqueous solutions was sought, and a new magnetic porous biochar (PBC/ZF) was synthesized by loading ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZF) onto porous biochar (PBC) using a one-step hydrothermal method. The SEM observation of the external features showed that the cubic spinel structured ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZF) particles were loaded onto the porous biochar (PBC) surface. This resulted in a composite with superb paramagnetic properties as well as higher adsorption properties. In addition, the microstructure was characterized by FTIR, which demonstrated that the target material was supplied with a large amount of carboxyl groups (-COOH) by citric acid during the synthesis process. The BET showed that the target material had a higher specific surface area than ZnFe 2 O 4 with PBC, confirming the successful preparation of the target material after activation of the biomass using ZnCl 2 immersion as well. The effect of different factors on the adsorption effect was investigated experimentally. The results showed that PBC/ZF had a good adsorption effect on Ce(IV) with a short adsorption equilibrium time and a maximum adsorption capacity of 228.9 mg/g at room temperature with lower acidity (pH = 2.5). The adsorption kinetics and isotherm analysis showed that the Ce(IV) adsorption process fitted well with the quasi-secondary kinetic model and Langmuir model. It indicates that the process is a single molecular layer adsorption process. It was demonstrated that PBC/ZF also has high removal rate for high concentration Ce(IV) solution, and it is easy for solid-liquid separation under the action of applied magnetic field after adsorption. It provides a new treatment method and theoretical support for the adsorption treatment technology of Ce (IV) wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar was proposed as a novel carbon source for synthesizing Ti 3 SiC 2 powder with high purity by a simple pressureless sintering at 1673 K, and Ti 3 SiC 2 grains exhibited the typical nanolayered structure. The oxidation behavior of Ti 3 SiC 2 powder showed the parabolic law during isothermal oxidation from 1273 K to 1473 K. Dense and continuous oxidation layer consisting of mixed TiO 2 and SiO 2 was formed rapidly on the surface of Ti 3 SiC 2 particles as a diffusion barrier, which effectively retarded the inward diffusion of oxygen, conferring good oxidation resistance of the powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus, P deficiency by adsorption and fixation of applied P is a critical problem in the tropical soils coupled with wastage of agricultural land and potential nutrients from crop residues' decomposition necessitates conservancy and sustainable management. Maize stover biochar (mB) and sawmill waste biochar (sB) pyrolysed for 60-minute at 460 °C using Top-Lit Up Draft (TLUD) carbonizer were characterized by morphological, elemental and proximate properties analysed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), CHNS Elemental Analyser and appropriate methods, respectively. Phosphorus (P) adsorption potential of the biochars in charnockite-originated soils were evaluated using adsorption isotherms after adding biochars at 0, 5, 10 and 20% (w/w) with concentrations of 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 mg P/L. SEM showed macropores (>50 nm) embedded biochars, with higher elemental C and H in sB while mB contained higher N, S, O, available P and pH. P-adsorption decreased inconsistently with increasing biochar rates resulting in P-desorption. Low Langmuir adsorption maximum (Qm) were recorded (−0.0350 to 0.1250 mg kg−1) mostly with negative separation factors (R L) and the adsorption process were favourable for mB amended soils having Freundlich heterogeneity factor (n F) of 4.476–9.634 but not for sB amended soils (n F = 0.638–2.812). Biochar production conserved nutrient loss and potentially reduced soil P fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Coupled Electro-dewatering (EDW) with Carbon Materials has demonstrated significant potential in the efficient deep dewatering and solid-liquid separation of activated sludge. In this study, Fe-loaded sludge-based biochar (SBB) was synthesized via FeCl 3 impregnation, and the physicochemical properties of SBB were comprehensively characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET analysis, FTIR, and XPS. The results demonstrated that the elevation of pyrolysis temperature facilitated the formation of graphitic carbon and graphitic nitrogen structures within the SBB, thereby augmenting current transport in the solid phase of the sludge. Meanwhile, the Fe material present on the surface of SBB undergoes dissolution in the sludge supernatant, thereby releasing Fe ions into the liquid phase and augmenting the conductivity of the liquid system. After the addition of SBB, the sludge showed an increase in Zeta potential and conductivity, along with a pH shift towards acidity, thus improving the conditions for EDW processes. The results obtained from the EDW analysis demonstrated that the application of SBB@800 significantly contributed to the enhancement of both initial current and dewatering limit, leading to a notable reduction in sludge water content from 57.2 % to 40.7 %. This study emphasizes the influence of temperature on physicochemical properties of SBB and its role in EDW, proposing an environmentally friendly approach for advanced sludge treatment using carbon materials and EDW synergy while providing insights for designing carbon materials to enhance EDW performance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are common hazardous organic contaminants in agricultural soil. Microbial remediation is an effective and eco-friendly method for eliminating PAEs. Nevertheless, the operational mode and potential application of immobilized microorganisms in PAEs-contaminated soil are poorly understood. In this study, we prepared an immobilized bacterial agent (IBA) using a cedar biochar carrier to investigate the removal efficiency of PAEs by IBA in the soil. We found that IBA degraded 88.35% of six optimal-control PAEs, with 99.62% biodegradation of low-molecular-weight PAEs (DMP, DEP, and DBP). The findings demonstrated that the IBA achieved high efficiency and a broad-spectrum in degrading PAEs. High-throughput sequencing revealed that IBA application altered the composition of the soil bacterial community, leading to an increase in the relative abundance of PAEs-degrading bacteria (Rhodococcus). Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis indicated that IBA promoted microbial interactions within the soil community. This study introduces an efficient method for the sustainable remediation of PAEs-contaminated soil. [Display omitted] • The immobilized bacteria exhibited outstanding efficiency in degrading PAEs. • The exogenous bacterial consortium improved community structure. • The immobilized bacteria enhanced the interactions among indigenous bacteria. • An efficient and green remediation method for PAEs-contaminated soil is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a sludge biochar (CA-SBC-300) with efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was prepared by citric acid modification. CA-SBC-300 achieved efficient degradation of naproxen (NPX) (95.5%) within 10 min by activating PMS. This system was highly resilient to common disruptive factors such as inorganic anions, humic acid (HA) and solution pH. The results of XPS and Raman showed that the content of oxygenated functional groups (OFGs) and the degree of defects on the sludge biochar increased after citric acid modification, which may be an important reason for the enhanced catalytic performance of SBC. In the CA-SBC-300/PMS system, 1O 2 and O 2 •− made the main contributions to the degradation of NPX. XPS analysis and DFT calculations demonstrated that C=O/C−O and pyridine N on CA-SBC-300 were the crucial active sites for PMS activation. According to the results of UPLC-MS analysis, three possible pathways for NPX degradation were inferred. This study provided a feasible strategy for sludge resource utilization combined with efficient catalytic degradation of toxic organic contaminants in wastewater. [Display omitted] • CA-SBC-300 was prepared by pyrolysis and citric acid impregnation. • The content of OFGs on the surface of CA-SBC-300 increased after citric acid modification. • 1O 2 and O 2.•− were the main active species for NPX degradation. • The enhanced mechanism was elucidated by DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although selenium is an essential nutrient, its contamination in water poses serious risks to human health and ecosystems. In this study, aluminum-modified bamboo biochar (Al-BC) was developed to reclaim Se(VI) from water. Compared to pristine biochar (BC), Al-BC had a larger specific surface area (176 m2/g) and pore volume (0.180 cm³/g). The modification, achieved by loading AlOOH and Al 2 O 3 particles onto the surface, enabled Al-BC to achieve a maximum adsorption capacity of 37.6 mg/g for Se(VI) within 2 h and remove 99.6% of Se(VI) across a pH range of 3–10. The main adsorption mechanism of Se(VI) involved electrostatic attraction, forming outer-sphere complexes between Se(VI) and AlOOH sites on the biochar. The bioavailability of Se sorbed on the spent biochar (Al-BC-Se) was thus evaluated. It was discovered that Al-BC-Se successfully released Se(VI), which impacted the growth of wheat seedlings. The Se content reached 134 μg/g dry weight (DW) in wheat shoots and 638 μg/g DW in roots, significantly exceeding normal selenium content (<40 μg/g DW). By successfully applying the modified biochar to capture selenium from water through adsorption and then reusing it as an essential nutrient in soil, this study suggests the promising feasibility of the "removal-collection-reuse" approach for the circular economy of selenium in wastewater. [Display omitted] • Al-modified biochar exhibits excellent Se(VI) adsorption capacity. • Se-laden biochar releases bioavailable Se(VI) for wheat seedlings. • Highly efficient recovery and reuse of Se(VI). • Removal-collection-reuse approach for circular economy of selenium in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO 2) has garnered significant attention in photocatalysis field, but the wide bandgap and fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs severely hamper its extensive application. Herein, we present a novel biomass-assisted strategy to construct S-scheme heterojunction tin quantum dots-modified titanium dioxide@nitrogen, oxygen-containing biochar composite photocatalyst (Sn QDs/TiO 2 @biochar). The influence of pyrolysis temperature, biomass amount, and Sn content on adsorptive and UV-/Vis-photocatalytic performance of Sn QDs/TiO 2 @biochar were systematically optimized. The optimally-prepared catalyst displays a full light absorptive response feature and improved adsorptive and UV-/Vis-photocatalytic performance in the removal of high concentration methylene dye and tetracycline hydrochloride. The excellent performance of Sn QDs/TiO 2 @biochar is attributed to the enhanced synergic effects among many factors, such as multi-functions of each component, series size quantum effects of Sn QDs, heterojunctions, especially S-scheme heterojunction between Sn QDs and TiO 2. Furthermore, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. This study may provide a simple and sustainable approach for constructing environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and high-performance photocatalysts. [Display omitted] • S-scheme heterojunction within Sn QDs/TiO 2 @biochar was constructed by biomass-assisted strategy. • Sn QDs/TiO 2 @biochar shows excellent adsorptive and UV-/Vis-photocatalytic performance for removing organic pollutants. • Excellent performance is attributed to synergic effects including quantum size of Sn QDs and IEF of S-heterojunction. • Full light absorption spectrum of Sn QDs/TiO 2 @biochar is mainly ascribed to Sn QDs and biochar. • Preparation method is simple, efficient, cost-effective, environmental-friendly, and waste resources are reutilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar-immobilized microbial technologies hold substantial promise for the remediation of environmental contaminants. However, the understanding of remediation efficiency and the operation of microbial consortia in complex soil environments using biochar as a carrier remains limited. In this study, we explored the impacts of biochar combined with bacterial consortium QY2Y (consisting of Chitinophaga sp. MH-1, Achromobacter sp. YH-1, Methylobacterium sp. ZY-1, and Sphingomonas sp. GY-1) on BDE-47 dissipation in contaminated soil, as well as its effects on soil-plant systems. The findings indicated that the immobilization of biochar and QY2Y not only stimulated the biodegradation of BDE-47 (61.50%) but also decreased the bioavailability of BDE-47, subsequently reducing the concentration of BDE-47 in the edible portion of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by 82.00%. In addition, the combined treatment notably increased soil pH, enhanced the physicochemical properties and nutrient conditions of the soil, and amplified soil dehydrogenase, catalase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities by 58.72%, 69.25%, 54.24%, and 74.74%, respectively. The application of biochar-based QY2Y improved the soil microbial community structure, bolstered the interspecific symbiotic and cooperative relationships, and restructured the keystone taxa. The key species microbes had direct and significant positive effects on BDE-47 degradation, soil nutrients, and soil enzyme activity. This study deepens our understanding of the potential applications of immobilized microbial consortia in treating PBDE-contaminated soils and offers guidance for the management and remediation of contaminated soils. [Display omitted] • Biochar-based bacterial consortium QY2Y effectively reduced BDE-47 concentrations in soil by 61.5% over a 90-day period. • Biochar-based QY2Y greatly reduced BDE-47 by 82.9% in aboveground parts of rapeseed. • Biochar-based QY2Y enhanced C metabolism and enzyme activities associated with C, N and P cycling in soil. • Biochar-based QY2Y increased the abundance of potential degraders and stimulated interspecific interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global climate change and natural resource scarcity, agricultural production is facing multiple challenges in improving crop yields and optimizing natural resource use. It is of great practical significance to optimize agricultural practices to achieve sustainable agricultural development. In this study, a two-year winter wheat field experiment was conducted in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China, from 2020 to 2022 to assess the effects of biochar, irrigation, and N fertilizer rates on the yield, water-nitrogen use efficiency, and economic benefits of winter wheat. Specifically, biochar was applied to winter wheat at 30 t ha−1 in combination with two irrigation application rates, including regular irrigation (I 100 ; actual evapotranspiration) and deficit irrigation (I 80 ; 0.8 actual evapotranspiration), and three different N fertilizer rates at 210 (N H ; conventional applied N rate by local farmers), 160 (N M ; moderate N rate), and 110 kg ha−1 (N L ; low N rate). The control groups in this study consisted of experimental plots under the N M and N 0 (no N) without biochar application. The aboveground dry matter mass (ADM), yield, and net ecosystem economic budget (NEEB) of winter wheat showed increasing trends with increasing N application rates without significant differences between the N H and N M treatments. On the other hand, the water use efficiency (WUE), agronomic N fertilizer use efficiency (aNUE), and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NRE) showed increasing-decreasing trends with increasing N fertilizer rates, reaching the highest values under the N M treatment scenario. The biochar addition significantly increased the winter wheat yield and WUE (P<0.05). On the other hand, the I 80 treatment resulted in higher WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) than those under I 100 by 5.63 and 13.52 %, respectively. TOPSIS results indicated that the combined I 80 B 1 N M treatment was the optimal winter wheat management practice, maintaining high productivity while improving resource use efficiency and economic benefits. The results of the present study provide an important scientific basis and guidance for ensuring efficient and high-quality agricultural products in the Guanzhong Plain and other regions in China with similar climatic characteristics. • Reduced nitrogen improved resource utilization without significantly reducing yield. • Biochar improved nutrient supply and reduced irrigation deficit-induced yield loss. • Biochar increased wheat yields while improving water and nitrogen use efficiencies. • The I 80 B 1 N M treatment enhanced wheat yields and associated economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization and soil conservation measures play crucial roles in influencing nutrient loss and soil erosion on sloping farmlands. However, the long-term effects of these measures and the characterization of nutrient loss and sediment yield under different rainfall types and crop growth stages were not well studied. Therefore, we designed six treatments for sloping farmlands in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area with a field experiment. A field experiment included downslope cultivation with chemical fertilizer (DF), downslope cultivation with chemical fertilizer plus manure (DFM), cross-slope cultivation with chemical fertilizer plus manure (CFM), no-till straw cover with chemical fertilizer plus manure (NSFM), ridge plant hedges with chemical fertilizer plus manure (RFM), and biochar interception ditches with chemical fertilizer plus manure (BFM). The results indicated that soil and water conservation measures in association with manure substitution significantly reduced runoff depth (14.3–22.5 %), sediment yield (10.3–46.5 %), and total nitrogen (TN) loss (13.5–36.5 %) compared to DF. NSFM significantly reduced total phosphorus (TP) loss by 17.4 % and the TP loss from the other treatments did not show significant differences compared to DF. Rainfall intensity and runoff depth were identified as critical factors influencing nutrient loss and soil erosion. NSFM showed maximal nutrient reduction performance under different rainfall intensities, while DFM was not significantly effective. NO 3 --N and particulate P dominated the loss of TN and TP. The first 30 minutes of runoff generation and the seedling stage were identified as risk periods for N and P loss. The study suggests that the NSFM treatment was the appropriate method to prevent soil and water nutrient loss. This provides important insights for the precise control of nutrient loss and soil erosion on sloping farmlands. [Display omitted] • Cross-slope cultivation and no-till straw cover are effective measures to reduce nutrient loss and soil erosion. • Initial runoff and the seedlings stage are the critical period for nutrient loss and sediment yield. • Controlling heavy rainfall events and initial runoff is crucial for reducing nutrient loss and soil erosion. • NO3--N and particulate phosphorus are the primary forms of N and P loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the synthesis and characterization of polyamide/biochar composites via in situ polymerization of 12-aminolauric acid with varying biochar concentrations. The motivation behind this research is to enhance the properties of polyamide 12 (PA12) by integrating biochar, a sustainable material derived from biomass, to improve both performance and environmental impact. A detailed structure-property correlation analysis was conducted to assess the effects of biochar on PA12's morphology, mechanical behavior, crystallinity, thermal stability, viscoelastic performance, and environmental sustainability. Key findings include successful PA12 synthesis, confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Increased biochar content led to a decrease in molecular weight and an increase in crystallinity from 27 % to 38 %, suggesting enhanced nucleation effects. SEM analysis showed excellent dispersion and compatibility of biochar within the PA12 matrix, leading to significant improvements in tensile strength (from 38 ± 1 MPa to 54 ± 2 MPa) and modulus (from 745 ± 30 MPa to 2055 ± 65 MPa). Rheological tests demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, facilitating effective extrusion-based 3D printing of a complex object with 50 wt% biochar. A life cycle assessment revealed substantial environmental benefits, including a net reduction of 1.83 kg·CO₂ equiv.