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Health justice partnerships (HJP) are innovative models for delivering integrated health and legal services to people experiencing complex issues. An HJP was established in regional Victoria, Australia, for young people. Promoting the program to young people and workers was essential for program uptake. There is a dearth of published information about strategies that support program promotion for young people and workers. In this practice and innovation paper, three promotional strategies were employed: a dedicated program website, secondary consultations, and legal education and information sessions. Each strategy is examined, with information presented about why and how these strategies were implemented alongside this HJP. The strengths and limitations of each strategy are explored, with some strategies appearing to engage audiences with the program more than others. The insights about each of the strategies established for this program may inform other HJPs with their planning and implementation for increased program awareness. This paper offers insights about strategies for promoting service uptake of a health justice partnerships for young people, external workers and partner agency staff. Various methods for promotion were implemented. Practical considerations are offered to assist others when promoting HJPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Through a unique, inter-sectoral and interprofessional initiative, practitioners from education, health and social service sectors were invited to participate in communities of practice, facilitated online. The focus was on building workforce capacity to address the mental health needs of children and youth. Aim. This paper explores interprofessional workforce development by translating knowledge from a mental health promotion initiative developed overseas into the Aotearoa New Zealand context. Methods. Over a 6-month period, practitioners engaged in an iterative, capacity-building process, where they had access to the initiative materials and resources, shared practice stories, networked, and discussed barriers and facilitators for implementation. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to interpret data. Results. Members of the communities of practice engaged in storytelling and made sense of the initiative in relation to their previous knowledge and experiences: practice and thinking were validated. Mental health promotion was positioned as the responsibility of all sectors and the need for effective interprofessional collaboration was deemed essential. Furthermore, translation of the initiative into the bicultural context of Aotearoa New Zealand demanded and deserved sustained attention. Discussion. This study contributes interprofessional and inter-sectoral evidence for building workforce capacity to address the mental health needs of children and youth. Further research is warranted to investigate the outcomes for the children and youth served. Interprofessional communities of practice were shown to provide a sustainable mechanism by which knowledge can be received, transformed and translated into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health literacy is a major issue for improving health outcomes of clients. In rural Victoria, Australia, the Gippsland Health Literacy Project (GHLP) educated local health services staff about health literacy and provided tools and techniques for health literacy implementation in services. This paper reports the outcomes of this project. Participants' change in knowledge was measured through pre- and post-project surveys and interviews. Descriptive analysis of survey data and analysis of interviews using qualitative description enabled exploration of individual and organisational shifts in health literacy perspectives. Healthcare professionals' knowledge of health literacy has improved as a result of the health literacy education. Health service organisations are also taking greater responsibility for health literacy responsiveness in their services. Systematic changes to policy and procedures that support health literacy are required. Although health literacy education provides more accessible health care for consumers, where projects had executive-level support the changes implemented were more likely to be successful and sustainable. What is known about this topic?: Low health literacy is a strong predictor of health status and it is important for health organisations to ensure they provide health care and information in a way that can be understood, interpreted and acted on by all clients, regardless of their health literacy levels. What does this paper add?: This paper presents findings on staff training and resources that can effectively support staff to improve health literacy practices. What are the implications for practitioners?: Addressing health literacy issues appears to result in more accessible health care for consumers. Executive support and health literacy champions are key requirements to successfully address health literacy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Completion rates in vocational education are typically poor for Aboriginal students (<30%). A scholarship program was designed for Australian Aboriginal students using five enablers of success previously identified for Aboriginal preregistration tertiary nursing students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the five enablers contributed to the success of Aboriginal students in vocational education and whether there were any other enablers. