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Neighboring adipocytes of tumor cells/cancer associated adipocytes supply many factors and fatty acids as fuel to cancer cells for inducing cancer progression and development. Epithelial breast cancer cells also differentiate into several cell types to meet various demands. This study reports that breast cancer cells exhibit inherent adipocyte-like property which is further enhanced in presence of BMP2. Antidiabetic metformin inhibits BMP2 induced adipocyte-like potential in breast cancer cells. Interestingly, breast cancer cells not only show lipid accumulation but also have ability to release lipid content. Thus, this study centers around the presence of the adipocyte cell-like property in breast cancer cells, the significance of BMP2 and metformin that may be explored in designing therapeutics against breast cancer. • Palmitic acid elevates the fatty acid uptake in breast cancer cells. • Breast cancer cells exhibits adipocyte cell like property. • BMP2 stimulates the adipogenic potential of breast cancer cells. • Metformin inhibits the BMP2 induced adipogenic potential of breast cancer cells. • Breast cancer cells not only show lipid accumulation but also releases lipid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the lipid content, fatty acid (FA) profile, and lipid peroxidation of turbot muscle before and after culinary processing, including traditional oven and grilling, with and without extra virgin olive oil. The impact of muscle location and skin presence was evaluated. The skin had negligible effects on FA profile, although grilling without skin resulted in a significantly higher cooking loss. The ventral muscle displayed a significantly higher total lipid content than the dorsal muscle. Processed samples, without oil, showed no significant FA profile differences compared to fresh muscle. However, lipid peroxidation significantly increased with culinary processing, particularly through oven cooking in the absence of olive oil. Although the incorporation of olive oil during culinary processing reduced EPA + DHA content, these LC-PUFA/100 g remained above the recommended daily intake of 250 mg for humans. While phenolic compounds present in olive oil, derived from hydroxitirosol and tyrosol, may not directly protect PUFAs, they appeared to contribute to the prevention of lipid peroxidation, particularly in longer processing (oven). In summary, farmed turbot has a very high nutritional value that is preserved when cooked under controlled conditions. • Turbot muscle was oven-baked or grilled, with and without olive oil. • Skin presence had negligible effects during the cooking process. • Lipid peroxidation increased in processed samples compared to fresh ones. • EPA + DHA levels were reduced in samples cooked with olive oil. • Turbot maintained high nutritional value when cooked under controlled conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Local fatty acid and lipid synthesis in autophagosome biogenesis. • Phospholipid balance is needed for proper autophagosome formation. • Mechanism of lipid supply to the expanding isolation membrane. • Role of ATG2, VPS13 and ATG9 in isolation membrane expansion. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway where double-membrane autophagosomes form de novo to engulf cytoplasmic material destined for lysosomal degradation. This process requires regulated membrane remodeling, beginning with the initial autophagosomal precursor and progressing to its elongation and maturation into a fully enclosed, fusion-capable vesicle. While the core protein machinery involved in autophagosome formation has been extensively studied over the past two decades, the role of phospholipids in this process has only recently been studied. This review focuses on the phospholipid composition of the phagophore membrane and the mechanisms that supply lipids to expand this unique organelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) with the Bi 3 + liquid metal ion gun was used to investigate the content of lipids and amino acids (AAs) in extracellular vesicles (EVs). We induced metabolic changes in human pancreatic β -cells by stimulation with high glucose concentrations (35 mM) and tested the hypothesis of hyperglycemia (HG) has a detrimental effect on lipids and AAs in released EV subpopulations: ectosomes and exosomes. As a result of HG treatment, selected fatty acids (FAs) such as arachidonic, myristic and palmitic acids, changed their abundance in ectosomes and exosomes. Also, intensities of the characteristic peaks for cholesterol (m/z 95.09; 147.07; 161.11; 369.45) along with the molecular ion m/z 386.37 [C 27 H 46 O+] under HG conditions, both for ectosomes and exosomes, have changed significantly. Comparative analysis of HG EVs and normoglycemic (NG) ones showed statistically significant differences in the signal intensities of four AAs: valine (m/z 72.08 and 83.05), isoleucine (m/z 86.10), phenylalanine (m/z 120.08 and 132.05) and tyrosine (m/z 107.05 and 136.09). We confirmed that ToF-SIMS is a useful technique to study selected AAs and lipid profiles in various EV subpopulations. Our study is the first demonstration of changes in FAs and AAs in exosomes and ectosomes derived from β -cells under the influence of HG. [Display omitted] • EVs - extracellular vesicles, like ectosomes and exosomes were isolated from hyper- and normoglycemic β -cells. • ToF-SIMS was used for analysis of