·kg⁻1 due to the use of biochar derived from wood pyrolysis. These findings highlight the potential of PA12/biochar composites as environmentally sustainable structural materials, combining enhanced functional properties with significant ecological advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, biochar is extensively used in wastewater remediation with the aim of achieving water security and circularity with minimal impacts on ecosystems and the environment. In this study, digestate biochar was prepared and modified using different methods and then employed as a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator to oxidize oxytetracycline, a model antibiotic pollutant in wastewater. The optimal biochar catalyst was characterized, spin trapping tests were carried out to confirm the dominant catalytic mechanism, and in silico toxicity prediction was conducted based on structure-activity relationships. Assessment of the catalytic performance of the pristine and engineered biochar showed that nitrogen doping increased oxytetracycline degradation efficiency by 1.92-fold (i.e., 100% oxytetracycline degradation with the engineered biochar compared to 52% with pristine biochar), while pyrrolic nitrogen was identified as a major PMS activation site. It was discovered that several parameters, such as catalyst dose, pH, PMS concentration, and competing ions, affected oxytetracycline degradation efficiencies. Additionally, the toxicity of the degradation intermediate was studied. Scavenger trapping tests showed that 1O 2 and SO 4 •- were the most prevalent species during oxytetracycline degradation in the system, with four possible degradation pathways proposed, including secondary alcohol oxidation, hydroxylation, dehydration, and deamidation. Overall, it is anticipated that this study would contribute to our understanding of metal-free biochar activation of PMS as an attractive treatment scheme for antibiotic-polluted water. [Display omitted] • Digestate biochar was engineered by alkali activation and N-dopants supplementation. • The engineered biochar/PMS system accomplished 100% OTC removal in <30 min. • The biochar/PMS system attained OTC mineralization efficiency of 51.6%. • Alcohol oxidation, hydroxylation and deamidation were main OTC degradation pathways. • Ecotoxicological profiling revealed potential toxicity of some degradation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar (BC) has been proven effective in promoting the production of safety food in cadmium (Cd)-polluted soil and the impact can be further enhanced through interaction with compost (CM). However, there existed unclear impacts of biochar with varying particle sizes in conjunction with compost on microbiome composition, rhizosphere functions, and soil health. Hence, in this study, two bulk-biochar derived from wood chips and pig manure were fabricated into nano-biochar using a ball-milling method. Subsequently, in a field experiment, the root-associated bacterial community and microbial functions of lettuce were evaluated in respond to Cd-contaminated soil remediated with nano/bulk-BCCM. The results showed that compared to bulk-BCCM, nano-BCCM significantly reduced the Cd concentration in the edible part of lettuce and the available Cd in the soil. Both nano-BCCM and bulk-BCCM strongly influenced the composition of bacterial communities in the four root-associated niches, and enhanced rhizosphere functions involved in nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon cycling, as well as the relative abundance and biodiversity of keystone modules in rhizosphere soil. Furthermore, soil quality index analysis indicated that nano-BCCM exhibited greater potential than bulk-BCCM in maintaining soil health. The data revealed that nano-BCCM could regulate the Cd concentration in lettuce shoot by promoting microbial biodiversity of keystone modules in soil-root continuum and rhizosphere bacterial functions. These findings suggest that nano-biochar compost associations can be a superior strategy for enhancing microbial functions, maintaining soil health, and ensuring crop production safety in the Cd-contaminated soil compared to the mix of bulk-biochar and compost. [Display omitted] • Nano-BCCM could minimize Cd content and increase yields of leaves. • Nano/bulk-BCCM changed the composition of root-associated bacterial community. • Nano-BCCM had greater potential in enhancing rhizosphere soil health than bulk-BCCM. • Less Cd uptake linked to higher keystone microbe diversity and functions in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics present in human urine pose significant challenges for the use of urine-based fertilizers in agriculture. This study introduces a novel two-stage approach utilizing distinct biochar types to mitigate this concern. Initially, a modified biochar selectively adsorbed azithromycin (AZ), ciprofloxacin (CPX), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), and tetracycline (TC) from human urine. Subsequently, a separate pristine biochar was employed to capture nutrients. Biochar, derived from sewage sludge and pyrolyzed at 550 and 700 °C, was modified using dimethyl sulfoxide, deep eutectic solvent, and ionic liquid to enhance antibiotic removal in the first stage. The modifications introduced hydrophilic functional groups (-OH/-COOH), which favor antibiotic adsorption. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, with the Langmuir isotherm model best describing the adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacities for AZ, CPX, SMX, TMP, and TC after the modification were 196.08, 263.16, 81.30, 370.37, and 833.33 μg/g, respectively. Pristine biochar exhibited a superior ammonia adsorption capacity compared to the modified biochar. Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and chemisorption drove antibiotic adsorption on the modified biochar. Regeneration efficiency declined due to solvent accumulation and potential byproduct formation on the biochar surface (<30% removal capacity after three cycles). This study presents innovative biochar modification strategies for selective antibiotic adsorption, laying the groundwork for environmentally friendly urine-based fertilizers in agriculture. [Display omitted] • Biochar surface was modified using non-traditional agents. • Surface modifications enhanced antibiotic adsorption selectivity. • Modifications of biochar introduced hydrophilic functional groups on the surface. • Hydrogen bonding and chemisorption were the main adsorption mechanisms. • Removal of antibiotics was higher than nutrients after five regeneration cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging contaminants, particularly antibiotics and microplastics (MPs), present significant challenges in wastewater treatment and pose large ecological risks. This study investigates the removal efficiency of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) using Fe-Mn modified biochar (BFM) in fixed bed filtration columns, emphasizing the effect of the presence of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on SMX behavior in both water (pH ≈ 5.6) and selected wastewater (pH ≈ 8) systems. Batch sorption results show that 10 mg/L SMX in 50 mL water can be completely removed by 100 mg BFM sorbent. The Bed Depth Service Time model indicated the BFM column is feasible for SMX removal in scaled-up continuous wastewater flow operations, while the Yan model best elucidates SMX filtration behavior and suggests the dominant adsorption mechanisms include external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion. The present of both 20 mg/L and 100 mg/L PS-MPs (pH ≈ 5.6) significantly reduced SMX retention due to competitive sorption. However, at pH 3.2, competitive sorption became negligible due to electrostatic interactions driving the PS-MPs sorption, while neutral charged SMX bound through hydrogen-bonds or π-π EDA interactions. Elevated pH shifted both PS-MPs and SMX sorption to non-electrostatic thus intensifying sorption competition, highlighting the influence of pH on their interaction dynamics. In wastewater, SMX filtration was slightly inhibited by 100 mg/L PS-MPs in BFM columns, whereas PS-MPs removal remained unaffected due to the high ionic strength and alkaline pH. These findings highlight the impact of MPs on pollution removal efficiency in filtration system, essential for enhancing biochar-based wastewater treatment strategies. [Display omitted] • Fe-Mn/biochar (BFM) columns exhibited great potential to filtrate sulfamethoxazole (SMX). • Bed Depth Service Time and Yan models validate the effectiveness of our methodology and confirm its scalability in continuous flow systems. • Presence of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) significantly reduced SMX filtration by BFM columns, while SMX enhanced PS-MPs filtration at pH ≈ 5.6. • Removal of coexistence of SMX and PS-MPs by BFM columns was highly pH-dependent due to electrostatic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent progress of the biochar application as a catalyst for the production of hydrogen has been presented in this review. Biochar is a carbon-rich material, which can be produced through different thermochemical conversions (pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization) using various feedstocks. Biochar has gained attention as a possible catalyst for the production of hydrogen in recent years. It has a distinctive structure and multiple functions and can be accessed widely. The utilization of biochar as a catalyst can significantly improve the hydrogen yield and quality, showing improved catalytic activity and thermal stability. The physiochemical characteristics of biochar are also affected by the different types of feedstocks. Furthermore, the biochar performance can be increased as a catalyst when it is modified with alkali, acid, metal ions, carbonaceous materials, oxidants, purging of gas, and steam. This review presents an overview of the feedstock, production, modification, and characterization methods of the biochar, followed by an elaborate discussion on the application of biochar as a catalyst. This paper addresses the current development of biochar as a catalyst/support for