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with two groups of Aboriginal students in Certificate III and IV Dental Assisting and Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance, and their teaching and support staff. The data were initially coded inductively. Initial codes were then categorised according to the five enablers identified to contribute to the success of Bachelor of Nursing students. New categories were created for data not assigned to the enablers. Results: Twenty students (64.5% of the cohort) and six staff (75%) consented to participate. The five enablers were perceived to have contributed to the success of the scholarship recipients and two additional enablers were identified. A completion rate of 96.8% was achieved by the scholarship recipients (30 completions of 31 enrolments). Conclusions: In contrast with the state average, a completion rate of 96.8% was achieved using seven enablers in this study. To improve completion rates for Aboriginal students, vocational education programs need to be customised to cultural, family and community context. The seven enablers in this study should be subject to a larger study to inform policy, funding, design and delivery of vocational training for Aboriginal students. What is known about the topic?: It is well established in the literature that Aboriginal students have poorer educational outcomes than other students. What does this paper add?: This paper validates five previously identified enablers to improve outcomes for Aboriginal students and an additional two for vocational education. These enablers may also be applicable to other types of education. What are the implications for practitioners?: Practitioners can use the enablers in this study to design and implement vocational education programs and improve educational outcomes for Aboriginal students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Science Threshold Learning Outcomes (TLOs) are a consensus set of academic standards for Australian university Science education. They were developed by Prof. Brian Yates and Prof. Sue Jones, supported by Dr Jo-Anne Kelder, during 2010-2011. The co-authors of this paper are key figures in Australian Science education, and in this manuscript, we have used a reflective semi-structured interview approach to describe the process of developing the Science TLOs and consider their subsequent effect on tertiary science education in Australia. This manuscript documents Sue and Brian's impact on science curriculum through the lenses of leadership, community and practice. We have a twofold aim: first to draw lessons for harnessing consensus in scientific communities on the value and purpose of a tertiary science education, and second to celebrate the success of these influential and impactful leaders in our community. We demonstrate how work to develop the TLOs has transformed tertiary science education in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated a program arising from the Commonwealth policy of regionalised training for general practice with regard to the outcomes for the region investing in the training program. A complete operational audit was performed of the outcomes of a training provider of the Commonwealth program, evaluating workforce contribution and retention in the region during and after training, stratified for the effects of locally contextualising, advanced skill training and origin of trainee. The local regional workforce contribution during training peaked at 130 full-time equivalents in 2015. Cumulatively, 53% of alumni remained in the region, but over 40% moved to practice in metropolitan south-east Queensland and other Australian capital cities. Local contextualising of training, completing additional advanced skills training and being an Australian graduate were associated with increased retention in the region. A regional training program is a significant local asset introducing potential general practitioners (GPs) to the region. However, this regional area has become a 'rural' training ground for GPs into metropolitan practice rather than local investment translating as comprehensively as possible into long-term local workforce. The Commonwealth program should focus on local workforce outcomes as an evaluation metric rather than the proportion of trainees in rural training. What is known about the topic?: Retention in regional areas following the Australian General Practice Training (AGPT) program measured on a national basis is greater following regional-based training. What does this paper add?: Local workforce return on investment for training providers in GP is substantial. Contextualised local rural training, Australian graduates and trainees completing advanced rural training improve local return on training investment. A significant proportion of this rural local training program investment provides GPs for metropolitan southeast Queensland. What are the implications for practitioners?: National and regional investment in the AGPT should recognise that despite the lesser supervisory medical workforce and resources, regional training still supports metropolitan GP workforce development. Australian graduates are more likely to remain in a region following local training, as are those who have additionally completed advanced rural skill training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of cancer screening programmes is highly dependent on screening uptake. Many interventions have been tested to increase screening uptake. AIM: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cancer screening pamphlets as a standalone intervention. The outcome of interest was uptake of cancer screening tests. METHODS: A systematic review was performed on the effectiveness of pamphlets compared to usual care without pamphlets. We searched five databases for research papers in English from 2000 up to May 2019. Randomised controlled