theirs molecular content. • Hyperglycemia significantly changed lipids and amino acids in ectosomes and exosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae are a sustainable source of healthy and functional lipids. The production of extracts suitable for food and nutraceutical industries requires food-grade solvents, which may have low lipid extraction yield and/or purity. This work aimed to assess the efficiency of biosolvents ethanol (E) and ethyl acetate (EA) in obtaining food-grade lipid ingredients from an algae blend, Fucus vesiculosus , Ulva sp., and Chlorella vulgaris , in comparison with the Folch method. Ultrasound (UAE) was assayed to enhance the biosolvent extraction. The results showed that the different extraction approaches can significantly influence the extraction yield, lipid purity, and lipid composition, including fatty acid (FA) content. EA and EA + UAE produced high lipid purity (>74%) extracts with high polyunsaturated FA (≤77.5%) and n -3 FA (≤74.4%) contents, despite the lower extraction yield. E + UAE may be used to obtain lipid-rich ingredients from algae blend (57%) and C. vulgaris (91%). All extracts showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study provides relevant information for the production of food-grade lipid ingredients from algae. • E and EA were evaluated to produce food-grade lipid ingredients from algae. • UAE was assayed to improve extraction with food-grade biosolvents. • Extraction approaches can influence extraction yield, lipid purity and FA content. • High lipid purity extracts with great levels of PUFA were obtained by EA + UAE. • Utility and feasibility of extraction approaches must be investigated for each alga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcystins (MC)-RR is a significant analogue of MC-LR, which has been identified as a hepatotoxin capable of influencing lipid metabolism and promoting the progression of liver-related metabolic diseases. However, the toxicity and biological function of MC-RR are still not well understood. In this study, the toxic effects and its role in lipid metabolism of MC-RR were investigated in hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2cells). The results demonstrated that MC-RR dose-dependently reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis. Additionally, even at low concentrations, MC-RR promoted lipid accumulation through up-regulating levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethaolamine in HepG2 cells, with no impact on cell viability. Proteomics and transcriptomics analysis further revealed significant alterations in the protein and gene expression profiles in HepG2 cells treated with MC-RR. Bioinformatic analysis, along with subsequent validation, indicated the upregulation of CD36 and activation of the AMPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR in response to MC-RR exposure. Finally, knockdown of CD36 markedly ameliorated MC-RR-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. These findings collectively suggest that MC-RR promotes lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells through CD36-mediated signal pathway and fatty acid uptake. Our findings provide new insights into the hepatotoxic mechanism of MC-RR. MC-RR exposure promotes up-regulation of CD36 and activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway, resulting in a significant augmentation of cellular triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC), thus driving the observed lipid accumulation. [Display omitted] • Low concentration of MC-RR retains cell viability but promotes lipid accumulation. • MC-RR leads to augmentation of triglycerides, total cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. • MC-RR exposure induces significant up-regulation of CD36. • MC-RR activates AMPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids, with fatty acids (FA) as a crucial subset, have become a focal point for diverse medical, physiological, and ecological studies. However, a comprehensive assessment of the various pre-analytical FA extraction methods published in the scientific literature remains lacking. In this study, we examined the efficacy of seven well-established sample preparation methods, specifically focusing on their effectiveness in total lipid and fatty acid extraction and their impact on compound-specific stable hydrogen (δ 2H) and carbon (δ 13C) isotope values. We also considered the repercussions of FA removal efficacy on residual bulk tissue δ 2H n analysis, because lipids typically have low δ 2H values. Our findings showed that in most cases chloroform-based extraction methods outperformed those without chloroform. While discrepancies were not as evident for smaller organisms, such as plankton, marked variations were discernible in the extraction efficiencies for muscle and liver samples, which was also manifested in the residual bulk tissue δ 2H n results. Notably, most extraction methods had little effect on specific δ 13C or δ 2H isotope values of FA; instead, an emphasis should be on using an extraction method that achieves optimal baseline peak separation of the chromatograms for C and H isotope measurements. [Display omitted] • Chloroform-based extraction methods were superior for most sample types. • Direct FA transmethylation protocols omiting lipid extraction performed poorly. • The extraction method did not affect compound-specific δ 2H and δ 13C values of FA. • Some methods produced "cleaner" chromatograms essential for reliable measurements. • Extraction significantly impacted bulk sample δ 2H value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are a group of lipid signaling molecules derived from the phospholipid precursor N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). NAEs can be processed by a wide range of metabolic processes including hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), peroxidation by lipoxygenases (LOX), and conjugation by glycosyl- and malonyl-transferases. The diversity of NAE metabolites points to participation in multiple downstream pathways for regulation and function. NAEs with acyl chains of 18C are typically the most predominant types in vascular plants. Whereas in nonvascular plants and some algae, the arachidonic acid-containing NAE, anandamide (a functional "endocannabinoid" in animal systems), was recently reported. A signaling role for anandamide and other NAEs is well established in vertebrates, while NAEs and their oxylipin metabolites are recently becoming appreciated for lipid mediator roles in vascular plants. Here, the NAE metabolism and function in plants are overviewed, with particular emphasis on processes described in vascular plants where most attention has been focused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial lipid production has been studied extensively for years; however, lipid metabolic engineering in many of the extraordinarily high lipid-accumulating yeasts was impeded by inadequate understanding of the metabolic pathways including regulatory mechanisms defining their oleaginicity and the limited genetic tools available. The aim of this review is to highlight the prominent oleaginous yeast genera, emphasizing their oleaginous characteristics, in conjunction with diverse other features such as cheap carbon source utilization, withstanding the effect of inhibitory compounds, commercially favorable fatty acid composition--all supporting their future development as economically viable lipid feedstock. The unique aspects of metabolism attributing to their oleaginicity are accentuated in the pretext of outlining the various strategies successfully implemented to improve the production of lipid and lipid-derived metabolites. A large number of in silico data generated on the lipid accumulation in certain oleaginous yeasts have been carefully curated, as suggestive evidences in line with the exceptional oleaginicity of these organisms. The different genetic elements developed in these yeasts to execute such strategies have been scrupulously inspected, underlining the major types of newly-found and synthetically constructed promoters, transcription terminators, and selection markers. Additionally, there is a plethora of advanced genetic toolboxes and techniques described, which have been successfully used in oleaginous yeasts in the recent years, promoting homologous recombination, genome editing, DNA assembly, and transformation at remarkable efficiencies. They can accelerate and effectively guide the rational designing of system-wide metabolic engineering approaches pinpointing the key targets for developing industrially suitable yeast strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sickness symptoms exerted via inflammatory responses occur in several infectious and chronic diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that altered nutrient availability and metabolism are tightly coupled to inflammatory processes. However, the relationship between metabolic shifts and the development of the sickness response has not been explored fully. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate metabolic phenotypes with a mouse model showing sickness symptoms via systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the present study. LPS injection elevated the lipid utilization and circulating levels of fatty acids. It also increased the levels of β-hydroxybutyric acid, a ketone body produced from fatty acids. We confirmed the functional connectivity between nutrient utilization and inflammatory responses and demonstrated enhanced lipid utilization in the hypothalamus providing insights into hypothalamic control of sickness responses. Collectively, these findings could help develop new therapeutic strategies to treat patients with severe sickness symptoms associated with infectious and chronic human diseases. • LPS-treated mice display alteration in nutrient availability in circulating system. • LPS-treated mice display enhanced lipid utilization. • Lipid utilization and inflammation are linked to hypothalamic control of sickness response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bacillus subtilis FabHA and FabHB vary in resistance to natural product inhibitors. • B. subtilis FabHA resembles Staphylococcal FabH. • B. subtilis FabHB resembles Escherichia coli FabH. Bacteria use the fatty acid composition of membrane lipids to maintain homeostasis of the bilayer. β-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (FabH) initiates fatty acid biosynthesis and is the primary determinant of the fatty acid composition. FabH condenses malonyl-acyl carrier protein with an acyl-Coenzyme A primer to form β -ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein which is used to make substrates for lipid synthesis. The acyl-Coenzyme A primer determines whether an acyl chain in the membrane has iso, anteiso, or no branching (straight chain) and biophysical properties of the