hydrogen production in thermochemical techniques, photocatalytic water splitting, dark fermentation, and methane steam reforming. Overall, biochar catalyst has the potential for a cleaner and more effective energy system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and energy-efficient biochar kiln that can be operated in the field with few requirements has been developed. The generated syngas are recirculated into the combustion chamber to heat biomass. This study optimized the feedstock parameters, biochar yield, and economics of producing biochar from soybean straw using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD). The biochar kilns had an energy conversion efficiency of 47.02% and an overall kiln efficiency of 41.03% at steady-state operation over 500 °C. It produced an average of 29.43 ± 1.42% biochar with a minimal fuel-to-biochar ratio of 0.19 ± 0.02 and a payback period of 4.02 months. The statistical analysis confirmed that the characteristics of the feedstock affect the biochar output and economic aspects of the biochar production process. Based on the optimization studies, it was concluded that the feedstock's moisture content should be 8% and particle size should be 15 mm for higher biochar yield with maximum energy efficiency and benefit-cost ratio. Biochar produced at optimal conditions obtained from the optimization process was also characterized. Physical-chemical analysis reveals that biochar has a higher carbon content (79.38 ± 1.04 %) and a lower atomic ratio of H/C (0.696), O/C (0.14), and (N + O)/C (0.08), indicating higher carbon stability and aromaticity. The TGA analysis demonstrated the high thermal stability of biochar by showing a lower (2.15%) mass loss between the 343.8 and 407.1 °C temperature range. The SEM and TEM micrographs showed the microporous structure of the soybean straw biochar with a worm-like pattern and a cylindrical shape. [Display omitted] • Novel biochar kiln developed for field operation with syngas recirculation. • RSM optimization enhances biochar yield and economic viability. • Developed biochar kiln is the most suitable for farmers to produce biochar. • Good quality biochar can be produced with 47% energy conversion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of tons of cotton textile waste are generated annually worldwide, and most of it enters the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream for landfill or incineration disposal, resulting in a significant waste of resources and environmental pollution. This article developed an innovative low-temperature pyrolysis process for producing artificial humic acid (HA) from waste cotton textiles. Subsequently, Al3+ was introduced for a secondary pyrolysis to prepare an Al-doped biochar (Al/BC) with superior adsorption properties. The experimental results show that the presence of Al3+ has an important influence on the pyrolysis process of cotton fabric and the formation and structure of Al/BC. This is the first time to synthesize low-cost adsorbent by pyrolysis and aluminum mixing process of waste cotton cloth and explains the mechanism. This increased in defects (I D / I G = 0.76 to I D / I G = 0.92), a larger specific surface area (6.47 m2/g to 566.94 m2/g), and an increase in oxygen-containing functional groups (from none to C-O-C, O C-O, etc.) when compared to the undoped Al3+ biochar. The optimum Al3+-doped biochar (Al/BC-15) prepared with HA as a precursor exhibited a superior adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) of up to 176.23 mg/g, surpassing the results reported for similar materials in the literature. The adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) is primarily based on physical adsorption, with some chemical adsorption. At a lower pH, the Al/BC-15 surface exhibits a high positive charge (46 mV). The Al3+-O-Cr(VI) association group is formed through rapid electrostatic attraction between C-Al and Cr(VI). Due to the strong positive electronegativity of Al3+ and the negative electronegativity of C in the vicinity of Al, Cr(VI) is further reduced to Cr(III) by C-Al. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper for preparing Al-doped carbon materials from waste cotton fabric offers a new approach and potential application for the production of high-performance adsorbent materials from waste cotton fabric. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work synthesized polyethyleneimine and chitosan modified winter melon-derived biochar (PEI-CTS@WBC) using chemical crosslinking method for uranium(VI) removal. The factors influencing uranium(VI) adsorption by PEI-CTS@WBC, including pH, adsorbent dosage, time, temperature, and initial U(VI) concentration were explored. The material's performance was characterized, and the underlying mechanism of U(VI) removal was analyzed using various techniques. Compared with other reported adsorbents, the maximum adsorption capacity of PEI-CTS@WBC for U(VI) was 411.44 mg g−1, which was higher than most existing adsorbents. The dynamics studies showed that adsorption was more in line with the second-order kinetic model, indicating that chemical adsorption was the main process. The K d and S U value of U(VI) by PEI-CTS@WBC could reach 11194.44 mL g−1 and 76.47 % respectively, which exhibited a high selective adsorption characteristics for U(VI) in aqueous solutions. The XPS analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process was primarily due to the formation of stable complexes with N-H, N-C, C-O and O-H. This research showed that the introduction of polyethyleneimine and chitosan greatly improved the adsorption effect of WBC on U(VI). PEI-CTS@WBC had high selective adsorption characteristics and good reusability for U(VI) in aqueous solutions. PEI-CTS@WBC was an economical, efficient and stable composite material. These findings provided a theoretical basis for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with U(VI). [Display omitted] • PEI-CTS@WBC had advantages of low cost, easy preparation and good stability. • The maximum adsorption capacity of PEI-CTS@WBC for U(VI) was 411.44 mg g−1. • PEI-CTS@WBC exhibited a high selective adsorption for U(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of food waste biochar (FWB) on the biological properties of soil, including the microbial community structure, enzyme activities, lettuce growth, and earthworm ecotoxicity. This holistic assessment of various soil organisms was used to assess the potential of FWB as a soil amendment strategy. Pot experiments were carried out over a 28-d period using various FWB concentrations in soil (0–3% w/w). The presence of FWB enhanced the activity of alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucosidase in proportion to the FWB concentration. Similarly, the dehydrogenase activity after 28 d was positively correlated with the FWB concentration. Notably, the application of FWB improved the bacterial diversity in the soil, particularly among hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, while also prompting a shift in the fungal community structure at the class level. Measures of lettuce growth, including total fresh weight, shoot length, and leaf number, also generally improved with the addition of FWB, particularly at higher concentrations. Importantly, FWB did not adversely affect the survival or weight of earthworms. Collectively, these findings suggest that FWB can enhance soil microbial enzyme activity and support plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, potentially leading to increased crop yields. This highlights the potential of FWB as an eco-friendly soil amendment strategy. [Display omitted] • Phosphatase and beta-glucosidase activities were enhanced with food waste biochar. • Food waste biochar (FWB) enriched plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. • FWB enhanced shoot length and leaf characteristics of lettuce. • FWB did not show any significant effects on earthworms up to 3%. • The results showed the potential of FWB as a soil amendment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical flow-constructed wetlands (VFCWs) are treatment systems that can be used for the phytoremediation of highly polluted textile wastewater. Using plant-derived biochar to simultaneously improve the contaminant removal performance of CWs and sustainable utilization of harvested plant biomass is an interesting proposition. The present study explored the phytoremediation potential of Phragmites karka and verified the impact of using P. karka -derived biochar as a substrate in VFCWs for the treatment of textile wastewater. For this, three types of VFCWs were designed; (i) non-vegetated (VFCW), (ii) vegetated with P. karka (VFCW–P), and (iii) vegetated with P. karka and amended with P. karka -derived biochar (VFCW-BP) and semi-batch experiments were conducted. The investigation confirmed that wetlands using biochar as substrate were more efficient than other wetlands in pollutant load reduction. The maximum pollutant removal efficiencies were recorded for VFCW-BP vis-à-vis COD (83.61%), color (77.87%), chloride (73.22%), calcium (73.52%), sodium (67.18%), and potassium (75.72%) after five days. Furthermore, biochar addition enhanced the growth conditions for wetland plants by alleviating osmotic and oxidative stresses and hence helped them to perform better while removing pollutants. The maximum reduction of various pollutant parameters was reached within 72 h, after which remediation efficiency was slowed down. The study suggests that VFCW with biochar amendment is a useful strategy for textile wastewater treatment. Because the experimental design satisfies the needs for low-cost wastewater treatment, it may find widespread applications. [Display omitted] • Biochar as innovative substrate in VFCW for textile wastewater treatment was explored. • Phragmites -derived biochar enhanced pollutant removal efficiency of the wetland. • Better phytoremediation potential of Phragmites was obtained in presence of biochar. • COD and Color were reduced by 83.61% and 77.87%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent and mobile (PM) substances refer to a wide range of organic micropollutants (OMPs) with high persistence and mobility in water. So far, only a few methods have been explored for the removal of PM substances from drinking water. In this work, a new adsorbent