Search

Adolescent risk factors for pre-diabetes and diabetes in young adulthood were examined in three minority groups and compared to those in non-Hispanic Whites. Retrospective cohort study with data on 8337 adolescent respondents from Add Health (1994-2008). Participants included 5131 non-Hispanic Whites, 1651 non-Hispanic Blacks, 1223 Hispanics, and 332 American Indians/Alaska Natives. Diabetes was defined as: hemoglobin A1C ≥ 6.5%, glucose > 125 mg/dl, self-reported diabetes, or self-reported diabetes medication use, in Wave 4 data. Pre-diabetes was defined as hemoglobin A1C ≥ 5.7%. Relative risk regression models were used to evaluate the association between risk factors and risk of diabetes and pre-diabetes, controlling for body mass index, sedentary and physical activity habits, fast food consumption, and parental education, parental diabetes status, and financial stability. 484 participants developed diabetes; 2878 developed pre-diabetes between 1994 and 2008. Pre-diabetes and diabetes were more prevalent in non-Hispanic Blacks (55% and 12%, respectively) than in American Indians/Alaska Natives (43% and 11%), Hispanics (37% and 6%), and non-Hispanic Whites (27% and 3%). In all races, higher body mass index and parental diabetes were associated with higher risk of pre-diabetes and diabetes, while female sex was associated with lower risk of pre-diabetes. Efforts to reduce the risk of pre-diabetes and diabetes in adolescents should emphasize parental diabetes and BMI in all races, independent of physical activity, sedentary behaviors, or fast food consumption. Future interventions might be interested in targeting households, rather than individuals, to prevent pre-diabetes and diabetes in adolescents and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Inorganic arsenic at high and prolonged doses is highly neurotoxic. Few studies have evaluated whether long-term, low-level arsenic exposure is associated with neuropsychological functioning in adults. Objectives To investigate the association between long-term, low-level inorganic arsenic exposure and neuropsychological functioning among American Indians aged 64–95. Methods We assessed 928 participants in the Strong Heart Study by using data on arsenic species in urine samples collected at baseline (1989–1991) and results of standardized tests of global cognition, executive functioning, verbal learning and memory, fine motor functioning, and speed of mental processing administered during comprehensive follow-up evaluations in 2009–2013. We calculated the difference in neuropsychological functioning for a 10% increase in urinary arsenic with adjustment for sex, age, education, and study site. Results The sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species (∑As) in urine was associated with limited fine motor functioning and processing speed. A 10% increase in ∑As was associated with a .10 (95% CI −.20, −.01) decrease on the Finger Tapping Test for the dominant hand and a .13 decrease (95% CI −.21, −.04) for the non-dominant hand. Similarly, a 10% increase in ∑As was associated with a .15 (95% CI −.29, .00) decrease on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition Coding Subtest. ∑As was not associated with other neuropsychological functions. Conclusions Findings indicate an adverse association between increased urinary arsenic fine motor functioning and processing speed, but not with other neuropsychological functioning, among elderly American Indians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]