membrane. The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis encodes two copies of FabH (Bs FabHA and Bs FabHB), and here we solve their crystal structures. The substrate-free 1.85 Å and 2.40 Å structures of Bs FabHA and Bs FabHB show both enzymes have similar residues that line the active site but differ in the architecture surrounding the catalytic residues and oxyanion hole. Branching in the Bs FabHB active site may better accommodate the structure of an iso-branched acyl-Coenzyme A molecule and thus confer superior utilization to Bs FabHA for this primer type. The 2.02 Å structure of Bs FabHA•Coenzyme A shows how the active site architecture changes after binding the first substrate. The other notable difference is an amino acid insertion in Bs FabHB that extends a cap that covers the dimer interface. The cap topology is diverse across FabH structures and appears to be a distinguishing feature. FabH enzymes have variable sensitivity to natural product inhibitors and the availability of crystal structures help clarify how nature designs antimicrobials that differentially target FabH homologs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic use of cocaine prompts neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Lipids play pivotal roles in neuronal function and pathology. Although evidence correlates cocaine use with the alteration of lipid metabolism in blood and brain, the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we explore the effect of cocaine on neuronal fatty acid profiles in vitro. Neuro2a cells following seven days of repeated exposure to cocaine (0, 600, 800, 1000 μM) showed apoptosis-irrelevant cell death, dysregulated autophagy, activation of atypical endoplasmic reticulum stress response, increased saturated and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, and disrupted lipid metabolism. These preliminary findings indicated the association between lipid metabolism and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity, which should be beneficial for understanding the neurotoxicity of cocaine. • Repeated cocaine exposure to Neuro2a cells induced apoptosis-irrelevant cell death. • Cocaine caused imbalanced autophagy and ER stress in Neuro2a cells. • Repeated cocaine exposure increased fatty acid synthesis in Neuro2a cells. • Repeated cocaine exposure disrupted the lipid metabolism in Neuro2a cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, phycoremediation of textile wastewater (TWW) by freshwater cyanobacterial strains such as sp., Oscillatoria sp. F01 and Oscillatoria sp. F02 was evaluated, and lipids were simultaneously extracted from biomass for biodiesel production. Onset of the study, Phormidium sp. and Oscillatoria sp. F01 has better growth rates, increased biomass production, high chlorophyll content, and efficient nutrient utilization in TWW compared to Oscillatoria sp. F02. Phormidium sp. showed 1.41 g/L dry weight, followed by Oscillatoria sp. F01 with 1.39 g/L and Oscillatoria sp. F02 with 1.02 g/L biomass. Both strains demonstrated their capability to elevate the pH level while reducing TDS and eliminating/reducing several nutrients such as nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, sulphates, sulphides, chlorides, calcium, sodium, and magnesium. Further, the total lipids extracted from the TWW-grown Phormidium sp., Oscillatoria sp. F01 and Oscillatoria sp. F02 was estimated to be 8.20, 13.70 and 11.20 %, respectively, on day 21, which was higher than the lipid content obtained from control cultures. Further, biodiesel produced from the lipids of all strains showed higher levels of C12:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 among all the fatty acids. Therefore, they can potentially offer a valuable source of lipids and diverse fatty acids for high-quality biodiesel production. This integrated system not only offers a solution for TWW treatment but also provides a feedstock for renewable fuel production simultaneously. • Phycoremediation of textile wastewater by Phormidium and Oscillatoria strains was studied. • Phormidium and Oscillatoria sp. F02 had ∼1.41 g/L DCW, 19.6 mg/L chlorophyll in TWW. • All strains reduced the nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulphate, calcium etc., in TWW on day 21. • TWW tolerant Oscillatoria sp. F01 and F02 showed higher lipid content of 13.7 and 11.2%. • Higher C16:0 and C18:1 over other FAs signifying the use of test strains for quality biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost is the crucial impediment in commercializing microalgal biodiesel. Therefore, cultivating microalgae in cost-effective nutrients reduces the upstream process cost remarkably. Thus, in this study, sugar cane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH) as a lucrative carbon supplement for Chlorococcum sp. and subsequent lipid extraction via an optimized solvent system for biodiesel production was investigated. Characterization of SBH revealed the presence of various monosaccharides and other sugar derivatives such as glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, etc. The maximum dry cell weight of 1.7 g/L was estimated in cultures grown in 10 mL SBH. Different solvents such as diethyl ether (DEE), chloroform (CHL), ethyl acetate (ETA), hexane (HEX), methanol (MET), ethanol (ETOH), acetone (ACE) and also combination of solvents (2:1 ratio) such as DEE: MET, CHL: MET, HEX: MET, HEX: ETOH was tested for lipid extraction efficacy. Among