trials were included. This research group independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risk of bias and then compared the information as a group. RESULTS: A total of nine trials involving 4912 participants met our inclusion criteria, of which five were about colorectal cancer screening, three were about prostate cancer screening and one was about lung cancer screening. Five of the nine trials showed that pamphlets alone increased uptake significantly, while the remaining four trials did not show significant effects. DISCUSSION: There is some evidence that pamphlets increase uptake for cancer screenings, especially for colorectal cancer. Due to the small number of studies in this area, generalisability could be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the impact and cost associated with mental illness. Methods: A rapid review of the literature from Australia, New Zealand, UK and Canada was undertaken. The review included literature pertaining to the cost-of-illness and impact of mental illness as well as any modelling studies. Included studies were categorised according to impact on education, labour force engagement, earlier retirement or welfare dependency. The well-accepted Drummond 10-point economic appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results: A total of 45 methodologically diverse studies were included. The studies highlight the significant burden mental illness places on all facets of society, including individuals, families, workplaces and the wider economy. Mental illness results in a greater chance of leaving school early, a lower probability of gaining full-time employment and a reduced quality of life. Research from Canada suggests that the total economic costs associated with mental illness will increase six-fold over the next 30 years with costs likely to exceed A$2.8 trillion (based on 2015 Australian dollars). Conclusions: Mental illness is associated with a high economic burden. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the trajectory and burden of mental illness so that resources can be directed towards cost-effective interventions. What is known about the topic?: Although mental illness continues to be one of the leading contributors to the burden of disease, there is limited information on the economic impact that mental illness imposes on individuals, families, workplaces and the wider economy. What does this paper add?: This review provides a summary of the economic impact and cost of mental illness. The included literature highlights the significant burden mental illness places on individuals, families, workplaces, society and the economy in general. The review identified several areas for improvement. For example, only limited information is available on the impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, cognitive function, conduct disorder, eating disorder and psychological distress. There was also a dearth of evidence on the intangible elements of pain and suffering of people and their families with depressive disorders. More research is required to better understand the full extent of the impact of mental illness and strategies that may be implemented to minimise this harm. What are the implications for practitioners?: Knowing the current and future impact of mental illness highlights the imperative to develop an effective policy response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary health care is critical to the prevention of alcohol, tobacco and other drug-related harms. Scaling-up screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) within primary health care can reduce the burden of substance-related diseases, and improve downstream healthcare services. Building knowledge, skills and confidence among general practitioners (GPs), particularly in rural, regional and remote areas, to deliver SBIRT is an essential step. Therefore, this study aimed to pilot test a skills-based training program for GPs designed to build capacity for SBIRT delivery. Methods: This pilot study investigated the acceptability of a structured, educational skills-based training program among GPs, as well as its preliminary effectiveness in inducing changes in confidence to deliver SBIRT, and in increasing knowledge about low-risk alcohol guidance. The training package was designed by experts in addiction medicine and public health, and involved a series of online webinars and in-person workshops at four locations across the South Eastern NSW Primary Healthcare Network catchment. Results: A total of 18 GPs registered for the training, with six completing the final webinar. The GPs who completed all sessions demonstrated increases in confidence to deliver SBIRT and alcohol guidance knowledge from baseline. Qualitative feedback found the program acceptable, and GPs were able to successfully implement learnings into practice, and promote to colleagues. Conclusions: The results indicated the potential of this program at a national level, but highlighted the need for a range of additional incentives to encourage uptake and ongoing implementation. Training GPs to deliver effective care for patients who use alcohol or other drugs is an important step in reducing the preventable burden of disease associated with substance use. The training program pilot tested here was found to be capable of increasing GPs' confidence to address substance-related issues and increase their knowledge of current national guidance on low-risk alcohol consumption. A national scale-up of this program, coupled with increased incentives for GPs designed to encourage implementation and ongoing delivery, remains a necessary next-step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Localities Embracing and Accepting Diversity (LEAD) program aimed to improve the mental health of Aboriginal Victorians by addressing racial discrimination and facilitating social and economic participation. As part of LEAD, Whittlesea Council adopted the Aboriginal Employment Pathways Strategy (AEPS) to increase Aboriginal employment and retention within the organisation. The Aboriginal Cultural Awareness Training Program was developed to build internal cultural competency and skills in recruiting and retaining Aboriginal staff. Analysis of surveys conducted before (pre; n = 124) and after (post; n = 107) the training program indicated a significant increase in participant understanding across all program objectives and in support of organisational policies to improve Aboriginal recruitment and retention. Participants ended the training with concrete ideas about intended changes, as well as how these changes could be supported by their supervisors and the wider organisation. Significant resources have since been allocated to implementing the AEPS over 5 years. In line with principles underpinning the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013-23, particularly the focus on addressing racism as a determinant of health, this paper explores the AEPS and training program as promising approaches to health promotion through addressing barriers to Aboriginal employment. Possible implications for other large organisations are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Pre-registration interprofessional rural immersion programmes provide students with first-hand insight into challenges faced in rural clinical practice and can influence future practice intentions. The impact of short rural and hauora Māori interdisciplinary placements on early healthcare careers is unknown. Aim. Explore whether a 5-week rural interprofessional education programme influenced graduates' choices to work in primary care, rurally, and with Māori patients. Methods. We conducted a survey-based, non-randomised trial of graduates from eight healthcare disciplines who did (n = 132) and did not (n = 479) attend the Tairāwhiti interprofessional education rural programme with hauora Māori placements. Participants were surveyed at 1-, 2-, and 3-years' post-registration. Self-reported practice location and vocation were analysed with mixed-model logistic regression. Free-text comments were analysed with Template Analysis. Results. We did not identify any measurable impact on rural or community workforce participation at 3-years' post-registration. Free-text analysis indicated that a short rural interprofessional immersion placement had long-term self-perceived impacts on desire and skills to work in rural locations, and on desire and ability to work with Māori and embrace Māori models of health. Discussion. Our study suggests that short rural immersion placements do not increase rural workforce participation during early healthcare careers. Three-years' postgraduation may be too early to determine whether rural placements help to address rural health workforce needs. Reports from rural placement participants of increased ability to care for people from rural backgrounds, even when encountered in a city, suggest that assessment of practice location may not adequately capture the benefits of rural placement programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: GPs are integral to the COVID-19 vaccination rollout, providing education and administering vaccines. We sought to describe how counselling relating to COVID-19 vaccination was impacting Australian general practice consultations. Methods: We conducted an online, mixed-methods, cross-sectional survey of Australian community-based primary care from 7 to 15 July 2021. This survey, number 15 in a series of recurrent cross-sectional surveys conducted over a 14-month period, explored how counselling relating to COVID-19 vaccination was impacting general practice consultations, through multiple selection and open text responses; it also included questions on respondent and practice characteristics, and pandemic-related stress and strain. We calculated descriptive statistics for quantitative variables, and analysed free-text responses using an inductive content analysis approach. Results: We received 73 responses (72 GPs) across all states/territories. Discussions with patients about COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination were common, increasing the duration of routine consultations by 6 min on average (s.d. 2.9). Respondents described the impact of the resulting time pressures, and the stress and challenges of participating in COVID-19 vaccine communication and administration. Although our results are illuminating, they are limited by the small sample, with some different characteristics from national estimates, an uncertain response rate and the inability to pilot the survey prior to distribution. Conclusions: The significant impact on general practice consultation from COVID-19 vaccine counselling is on a background of ongoing pandemic-related stress and strain. With a strong track record of population vaccination, GPs are well-placed to deliver COVID-19 immunisations to the Australian population. However, they must be represented in planning and coordination, to reduce the overall burden on primary care. The COVID-19 vaccination program is a crucial element of the Australian pandemic management plan and goal to return to 'normal' life, and primary care is a vital player in vaccine provision. Integrating new population-wide vaccinations into existing general practice has had a significant, but not well-documented, impact on primary care. Our study describes the experiences of general practice in Australia nearly 5 months into the vaccine