based on spent coffee grounds and aluminum waste was synthesized and utilized to remove 25 OMPs, including 22 PM substances, from drinking water. Different characterization methods, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), analyses according to Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), were applied to describe the adsorbent's textural and structural characteristics. The results revealed that the adsorbent is highly effective in removing OMPs. Common OMPs (i.e. carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac) were completely removed from drinking water. Also, many of the PM substances were removed by more than 80% using an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L. A strong relation between abatement of ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm (UV 254) and OMP removal was observed. Therefore, UV 254 abatement is a useful surrogate for a quick estimation of OMP removals. [Display omitted] • CoAl adsorbent was synthesized from spent coffee grounds and aluminum waste. • Adsorption of 25 micropollutants, mostly persistent and mobile, was studied. • 13 and 17 micropollutants were removed over 80% with 100 and 500 mg/L CoAl. • UV 254 correlates with micropollutants removal, serving as a quick estimator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fates of acesulfame (ACE) and sucralose (SUC) during composting were investigated. • The combination of biochar and laccase led to a reduction in NH 3 emissions. • The additions of biochar and laccase enhanced the SUC and ACE degradation by ∼70 %. • The additive-treatments promoted cooperative relationship of bacterial community. This study investigates the effects of biochar, laccase, and their combined application on nitrogen transformation, the degradation of sucralose (SUC) and acesulfame (ACE), and the dynamics of bacterial communities during sewage sludge composting. The results indicated that NH 3 emissions were reduced by 41.2 %, 17.5%, and 40.8 % in the biochar, laccase, and biochar-laccase treatments, respectively, compared to the control. Meanwhile, N 2 O emissions decreased significantly by 26.8 % and 16.0 % for the biochar and biochar-laccase treatments, respectively, but increased by 8.1 % for the laccase treatment. Additionally, the biochar, laccase, and biochar-laccase treatments enhanced the degradation of SUC and ACE by 36.6–68.3 % and 49.2–69.8 %, relative to the control, respectively. Network analysis showed that the additive-treatment enhanced the cooperation within bacterial communities, and solidified artificial sweeteners degradation, especially under biochar-laccase application. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states further indicated that biochar, laccase, biochar-laccase treatment increased enzymes associated with the degradations of organic matter and artificial sweeteners. In conclusion, it suggested that a combined addition of biochar and laccase was an effectively way to reduce nitrogen loss and promote artificial sweeteners degradations during sewage sludge composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Correlation between BOR kinetics and physicochemical properties of biochar was demonstrated. • The competition between BOR and OER was closely related to the applied potential. • Biochar oxidation underwent three stages including oxygen consumption, oxygen enrichment, and deep oxidation. Biochar-assisted water electrolysis (BAWE) exhibits potential in reducing electricity consumption for hydrogen production and is beneficial to biochar upcycling. However, it remains a huge challenge to increase biochar oxidation reaction (BOR) kinetics and deliver upgraded biochar with high selectivity. Herein, we demonstrate the correlation between the BOR kinetics and physicochemical properties of biochar, the laws of energy and mass transfer at anode-electrolyte interface, and the evolution of biochar structure during its electrooxidation. The biochar was derived from the pyrolysis of mixed cellulose and lignin at 500–800 °C, and based on Pearson correlation analysis, the physicochemical properties such as functional groups abundance, contact angle, and electric conductivity of biochar showed significant influence on electron transfer rate during biochar oxidation. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was found the main competition to BOR, only biochar oxidation occurred at potential below 1.6 V vs. RHE, but OER became dominant at potential above 1.6 V vs. RHE. Biochar underwent three stages including oxygen consumption, oxygen enrichment, and deep oxidation during its electrochemical oxidation. The easily-oxidized carboxyl, hydroxyl, and aldehyde were primarily oxidized, followed by the transformation of methyl into hydroxyl and aldehyde, and aldehyde further oxidized into carboxylic acids and CO 2. These findings provide new inspiration on electrochemical upgrading of biochar coupled with efficient hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hierarchically porous MgO/biochar for CO 2 capture was successfully prepared. • High adsorption rate and capacity, cycling stability, & selectivity were achieved. • CO 2 adsorption performance and mechanism on MgO/biochar were examined. • Theoretical & technical support for fabricating CO 2 solid adsorbents were provided. For enhancing the CO 2 uptake performance of MgO-based materials, hierarchically porous MgO/biochar composites were prepared using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The CO 2 adsorption properties was investigated in detail and the adsorption mechanism was revealed by considering structure − function relationships and performing density functional theory calculations. The MgO/biochar-1 had hierarchical pore structure and high specific surface area (1453 m2·g−1) with abundant narrow micropores (<1.0 nm), facilitating the adsorption of CO 2. The results demonstrated that MgO/biochar-1 exhibited the highest CO 2 capture capacity of 6.65 mol⋅kg−1 (273 K, 1 bar) and excellent selectivity for CO 2 /N 2 (96.70 at CO 2 /N 2 = 15:85, v/v). After 3 cycles, the adsorption capacity of MgO/biochar-1 still remained at 5.70 mol⋅kg−1 (273 K, 1 bar), suggesting the well cycling performance. The results of density functional theory calculation indicated that the oxygen-containing functional groups and MgO particles substantially enhanced the CO 2 capture performance due to the enhanced interactions between MgO/biochar and CO 2. This study provides novel insights for the construction of efficient and cheap solid adsorbents for CO 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biochar promoted CH 4 component in biogas to 89.0 ± 6.3 % in the AnMBR. • Biochar increased 0.74 mol e- /g VS /min of electron transfer velocity in AD system. • Biochar was involved in electroactive microbial floravias metabolism via DIET. • The rate for acetate converted into CH 4 was enhanced 3.14 times by biochar. • Ambient temperature anaerobic digestion is a key to achieve net energy output. The anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is an alternative technology with energy neutrality potential when treating municipal wastewater (MWW). However, the poor bio-reaction kinetic conditions caused by low COD concentrations in MWW greatly limits the CH 4 yield. In this study, the average methanogenesis rate was significantly increased from 164.8 to 275.5 mL/g COD with the two times biochar addition of 5 g/L. And following the second time addition of 5 g/L biochar, the CH 4 component significantly increased to a high level of 89.0 ± 6.3 %. In addition, the rate for acetate converted into CH 4 increased from 3.3 to 10.5 mmol/(g VS ·d) with biochar addition of 10 g/L, indicating that acetotrophic methanogenesis route was significantly promoted by biochar. Bio-electrochemistry analysis showed that biochar accelerated 0.74 mol e-/g VS /min of electron transfer velocity in AD system. The addition of biochar enriched organic metabolism bacteria such as Ancinetobacter_lwoffii , Comamonas and Geobacter , and upregulated the expression of functional genes related to organics degradation such as lldD , sucD and fumC, facilitates the direct transfer of electrons and acetates produced by Comamonas and Geobacte r to convert CO 2 into CH 4 through microbial mediation. Thus, the COD flow shifted significantly towards more CH 4 production. The COD mass flow showed that biochar facilitated more bio-catabolism (up about 52.7 %) and less bio-anabolism (down about 92 %), and more COD in wastewater was converted to CH 4 , resulting a significant promoting of energy production. The energy balance analysis indicated that the net energy consumption was reduced by 15 % after two times addition of 5 g/L biochar, and the key to achieve the net energy output during treating MWW is the efficient operation of AnMBR at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Study on micropollutant distribution between biochar, APL and pyrolysis oil. • Determined PFAS in biochar, APL and pyrolysis oil. • Biochar met the guidelines for agricultural valorisation, except for heavy metals. • High methane production was achieved during anaerobic digestion of APL. • CO 2 supply during pyrolysis achieved highest calorific value of pyrolysis oil. Pyrolysis is a suitable process for sewage sludge valorisation while potentially reducing micropollutants. However, previous studies mainly focused on micropollutants in biochar, neglecting their presence of aqueous pyrolysis liquid (APL), pyrolysis oil, and gas. This study analyses the distribution of 66 micropollutants, including PFAS, dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), heavy metals (HMs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across biochar, APL and pyrolysis oil. Additionally, the impact of a carrier gas supply (N 2 and CO 2) on micropollutants distribution was evaluated. In a second stage, the safe use of the pyrolysis end-products for agricultural and energetic purposes was explored. PFAS from biosolids were distributed in biochar (12–13 %), APL (6–7 %), and the oil phase (2–5 %). 