solvents used, 12.3% and 18.4% of lipids were extracted using CHL and CHL: MET, respectively, from 10 mL SBH amended cultures. However, the biodiesel yield was found to be similar at about 70.16 % in both SBH and no SBH-added cultures. The fatty acid profile of the biodiesel shows palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid as principal fatty acids. Further, the levels of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs in 10 mL SBH-added cells were 24.67, 12.89, and 34.24%, respectively. Eventually, the fuel properties of Chlorococcum sp. biodiesel, satisfying international biodiesel standards, make the biodiesel a viable diesel substitute in the future. • Chlorococcum sp. was cultivated in sugar cane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH). • Several single and binary solvents was tested for lipid extraction efficacy in Chlorococcum sp. • The maximum DCW of 1.7 g/L and 18.7% lipid was noticed in 10 mL SBH-grown cells. • A 12.3 and 18.4% lipids was recovered by CHL and CHL:MET solvents, respectively. • SBH grown cells showed desirable fatty acids, and fuel properties as biodiesel standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oncorhynchus mykiss , a significant aquaculture species, possesses compounds with numerous biological and pharmacological functions, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-microbial, and anti-obesity effects. However, possible anti-inflammatory effects of lipids extracted from O. mykiss eggs on RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS have not been elucidated yet. The current study identified 13 fatty acids in lipids extracted from O. mykiss eggs that contained high amounts (51.92% of total fatty acids) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially DHA (33.66%) and EPA (7.77%). These O. mykiss lipids (100–400 μg/mL) showed significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. They also inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β , IL-6 , and TNF-α , while upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 , IL-11 , and TGF-β. These lipids from O. mykiss effectively inhibited LPS-induced expression CD86 as a surface biomarker on RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, O. mykiss lipids suppressed phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 and the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB subunit p65. These findings indicate that O. mykiss lipids possess anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. • Anti-Inflammatory effects of lipids extracted from O. mykiss eggs were evaluated. • O. mykiss lipids decreased NO production, iNOS and CD86 expression in activated macrophages. • O. mykiss lipids activated the expression of IL-1β , IL-6 , TNF-α, IL-10 , IL-11 , and TGF-β. • O. mykiss lipids inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the effects of storage on lipid profiles changes and potential candidates of lipid oxidation in dried shrimps using chemical and lipidomics analysis. Results showed that peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) significantly increased. A total of 790 lipid molecular species belonging to 7 main classes were identified, among which glycerophospholipids (GPs, 72.91%) were the most abundant, followed by glycerolipids (GLs, 13.67%) and sphingolipids (SPs, 8.10%). Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), triglyceride (TG) and diglyceride (DG) as dominant lipid species were susceptible to oxidization/hydrolyzation mainly because of their unsaturated structures. Using multivariate statistical analysis, 163 differential lipid molecules were screened, including 131 and 32 differentially abundant lipids (DALs) accumulating at high and low abundance levels, respectively. After storage, most of phospholipids significantly decreased, while corresponding lysophospholipids increased. Particularly, it was found that TGs and DGs with fatty acids of 18:1 and 18:2 were more likely to be downregulated. Furthermore, 18 DALs were selected as potential biomarkers of lipid oxidation in dried shrimps. This study provided insights into lipid oxidation mechanism and the changes in lipid profiles of dried shrimps during storage. • 31 subclasses of 790 lipids were identified in dried shrimps during storage. • 163 differentially abundant lipids were screened to evaluate stored dried–shrimps. • Lipidomics was used to identify lipid changes during the storage of dried shrimps. • TGs and DGs with fatty acids of 18:1 and 18:2 were more likely to be downregulated. • 18 DALs were selected as potential biomarkers of lipid oxidation in dried shrimps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid rich (PUFA)-culinary oils is of growing concern, knowing that they are highly susceptible to thermo-oxidation, which renders them a richer source of mutagenic and cytotoxic epoxy-fatty acid and aldehydic lipid oxidation products (LOPs). To observe the effects on the resistance of PUFA-rich oils to thermo-oxidation, sunflower oil was blended with coconut and/or macadamia oils. These oil blends were continuously thermally stressed at 180 ℃, whilst undergoing stirring at 250 rpm. The chemical compositions of the thermo-oxidised culinary oils and oil blends were monitored for 300 min using high-field NMR. Analysis indicated macadamia-sunflower oil blends gave rise to a higher LOP suppressive activity than that observed with coconut-sunflower oil blends, despite coconut oil being highly saturated