rollout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need to address the lack of Aboriginal-specific diabetes prevention and management resources. Following consultation with Victorian Aboriginal health workers, the Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and Diabetes Australia - Victoria developed 'Feltman', a life-sized felt body showing the main organs involved in the digestion and metabolism of food, and the main parts of the body affected by diabetes. Feltman was distributed to all Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations and an additional 32 Victorian organisations. In total, 276 people from 57 organisations were trained to use Feltman. An online evaluation survey was developed and sent to all people who were trained to use Feltman in Victoria. Sixty-six people completed the survey. All respondents agreed Feltman was an appropriate tool for the Aboriginal community, 89% of health workers felt more confident in their ability to discuss diabetes with their community but would like further training to maintain skills and confidence and 70% of workers had used Feltman with the community. Qualitative feedback noted its strength as a highly visual resource that was popular with the Aboriginal community. Workers reported that Feltman was a highly acceptable diabetes education resource, which they believed had increased knowledge and improved the management of diabetes among clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT: Globally, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the need for better interprofessional collaboration and teamwork. When disciplines have worked together to undertake testing, deliver care and administer vaccines, progress against COVID-19 has been made. Yet, teamwork has often not happened, wasting precious resources and stretching health-care workforces. Continuing to train health professionals during the pandemic is challenging, particularly delivering interprofessional education that often uses face-to-face delivery methods to optimise interactional learning. Yet, continuing to offer interprofessional education throughout the pandemic is critical to ensure a collaboration-ready health workforce. One example is continuing the established INVOLVE (Interprofessional Visits to Learn Interprofessional Values through Patient Experience) interprofessional education initiative. ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM: Educators have not always prioritised interprofessional education during the pandemic, despite its immediate and long-term benefits. The INVOLVE interprofessional education initiative, usually delivered face-to-face, was at risk of cancellation. RESULTS: A quality improvement analysis of the strategies used to continue INVOLVE demonstrated that it is possible to deliver interprofessional education within the constraints of a pandemic by using innovative online and hybrid educational strategies. Educators and students demonstrated flexibility in responding to the sudden changes in teaching and learning modalities. STRATEGIES: When pandemic alert levels change, interprofessional educators and administrators can now choose from a repertoire of teaching approaches. LESSONS: Four key lessons have improved the performance and resilience of INVOLVE: hold the vision to continue interprofessional education; be nimble; use technology appropriately; and there will be silver linings and unexpected benefits to the changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition care is an important component of primary health care as a way to promote positive lifestyle behaviours and reduce risks of chronic disease. Despite this, it appears that primary healthcare settings, including antenatal care, miss opportunities to deliver nutrition care. Time constraints, lack of nutrition knowledge and lack of confidence have been identified as barriers for primary healthcare providers in delivering nutrition care. Nutrition training to upskill primary healthcare providers to deliver nutrition care in a timely manner therefore appears warranted. This forum article discusses models and methods of continuing professional development (CPD) and the effectiveness of nutrition CPD for primary healthcare professionals. It includes a case study as an example of developing nutrition CPD for midwives using adult learning theory and concludes with implications for developing nutrition education resources for primary healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifestyle changes are central to preventing type 2 diabetes. Embarking upon and sustaining change is challenging, and translation of prevention approaches into a wider range of real-world settings is needed. In this study, a locally adapted community-led diabetes prevention program with local young Aboriginal facilitators was created and trialled through the Derby Aboriginal Health Service (DAHS). The 8-week program highlighted causes and consequences of diabetes, incorporated physical activity and healthy eating topics with a focus on practical activities, and included stress management to support healthy lifestyles. Ten Aboriginal women and men aged 18–38 years participated in the pilot program. The program was found to be acceptable and appropriate, and other community members and organisations expressed interest in future participation. Participants reported that they gained important new knowledge and made changes in behaviours including shopping choices, portioning and soft drink consumption. Limitations included participant recruitment and attendance difficulties, which were attributed to program timing and competing demands. While this program was designed to be sustainable, and there were indications of feasibility, resource constraints impeded its integration into