63–74 % remained unaccounted for, possibly transferred to the gas phase, or decomposed during pyrolysis. PAHs were predominantly found in the pyrolysis oil, while PCDD/Fs were found in the biochar and pyrolysis oil. HMs were primarily found in biochar. PAH and PCDD/F values in the biochar met the European Biochar Certificate (EBC) guidelines. However, HMs surpassed the thresholds, suggesting either post-treatment or using biochar as a building material instead. Given that pyrolysis oil contains significant quantities of micropollutants, high-temperature combustion could serve for both micropollutant decomposition and energy reclamation. Energetic valorisation of APL assessed by biomethane potential tests, achieved a methane production yield of 432–450 NmL CH4 /g VS. Overall, a combined anaerobic digester and pyrolysis process, including a recirculation of the APL, the valorisation of pyrolysis oil for process heating, and the use of CO 2 from biogas as pyrolysis carrier gas, is suggested for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biochar promoted the formation of Tannin, thus enhancing soil carbon sequestration. • Biochar efficiently decreased Hg ethylation, but straw increased Hg methylation. • Alkylmercury reduction co-occurred with carbon increase following biochar addition. • Anaerolineaceae and Geobacteraceae contributed to the Hg and carbon conversion. • Biochar exhibited the better environmental effects compared to straw amendment. We report an unrecognized but significant mechanism of synergistic carbon sequestration and mercury (Hg) alkylation in Hg-contaminated paddy soil. This study investigates the influence of rice straw (RS) and biochar (BC) amendments on carbon fraction transformation and Hg alkylation. Results revealed that BC amendment facilitated Protein and Lipid convert into Tannin, possibly by Anaerolineaceae, thereby promoting soil carbon sequestration; whereas RS amendment increased the conversion of Amino sugars and Carbohydrates into Lignin when comparing the BC and RS additions. The RS amendment cannot effectively increase soil carbon stocks due to the considerable CH 4 emissions. Furthermore, RS significantly facilitated the conversion of Hg ions to methylmercury, as indicated by an 88.7% reduction in Hg ions and an 81.6% increase in methylmercury levels compared to the control (CK). The BC also promotes the methylation of Hg, but the intensity is not as strong as the RS. Compared with the CK, both the RS and BC showed an inhibitory effect on Hg ethylation, with RS having a stronger inhibitory capacity. These findings, which comprehensively consider soil carbon sequestration, Hg methylation and ethylation, benefits strong support for the BC amendment as the most advantageous environmental strategy in comparison to the CK and RS treatments. This study discovers that BC amendment can simultaneously enhance soil carbon sequestration and reduce Hg alkylation, and reveals the process mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fe/SABC possessed an excellent phosphate recovery effect via vivianite crystallization. • Fe/SABC produced large vivianite crystals with sizes of 40–50 μm. • Microdomain inert atmosphere within Fe/SABC slowed down the oxidation of reductive Fe and vivianite. • Fe/SABC-P had magnetic separation property and phosphorous slow-release potential. Ferrous modified biochar beads (Fe/SABC) with three-dimensional reed skeletal network uniformly dispersing Fe particles (FeO, Fe 3 O 4 and Fe0) were developed by gelation-calcination method. Batch experiment results showed Fe/SABC could reach a phosphate recovery capacity of 52.92 mg/g, about 12 times that of unmodified biochar (BC) and twice that of ferrous modified biochar powder (Fe/BC). Fe/SABC exhibited better mass transfer performance than its powder form and maintained great phosphate recovery capacity within a wide initial pH range. Most co-existing metal ions enhanced phosphate recovery, while organic matters had little impacts. Characterization results indicated the main recovery mechanism was vivianite crystallization, with flower-like vivianite crystals (40–50 μm in diameter) forming on both the surface and inside of Fe/SABC. During the phosphate recovery process, reductive Fe on Fe/SABC generated Fe2+ in situ and form vivianite nuclei with phosphate. Fe/SABC provided attachment sites for vivianite nuclei and induced heterogeneous nucleation, consequently promoting vivianite auto-nucleation and growth. Furthermore, three-dimensional reed skeletal network within Fe/SABC could create microdomain inert atmosphere to slow down reductive Fe and vivianite oxidation. The recovered products could be separated magnetically and had potential as slow-release fertilizers. In summary, this study confirms the feasibility of using Fe/SABC to recover phosphate via vivianite, providing new insights into phosphate recovery and future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Endogenous iron-enriched biochar modified Ni-foam cathode was prepared. • Ciprofloxacin was efficiently degraded by ·OH-dominated cathodic catalytic oxidation. • DFT demonstrated that endogenous iron plays a vital role in the ·OH formation. • Possible degradation pathways of ciprofloxacin and intermediates toxicity were investigated. Steel mill wastewater sludge, with abundant endogenous iron resources, could be pyrolyzed into iron-enriched biochar (SBC) in one step and loaded onto nickel foam cathode (Ni-Foam) to construct a heterogeneous electro-Fenton system (SBC@Ni-Foam/EF). The purpose of this study were to optimize SBC@Ni-Foam/EF for efficient ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal, and its degradation mechanism and pathway in the presence of endogenous iron were elucidated by DFT calculation. The results showed that the highest CIP degradation efficiency (95.11 %) was achieved at a SBC pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C, an initial solution pH of 3, a Na 2 SO 4 concentration of 0.05 mol L−1, a current density of 40 mA cm−2, and an aeration rate of 200 mL min−1. The degradation of CIP by SBC@Ni-Foam/EF was dominated by cathodic catalytic oxidation, and ·OH played a major role in the CIP degradation process. Combined with characterization and DFT calculation, the endogenous iron was dispersed in the stable Fe 3 O 4 crystalline phase, which provided surface defects and catalytic sites for the cathode and promoted H 2 O 2 activation to generate ·OH through iron cycling. The possible degradation pathways of CIP were proposed to include the cleavage of piperazine and quinolone rings, hydroxylation, and substitution or detachment of fluorine, etc., and the overall toxicity of the intermediates was alleviated after SBC@Ni-Foam/EF treatment. Therefore, this study was expected to achieve a win–win situation for iron-enriched sludge biomass resource utilization and CIP wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The removal efficiencies of ofloxacin and Cu2+ were 91.23% and 72.09%. • Bridging, precipitation, and complexation effects were the main co-adsorption mechanisms. • O 2 - and h+ were the main free radicals for ofloxacin removal. • The intermediate product of ofloxacin did not produce oxidative stress response to zebrafish. The combined contamination of antibiotics and heavy metals usually occurs in aquaculture wastewater and has high ecological toxicity. Currently, most research only focuses on the removal of a single heavy metal or antibiotics, and there is little research on the simultaneous removal of both. Therefore, to effectively treat them, this study prepared TiO 2 -loaded phosphogypsum-modified biochar (TYBC450) for adsorption and photocatalytic removal of ofloxacin (OFL) and copper (Cu2+). The removal performance and mechanisms of OFL and Cu2+ were explored, and their ecological toxicity was assessed through zebrafish acute toxicity experiments. The results suggested a synergistic effect between OFL and Cu2+. The adsorption efficiencies of TYBC450 for OFL and Cu2+ were 88.16% and 90.87% (the adsorption capacities were 1.75 and 3.65 mg/g, respectively). Bridging, precipitation, and complexation effects were the main co-adsorption mechanisms. The photocatalytic efficiencies of OFL and Cu2+ were 91.23% and 72.09% (the rate constants were 0.0101 and 0.0045 min-1, respectively). OFL acted as a hole-trapping agent, while Cu2+ acted as an electron acceptor, hindering the combination of e- and h+. There were 12 intermediates in the OFL degradation process, which had lower toxicity than the mother organism. Both the cyclic regeneration and actual aquaculture wastewater application tests indicated that TYBC450 had potential application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biochar produced from peapod peel by pyrolysis at 350 °C has beneficial properties for agricultural practices. • A lower fraction of biochar application improved the qualitative properties of desert infertile sand and microbial activity. • Biochar application was found to be beneficial for mung bean growth and enhancing soil water retention. • The optimization by RSM showed that a low fraction of biochar application has potential for agriculture applications. Valorization of food waste to biochar offers economic and environmental opportunities for sustainable agriculture production. Peapod (Pisum sativum) peel is a high-content lignocellulose vegetable waste and was used in this study to produce biochar through pyrolysis temperatures of 350, 450, and 550 °C, with a heating rate of 5 °C/min for 30 min and thereafter characterized for its various properties. The biochar produced at 350 °C, exhibiting the best soil amendment properties was used for pot testing with mung bean (Vigna radiata). The optimization of plant growth, soil water retention capacity, and microbial activity were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) with three design factors: (a) biochar loading rates (0 %, 0.5 %, and 1 %), (b) temperature (30–40 °C), and (c) quantity of water supplied (50–60 mL/day). The results showed that applying 0.5 % biochar with a water supply of 55 mL/day at 35 °C resulted in optimal responses for seed germination, plant height, and leaf development. Applying 1 % biochar with a water supply of 55 mL/day at 35 °C showed optimal responses for leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content. Stomatal conductance and catalase activity showed optimal responses for 1 % biochar applied with a water supply of 60 mL/day at 40 °C. Urease activity and water retention capacity showed optimal responses when 1 % biochar was applied with a water supply of 60 mL/day at 30 °C, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential use of peapod peel biochar in water-food-environment nexus, with a lower dose and lesser volume of water demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CaO 2 -coated biochar is a suitable substrate material for pesticide remediation. • Successful CaO 2 coating on biochar decreased adsorption but largely improved overall removal efficiency. • CaO 2 in biochar activated in-situ advanced oxidation process at adsorption sites. • Cyclic transformation mechanisms of persistent free radicals were proposed. Biochar (pyrolyzed organic material) has been increasingly recognized for its catalytic role in facilitating the advanced oxidation of emerging organic pollutants. However, the inherent catalytic capacity remains highly uncontrollable, leading to considerable uncertainty when scaling up for real-world applications. This study explores the intensified catalytic role of biochar coated with CaO 2 in generating hydroxyl radicals (OH·) and facilitating advanced oxidation of tebuconazole, a prevalent fungicide, tebuconazole was selected as a representative pesticide in agricultural drainage. In addition to evaluating the potential for degradation by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), the adsorption capabilities of two commercially available biochars, one derived from agricultural waste (ABC) and the other from spruce chips (SBC), as well as their CaO 2 -coated derivatives (ABC/CaO 2 and SBC/CaO 2), were also assessed. By taking advantage of the strong adsorption capacity of biochar, and activating AOPs at the adsorption sites by CaO 2 , this material enables more efficient and targeted removal of tebuconazole. The results indicate that CaO 2 coating on biochar promoted over tenfold increase in the generation of OH·, resulting in 99% tebuconazole removal within 10 min. Despite a decrease in adsorption capacity of 40–50% resulted by CaO 2 coating, the 10-minutes overall pesticide removal performance was significantly enhanced. The catalytic potential of biochar is closely related to its surface chemical properties, particularly the presence of persistent free radicals which can be regenerated. This research paves a new way for employing CaO 2 -enhanced intensified biochar in agricultural mitigation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent lees is an important distillation waste by-product created during whisky production, characterised by low pH and high dissolved copper (dissCu) content. Constructed wetland systems (CWs) are used in some Scotch whisky distilleries to treat spent lees prior to surface water discharge to prevent substantial environmental risks of spent lees in aquatic ecosystems, by buffering the acidic nature and decreasing the dissCu and organics content. However, as these wetland systems are biological communities (containing bacteria, fungi, plants, etc.), direct disposal of spent lees into CW ecosystems presents a challenge given its nature. This study investigates the efficacy of modified biochar (waste) sourced from whisky cask cooperage operations, as an effluent pretreatment method. The aim is to transform this raw biochar into NaOH-modified biochar, which will be capable of buffering the effluent pH and removing dissCu from spent lees before it enters CWs. To enhance raw biochar, NaOH modification and additional heat treatment were utilised which increased the alkalinity, heavy metal removal capacity and pH buffering potential. Experiments with 0.2% and 2% NaOH treated biochar demonstrated its treatment performance using a diverse range of spent lees samples with varying characteristics, including pH (4.1–4.4), dissCu concentrations (33.8–59.5 mg/L), and total organic carbon (685–754 mg/L). Column studies further supported the efficacy of the modified biochars, showing significant pH elevation and efficient dissCu removal (of 5.72 mg of Cu per g of biochar) when treating spent lees. This dissCu removal capacity compares favorably with other wood-derived biochars studied in the literature, which have reported between 2.75 and 7.44 mg/g. Surface characterisation techniques (EDX, XPS, FTIR, XRD) showed how the Cu ions microprecipitated on the modified biochar surface, validating its remediation potential. This study highlights the potential of biochar as a sustainable pretreatment solution for distillery effluents, paving the way for enhanced and more circular waste management practices within the Scotch whisky industry. [Display omitted] • Biochar sourced from excess casks was modified with NaOH used in whisky distilleries. • NaOH-treated biochar effectively elevated pH and removed copper from whisky waste. • Column studies showed 5.72 mg of Cu removal per g of 0.2% NaOH-modified biochar. • Modified biochar microprecipitates copper ions rather than surface complexation. • Study suggested biochar as a sustainable pretreatment for whisky distillery effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-depth understanding of the micro-ecological mechanisms underlying the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils by biochar amendment is crucial for enhancing the efficacy of biochar-microbe combination. Nevertheless, this remediation mechanism remains elusive. Consequently, we performed a pot experiment to investigate the effects of biochar on soil fungal communities in a cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contaminated soil. The results demonstrated that the amendment of biochar derived from rice straw significantly reshaped soil fungal communities, leading to the enrichment of members of the genus Aspergillus , which was found to correlate significantly with the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. A representative of the targeted Aspergillus species (strain F8) was successfully isolated. The results of the pot experiments demonstrated that the inoculation with the isolate F8 can promote plant growth, immobilize soil Cd and Pb, and decrease tomato plant uptake of Cd and Pb. These results indicate that the enrichment of specific taxa induced by biochar amendment is associated with the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Therefore, this study provides new evidence to support the indirect mechanism of biochar in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by reshaping the soil microbiome. [Display omitted] • Biochar amendment caused enrichment of Aspergillus species. • The Aspergillus strain could remediate the heavy metal contaminated soils. • Biochar remediates contaminated soil by stimulating beneficial fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous removal of toxic elements and pharmaceutical compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations in aqueous solution is challenging. Modification of biochar using environmental materials has attracted significant attention in wastewater treatment, while pristine biochar has several limitations in the simultaneous removal of Lead (Pb2+), Copper (Cu2+), and metoprolol. We investigated the efficacy of biochar composites using waste cabbage leaves-derived biochar with kaolinite, and anthocyanin for simultaneous removal of Pb2+, Cu2+, and metoprolol from water. Using ball milling, the surface area and functional groups of adsorbents were improved via breaking the biochar grains into ultrafine particles. Ball-milled biochar derived from waste cabbage leaves significantly increased Pb2+, Cu2+, and metoprolol adsorption by 105, 71, and 213%, respectively. Results of Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies showed that surface area of non-milled biochar improved nearly ten-fold following ball-milling, while several oxygen containing acidic functional groups also increased. The adsorbents resulted in high removal efficiency for Pb2+ (162.9 mg/g) and Cu2+ (48.5 mg/g) in ball milled-kaolinite composite biochar (BMKB) and 76.3 mg/g (metoprolol), respectively in ball milled-anthocyanin composite biochar (BMAB). The simultaneous sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, and metoprolol in an aqueous solution to BMAB and BMKB, showed that the adsorption capacity followed the order of Pb2+ >Cu2+ > metoprolol in both types of ball-milled biochars. BMKB achieved a high adsorption capacity for Pb2+ and Cu2+ (59 mg/g and 50 mg/g), respectively, while BMAB exhibited an adsorption capacity 22.3 mg/g for metoprolol. It was postulated that sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and metoprolol involved multiple adsorption mechanisms namely surface complexation, π-π interaction, H−bond, pore filling, and ion bridging. The findings of this study revealed that ball milling is a potential technology in producing a highlyefficient adsorbent to remediate multi-contaminants in aqueous solution. [Display omitted] • Ultrafine composite kaolinite and anthocyanin biochar was derived from cabbage leaves. • Ball-milling increased the surface area nearly ten-fold higher than in non-milled biochars. • Ball milling improved oxygenated functional groups on the composite surface. • Adsorption capacity in ternary system followed the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > metoprolol. • Adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and metoprolol involved multiple adsorption mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar production offers various benefits related to climate change mitigation, circular economy, waste management, renewable energy, and reduced dependency on fossil carbon. Despite these advantages, the biochar market in the Nordic region is still developing. This study explores the current state and future potential of the Nordic biochar market, identifying existing and potential market segments, the role of biochar and its co-products, and factors affecting market growth. The study involved an online survey conducted in 2021, targeting key Nordic biochar stakeholders, including business actors, academic researchers, and other relevant groups (N = 72, representing 64 organizations). The findings reveal that the Nordic biochar market is in its nascent stages, with producers often considering biochar production as a side business. The market faces challenges such as inadequate legal and policy support, limited public awareness, lack of established norms, and uncertainties regarding profitability, technological efficiency, and market potential. However, the industry holds