and therefore more highly resistant to thermo-oxidation than macadamia oil. Overall, this study highlights the practical importance in selecting the most suitable culinary oil, as well as correctly evaluating the volumetric proportional amount added for reducing the evolution of genotoxic and carcinogenic LOPs in an oil blend. It also suggests that the mechanisms by which LOP evolution can be retarded by blending requires further investigation. • LOPs form from thermo-oxidation of rice bran, cold press rapeseed, grape seed, and hemp seed oils. • Lowering the thermo-oxidative susceptibility of a PUFA-rich oil possible in an oil blend • Macadamia-sunflower oil more effective than coconut-sunflower oil suppressing aldehydic LOPs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has designed and developed a 5 L bubble column photobioreactor (BCPR) to investigate two microalgal strains Chlorella sp. S-01 , Chlorella sp. S-02 and their consortium Co-CC (Chlorella sp. S-01 + Chlorella sp. S-02) at 0.03, 5, and 10% CO 2 supply for biomass and lipid production. The dry cell weight of Chlorella sp. S-01, Chlorella sp. S-02 and Co-CC were, respectively about 1.41, 1.32, and 1.39 g/L on the 20th day without CO 2 supply, while it was 1.76, 1.61, and 1.87 g/L, respectively at 10% CO 2 supply and similarly, chlorophyll-a content was higher in 10% CO 2 supplied condition over control. Interestingly, Co-CC grown at all the CO 2 concentrations showed similar lipid content between 19.30 and 1F9.41%. As an integrated refinery approach, de-oiled biomass of Co-CC was subjected to carbohydrates and protein estimation and found that 46.2% and 30.80% in 10% CO 2 supply condition in BCPR. Lipid extracted from the Co-CC grown under 0.03, 5, and 10% CO 2 supply in 5L BCPR was converted to biodiesel, and the biodiesel yield was estimated to be 62.78%. Further, the fatty acid profile of Co-CC grown at 10% CO 2 showed higher levels of C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, and monounsaturated fatty acids contents over other CO 2 supplied conditions. Biodiesel of Co-CC showed favourable fuel properties such as density, higher heating value, oxidative stability, CFPP, viscosity, degree of unsaturation, saponification value, and cetane number, which were also in accordance with ASTM, and EN, biodiesel standards. • 5 L bubble column photobioreactor (BCPR) was tested in this study for algae cultivation. • Biomass and lipid content of cultures in BCPR under 0.03, 5, and 10% CO 2 was studied. • Co-CC grown under all CO 2 levels had similar lipid content ranging between 19.3 and 19.41%. • De-oiled Co-CC had carbohydrate and protein of 46.2 and 30.8% in the 10% CO 2 supply, respectively • Fuel properties of Co-CC biodiesel comply with biodiesel standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids and amino acids are recognized to have a significant impact on the bioactivity, aroma, and flavor of ripened cheese. In this study, fatty acid profiles, lipid quality parameters, and amino acid composition of ripened and unripened cheeses produced from different milk sources were investigated. Fatty acids and amino acids were identified by using the gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Lipid quality indicators, including atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, desired hypocholesterolemic fatty acids, undesired hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids ratio, and the nutritive value index of cheese samples were calculated. The results revealed that the major fatty acids detected were myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic. Cheese made from goat and sheep milk, such as Kashkaval, Chevrette Frico, and goat cheese with honey exhibited higher contents of capric acid representing 8.47 %, 9.56 %, and 10.07 %, respectively. In addition, fresh Roumy cheese showed higher contents of oleic (37.15 %) and linoleic (9.18 %) acids than other cheese types. The atherogenicity index of cheese fat varied between 1.13 and 3.97 for the different samples. Furthermore, cheese samples showed similar nutritive value indices. Each cheese type had its distinctive amino acid profile, which was attributed to the enzymatic activity. Milk source and ripening were the main reason for the variations in fatty acid and amino acid contents. The findings of this study could provide interesting knowledge to the dairy industry sector and could be used as a database in the field of food composition and analysis. • Fatty and amino acids profile and lipid quality indices of cheese samples were evaluated. • Myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were the major fatty acids detected. • Cheese made from goat and sheep milk showed higher contents of capric acid. • Milk source and ripening are the main factors for similar nutritive value of cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of boiling, roasting and sous-vide on the cooking loss, lipid and water content, lipid oxidation, fatty acids (FAs) contents and volatile profile (VC) of rabbit meat were studied. S ous-vide resulted in lower cooking loss (20.12%) as compared with boiling (30.66%) and roasting (32.28%). Cooked meat (C-meat) contained higher amount of lipids: sous-vide (6.30%), boiling (5.91%), roasting (4.83%), as compared with raw meat (R-meat; 4.24%). Cooking increased saturated FAs content of C-meat, but decreased the atherogenic palmitic acid by 3–7%. Decreased content of polyunsaturated FAs in