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The concept of human capital, which means developable human power, has started to gain importance especially after 1960s. Human capital has a positive impact on the quality of life of countries when the required importance is given, thus allowing the increase in national income. This study is primarily examined the theoretical framework of the relationship between human capital and economic growth, on the issue has been referred to the studies in the literature and post selected from 1980-2017 years in Turkey, education, health and physical capital indicators and the human impact on the capital's economic growth econometrically tested. Johansen cointegration test, granger causality test and VEC methods were used as econometric analysis method. According to the short and long term results, per capita education expenditures and fixed capital investments have enhancing effect on economic growth. According to the Granger causality analysis, there was a positive and significant relationship from economic growth to per capita education expenditures, from per capita fixed capital investments to per capita education expenditures and from per capita health expenditures to per capita education expenditures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to test the relationship between human capital and economic growth in Turkey with the analysis of the time series with reference to 1983-2013 period. In the study, the number of students per school at the stage of higher education, yearly employment figures and the gross enrollment ratio of higher education were used to represent human capital. As a result of the study, the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test revealed the existence of a long-term relationship between human capital and economic growth. Also, in the analysed of period for Turkey the relationship of granger casuality results can not be found between human capital and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural problems faced with middle-income countries that seek to achieve their economic growth and development have brought about the middle-income trap concept up to the agenda. Therefore, determining the factors that cause per capita income in these countries to remain the same for many years has attracted researchers' attention. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to contribute determining key factors which distinguish between the countries in middle-income trap and those not in this trap. The discriminant analysis was used to achieve this goal. 19 countries which fall in middle-income trap, 21 middle-income countries which are not in trap and 34 high-income countries are included in these analyses. 22 variables represented in five groups, namely innovation, institutional, macroeconomic, education and demographic, were used. According to the findings obtained from the analysis results; the main elements that distinguish the countries in middle-income trap and those not in this trap from each other are education, innovation and institutional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to analyse the relationship and the future of the European Union (EU) and Turkey and seeks to answer this question; Is Turkey that is demanding to become a member of the EU and identifying it as a state policy, really ready for the membership of the Union? In other words, if we take an argument concerning the relationship between European Union and Turkey and the future of this relationship with reference to the Union member states' political / economic / cultural envisagement about Turkey from a critical viewpoint highlighting interior factors rather than exterior factors, then, what could be the reason why Turkey fails the membership or the primary reason retarding the membership? In this study, it is considered that the answer is hidden in Turkey's human capital asset and lack of effectiveness. Although important educational and training projects were implemented to develop qualified work force in the last three centuries from Ottoman times to Republican period, it can be concluded that all these efforts were not enough to catch the expected level. A human capital index is developed for this study in order to compare European countries and Turkey and other indexes were also used. Results showed Turkey's current position with respect to EU and inspire serious policy changes to develop human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]