substantial growth potential due to its environmental and climate benefits, provided that current barriers are overcome. Key applications of biochar include carbon removal, water filtration, soil remediation, landscaping, and composting. Additionally, co-products such as energy-dense gases and bio-oil have the potential to enhance the economic viability of biochar production. To facilitate market development, integrating established scientific knowledge into industry standards and policies is crucial. The study underscores the importance of biochar networks and associations in advocating for industry development and highlights the need for enhanced collaboration among stakeholders to overcome existing barriers. Additionally, focused research on the varied applications of biochar is needed, with an emphasis on thoroughly evaluating its environmental, economic, and social impacts. • 49% of respondents are interested in establishing new biochar production facilities. • 60% of current producers describe biochar production as a side business. • The biochar market is driven by applications contributing to carbon removal. • Heat was the key co-product; bio-oil and distillates were considered controversial. • Barriers include inadequate policies, market uncertainties and supply-demand issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization has contributed significantly to the advancement and sustenance of human civilization. However, it has also posed serious challenges to environmental sustainability, notably through heavy metal pollution, which has severely impacted ecological systems. Recent studies have explored the use of biochar for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This review underscores the diverse physicochemical and structural characteristics of biochar, derived from various biomass sources through different pyrolysis processes, and their varying adsorption efficiencies. The review aims to investigate current biochar production technologies, their unique properties, and their maximum removal efficiency and adsorption capacity for heavy metals. The primary adsorption mechanisms, adsorption isotherms, and kinetic models have been identified. Furthermore, the study confirms that optimal conditions—such as the choice of precursors, pyrolysis temperature, and an understanding of the advantages and limitations—are crucial for designing biochar with superior structural and physicochemical properties. This review provides an updated overview of biochar-based heavy metal treatment in aquatic systems, highlighting existing research gaps and suggesting future research directions. [Display omitted] • Efficiency of different biochars for water management was systematically reviewed. • Advantages and limitation of biochars production was discussed. • The engineered biochars has excellent structural and physiochemical properties. • The kinetics of the biochars-based system is well described by Pseudo second order. • More attention should be paid to biochar production and application at large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global population growth and awareness about the important role of vitamins in human health drive demand for fresh fruits and vegetables. In line with this need, greenhouse cultivation addresses year-round availability, but chemicals pose challenges. Hydroponic systems control pests, boost yields, and decrease chemicals while faced with significant waste generation. Waste generated by hydroponic systems holds potential for repurposing into value-added products, which aligns with the principles of the circular bioeconomy. However, before embracing widespread adoption, it is crucial to assess its environmental compatibility. This study employs a life cycle assessment approach to compare hydroponic tomato production in greenhouses under conventional and circular bioeconomy systems. The first scenario (Sc-1) encompasses hydroponic tomato production in a greenhouse system under a conventional system. The second scenario (Sc-2) involves the production of tomatoes, along with the conversion of residue of tomato production into compost. The third scenario (Sc-3) closely resembled Sc-2, while valorizing residue of tomato production into biochar. The outcomes indicate that per kg of tomato production under Sc-1 leads to a damage of 4.32 × 10−6 DALY to human health, 4.33E−06 species.yr to ecosystems, and 1.82 × 10−1 USD2013 to resources. The results of weighting of environmental damages also shows a total environmental damage of 75.36 mPt per kg of tomato production under Sc-1 which is mainly based on the production and consumption of natural gas. The findings demonstrate that Sc-2 and Sc-3 exhibit a diminished potential on damage to human health, ecosystems, and resource compared to Sc-1, respectively. Accordingly, in comparison to Sc-1, Sc-2 leads to an approximately 11% reduction in total weighted environmental impacts, while Sc-3 results in an approximately 4% reduction in total weighted environmental impacts. Based on these outcomes, integrating compost and biochar production into hydroponic tomato systems holds significant potential for environmental benefits. Accordingly, further research and development efforts should focus on optimizing the efficiency and scalability of composting and biochar production technologies to maximize their impact on sustainability in hydroponic tomato production. [Display omitted] • Hydroponic tomato cultivation faces challenges with waste disposal. • Residues from tomato cultivation can be valorized into biochar and compost. • Composting residue reduces total environmental damage tomato production by 11%. • Biochar production from residues reduces the total environmental impact of tomato by 4%. • Circular bioeconomy improves the sustainability of tomatoes in hydroponic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are identified as a significant pathway of microplastics (MPs) re-entry into the environment through effluent discharge, thereby emphasizing the need for reliable and efficient treatment methods. This study investigated MPs removal from sewage effluents using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified magnetic biochar (RH-MBC-CTAB) as an adsorbent. Biochars from different biomass were synthesized, surface modified, characterized, and compared for their MPs removal efficacy from aqueous matrices. Batch adsorption studies were initially conducted on synthetic water with 1 μm sized polystyrene (PS) MPs using different MP concentrations (1–10 mg/L) and varying adsorbent dosages (1–10 mg/50 mL) to assess the effect of different process parameters, viz. pH (2–10), humic acid (6–25 mg/L), and competitive ions (0.01–0.2 M). The maximum MPs removal (98%) was achieved at the favorable conditions: initial MPs concentration: 10 mg/L, RH-MBC-CTAB dose: 7 mg/50 mL, pH 4, mixing speed: 180 rpm, and contact time: 3 min. Electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding were likely to remove MPs while the MPs adsorption was best fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (R 2 = 0.91) and Langmuir isotherm model (R 2 = 0.94) with the maximum adsorption capacity of 247.52 mg/g. Further, the application of RH-MBC-CTAB on the real-time sewage effluents from sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)-based STPs spiked with MPs showed up to 96% MPs removal. The reusability results revealed that developed RH-MBC-CTAB could maintain good stability for up to three reusability cycles, therefore offering extensive potential for the removal of MPs from sewage effluents. [Display omitted] • Biochar prepared and modified by FeCl 3 and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). • CTAB-modified magnetic biochar used for adsorptive MPs removal from aqueous matrices. • The maximum MPs removal achieved using CTAB-modified magnetic biochar was ∼98%. • The Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models better described MPs adsorption process. • MPs removal from STP effluent by the adsorbent: 96.3% (SBR-based), 94.1% (MBBR-based). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is among the major contributors to soil and groundwater pollution, primarily through the widespread leaching of pesticides and fertilizers from crops, as well as accidental releases from point sources. Therefore, alongside restrictions on the use of highly soluble agrochemicals and enhanced application guidelines, there is a significant demand for low-impact and cost-effective solutions aimed at reducing the mobility of agrochemicals in the soils. This study evaluates the potential of soil amendments—commonly used to enhance soil structural properties, water holding capacity, and fertility—to also absorb highly soluble pesticides, thereby controlling their leaching into the subsoil. Specifically, zeolite, biochar, and milled corncob were examined in laboratory tests under static (batch tests) and dynamic (column leaching tests) conditions to assess their effectiveness in adsorbing two widely used pesticides, copper sulphate and dicamba. Batch adsorption tests were performed using the amendments as pure materials and in mixtures with sand at various application rates (1–20% by weight). The highest affinity to copper sulphate was recorded for biochar, while dicamba exhibited a higher affinity to corncob, thanks to its higher content of organic carbon. Column leaching tests, performed at an amendment application rate of 5%, confirmed the different affinity observed in batch tests among pesticides and amended soil. Less than 2% of copper sulphate leached out from biochar- and zeolite-sand columns, while a recovery of 10% and 56% was observed for the corncob-sand mixture and for pure sand, respectively. Dicamba leaching from biochar- and corncob-sand columns was halved compared to pure sand. In conclusion, the tested soil amendments resulted highly effective in reducing pesticide leaching, opening the way for their possible applications in agriculture to reduce or prevent both diffuse and punctual contamination. [Display omitted] • Biochar and corncob show high affinity to dicamba and limit its leaching in lab tests. • Zeolite-amended sand highly retain Cu sulphate and retention is partly irreversible. • Unprocessed agricultural waste can effectively control leaching of organic pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]