C-meat with more evidenced effect of roasting (14%) than boiling and sous-vide (7 and 6% respectively) resulted in formation lipid oxidation products (LOPs). Thus, cooking increased the contents of hydroperoxides: 13-, 6- and 7.5-fold after roasting, sous-vide and boiling, respectively, as compared with R-meat. Roasted meat contained about twice more secondary LOPs than boiled meat. Dominating VCs were aldehydes; their amounts increased 13-, 9- and 7-fold in roasted, boiled and sous-vide meat, respectively, compared with R-meat. Cooking resulted in increasing or generating new VCs in meat: eight hydrocarbons, 1-pentanol and 2-penthylpyridine in roasted meat, furans: 2-ethyl and 2-penthyl in boiled meat, three sulfur-containing compounds in sous-vide meat. • Sous-vide vs boiled/roasted rabbit meat: lower cooking loss, higher lipid content. • Sous-vide, boiled and roasted vs.raw meat: higher (6- to 13-fold) hydroperoxides. • Roasted vs boiled meat: higher (about 2-fold) secondary lipid oxidation products. • Sous-vide, boiled and roasted vs. raw meat: higher (6- to 13-fold) volatile aldehydes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Emperor Moths edible caterpillars were collected at the Yaoundé market place. • Imbrasia truncata and I. epimethea were identified by DNA bar coding. • The caterpillars were source of proteins and all indispensable amino acids. • Their lipids were mainly composed of neutral lipids, rich in α-linolenic acid. • Their tocopherol isomer distributions differed according to the species. Abstract Imbrasia truncata and I. epimethea caterpillars were evaluated as dietary protein and lipid sources. They contained approximately 7.0 g/100 g fresh weight (FW) of lipids and 20.0 g/100 g FW of proteins calculed with determined nitrogen to protein conversion factors: 6.01 ± 0.21 and 6.27 ± 0.15 for I. truncata and I. epimethea , respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids represented about 2.63 ± 0.21 g/100 g FW for I. truncata and 3.24 ± 0.21 g/100 g FW for I. epimethea, with α-linolenic acid as major fatty acid (around 1.88 ± 0.15 g/100 g FW for I. truncata 2.17 ± 0.13 g/100 g FW for I. epimethea) and very low n-6/n-3 ratios: 0.15 (I. truncata) and 0.27 (I. epimethea). Polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids + sulfolipids), representing between 4 and 6% of lipids, contained little amounts of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). The major tocopherol isomer was α−tocopherol in I. truncata (0.52 ± 0.08 g/100 g FW) and γ−tocopherol in I. epimethea (1.00 ± 0.08 g/100 g FW). The proteins of both insect included all indispensable amino acids at amounts (mg/g protein) higher than the indispensable amino acid requirement patterns recommended by WHO/FAO/UNU (2007). In conclusion, Imbrasia caterpillars exhibit a great nutritional potential due to the presence of good quality proteins and healthy fat [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oat is a cereal with a long history of cultivation and great importance in human nutrition, not only because of its starch and protein content, but also because of its substantial fat content with a relatively high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. The fat content, fatty acid composition, and nutritional value of six new oat cultivars were evaluated. Total fat content ranged from 2.9 g/100 g (Korok) to 6.1 g/100 g of sample (Kamil). Naked oat cultivars had significantly higher fat content than hulled oat cultivars (p < 0.0001). The most abundant fatty acids in all tested oat cultivars were linoleic (34.6–38.2%), oleic (30.7–32.2%), and palmitic acid (21.4–22.7%). Naked cultivars had significantly higher amounts of linoleic (p yellow = 0.0125, p black = 0.0472) and lower amounts of palmitic acid (p yellow = 0.0019, p black = 0.0031) than hulled oat cultivars. All analysed oat samples had low atherogenic (0.17–0.19) and thrombogenic indices (0.30–0.34). These findings indicate that the tested new cultivars could be a good source of nutritionally valuable oil that plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Highlights • The fat content and fatty acid profiles of six new oat cultivars were evaluated. • Naked oat cultivars had higher fat content than hulled cultivars in this study. • Naked cultivars had a higher amount of linoleic acid than hulled cultivars. • All oat samples had low atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazelnut kernels obtained from the commercial processes were analyzed for proximate composition, bioactive compounds, lipid oxidation, and enzyme (lipase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase) activities and compared among three cultivars (Barcelona, Yamhill, and Jefferson) and two agricultural practices (with and without fertigation for Jefferson). The influence of drying temperature (38, 43, and 49 °C) and relative humidity (RH, 40 and 60%) on drying characteristics (drying rates of inshells and corresponding moisture content (MC) and water activity (a w ) of kernels when inshells reached ∼10 g/100 g MC or equilibrium MC (MC eq )), bioactive compounds, lipid oxidation, and enzyme activity of the kernels were investigated. Oleic acid and α-tocopherol were the predominant fatty acids and vitamin in hazelnuts. Yamhill contained the highest phenolic (0.12 mg GAE/g), vitamin E (14.26 mg/100 g, α-tocopherol), and lowest unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio (8.7) among cultivars. Drying