routine primary health care. Prevention of diabetes is a high priority for DAHS, and this program, with appropriate resources, provides a basis for ongoing practical prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT: New Zealand is a largely rural nation. Despite the regionalisation of trauma services, rural hospitals continue to provide trauma and emergency care. A dedicated rural inter-professional team-based simulation course was designed, as part of a wider strategy of using simulation-based education to address the disparity in experience and training for rural hospital teams providing emergency and trauma care. ASSESSMENT: A pre-course questionnaire identified learning needs. Post-course evaluation and a follow-up survey assessed participants' perception of the course, and whether lasting changes in clinical or organisational practice occurred. RESULTS: Three courses were provided over 2 years to 60 interprofessional participants from eight rural hospitals. The course employed an interprofessional faculty and used skill workshops and high-fidelity trauma simulations to address learning needs identified in pre-course research. Evaluation showed the course to be an effective learning experience for participants. The post-course survey indicated possible lasting changes in team performance and rural hospital protocols. This educational strategy also allowed the collection of research data for investigating rural team dynamics and interprofessional learning. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT: Further development of rural interprofessional simulation courses should include more diverse clinical content, including paediatric and medical scenarios. Participant access was sometimes limited by typical rural challenges such as hospital staffing and locum availability. LESSONS: Rural simulation-based education is both effective for rural trauma team training and a vehicle for rural research; however, there are challenges to participant access and course sustainability, which echo the rural–urban disparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Water Well Project is a health promotion charity that aims to improve the health literacy of individuals of refugee, asylum seeker and migrant backgrounds. Health literacy is an important predictor of health status, but many Australians cannot demonstrate functional health literacy, and individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds are at higher risk of poor health literacy. The primary participants of The Water Well Project's health education sessions are individuals of refugee, asylum seeker and migrant background, who are at risk of increased morbidity and mortality due to a range of factors. Secondary participants are volunteer healthcare professionals who facilitate these sessions. Because the Water Well Project is a community-centric organisation, the content and delivery of education sessions is shaped by the health literacy needs of the participants. During each session, The Water Well Project aims for a ratio of two volunteer healthcare professionals to every 5-15 participants. Sessions are interactive, with the use of visual aids, and incorporate the services of a professional interpreter when required. Since 2011, over 300 education sessions have been delivered to more than 3000 participants with anticipated flow-on effects to family and friends. The sessions provide a unique opportunity for participants and volunteer healthcare professionals to simultaneously acquire valuable health literacy skills. For participants, this fosters an improved awareness of and trust in the healthcare system; for volunteer healthcare professionals, this affords the opportunity to contribute to the health of vulnerable populations while developing skills in working effectively with interpreters and CALD communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was an evaluation of the effectiveness of Deadly Choices™ community events for improving participants' short-term knowledge of chronic disease and risk factors, and increasing community engagement with local health services. Surveys were completed directly before and after participating in health education activities (pre and post surveys, respectively) assessing knowledge of chronic diseases and risk factors at three Deadly Choices community events and four National Aboriginal and Islander Day Observance Committee (NAIDOC) events in south-east Queensland where Deadly Choices health education activities took place. An audit trail was conducted at two Deadly Choices community events in Brisbane to identify the proportion of participants who undertook a health screen at the event who then followed up for a Medicare-funded health check (MBS item 715) or other appointment at an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clinic in the local area within 2 months. Results were compared with a sample of participants who attended one Deadly Choices community event but did not complete a health screen. There were 472 community members who completed a pre and post survey. All knowledge scores significantly improved between baseline and follow up. Although based on a small sample, the audit trail results suggest individuals who participated in a health screen at the community day were approximately twice as likely to go back to a clinic to receive a full health check or have an alternative appointment compared with attendees who did not participate in a screen. Community events that include opportunities for health education and health screening are an effective strategy to improve chronic disease health literacy skills and appear to have the potential to increase community engagement with local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]