characteristics and chemical and enzymatic reactions of hazelnuts varied depending on drying condition and cultivar of nuts, in which drying at 43–49 °C and 40% RH improved drying efficiency and retained quality of dried hazelnuts. This study suggested the ideal drying conditions that could produce dried hazelnuts with optimal range of MC and a w for retaining bioactive compounds and minimizing lipid oxidation and enzyme activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive beef study was initiated to obtain and compare representative retail beef nutrient data to include leaner and newly merchandised cuts available in the marketplace. A statistically based sampling plan was used to obtain 72 beef carcasses with nationally representative characteristics, conducted in three phases. Retail cuts were fabricated and cooked. Validated laboratories determined nutrient values using quality assurance protocols. Cooked cuts of chuck eye, ribeye, tenderloin, shoulder and top loin were compared for nutrient differences. Total fat levels ranged from 6.9 to 24.2 g, saturated fat was 2.9 to 10.5 g, and cholesterol was 80 to 98 mg (per 100 g). Nutrient content differed among three grilled cuts (p < 0.05), and among three roasted cuts (p < 0.05), indicating higher total fat and fatty acid concentrations (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans) in ribeye cuts compared to tenderloin cuts (p < 0.05). Concentrations of cholesterol and fatty acids were similar between roasted and grilled paired cuts, for most pairs (p > 0.05). Vitamin and mineral differences in paired cut comparisons were insignificant for most pairs (p > 0.05). The results confirmed and extended previous nutrient data, using up-to-date representative beef cuts to generate and compare data for a range of cuts for several cooking methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of future use of insects in the diet, Rhynchophorus phoenicis larvae were evaluated for their potential as protein and lipid sources. Their lipid and protein contents represented 21.35 ± 2.01 g/100 g and 8.18 ± 0.44 g/100 g fresh weight (FW), respectively, with energy content of 940.0 kJ (224.9 kcal)/100 g FW. Indispensable amino acids were in higher amounts than in Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reference protein, with remarkably high scores for tryptophan and sulfur amino acids. Total lipids comprised neutral lipids (97.53 ± 0.05 g/100 g lipid), glycolipids (0.59 ± 0.04 g/100 g), phospholipids (1.88 ± 0.06 g/100 g) and tocopherols (146 ± 13 μg/g). Total and neutral lipids had palmitic and oleic acids (38 and 46 g/100 g total fatty acids, respectively) as main fatty acids, and palmitoyl, dioleylglycerol (POO) (36.4 ± 0.3%) and dipalmitoyl, oleylglycerol (PPO) (30.3 ± 0.3%) as main triacylglycerol molecular species. This composition explains the lipid melting/crystallization profile. Polyunsaturated fatty acids represented 0.76 ± 0.17 g/100 g fresh larvae (linoleic acid: 0.58 ± 0.11 g/100 g; alpha-linolenic acid: 0.17 ± 0.06 g/100 g). They concentrated in the phospholipids, characterised by a majority of choline-carrying species and high levels of lyso-phospholipids. These results confirm that Rhynchophorus phoenicis larvae are a potential alternative source of dietary fat and proteins that can be used to address under-nutrition and malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profile and distribution of fatty acids in neutral lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of appreciated crustaceans species caught in the Adriatic Sea during the autumn months, namely caramote prawn ( Penaeus kerathurus ), mantis shrimp ( Squilla mantis ) and crab ( Liocarcinus vernalis ), were investigated. The crab’s total fatty acid profile significantly differed from that of caramote prawn and mantis shrimp. Crab was the most valuable dietary source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n –3 PUFA), with approximately 2-fold higher eicosapentaenoic acid content (131.6 ± 31.6 mg/100 g of edible part) than caramote prawn and mantis shrimp. The caramote prawn presented the highest furan fatty acids (F-acids) level (2.5 ± 0.5 mg/100 g). All crustaceans preferentially accumulated the n –3 PUFA in phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. The F-acid distribution among the lipid classes changed according to the crustacean species. Crab presented F-acids mainly in the neutral lipid whereas caramote prawn contained them predominantly in the phospholipids. On the contrary, F-acids were not detected in the phosphatidylcholine of mantis shrimp. These differences in the distribution suggest different nutritional and health properties given by the consumption of the crustaceans investigated. Moreover, the F-acid profile of the different lipid classes could be used to discriminate these crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence has shown that berberine has a protective effect against metabolic syndrome such as obesity and type II diabetes mellitus by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK induces CD36 trafficking to the sarcolemma for fatty acid uptake and oxidation in contracting muscle. However, little is known about the effects of AMPK on CD36 regulation in the liver. We investigated whether AMPK activation by berberine affects CD36 expression and fatty acid uptake in hepatocytes and whether it is linked to hepatic lipid accumulation. Activation of AMPK by berberine or transduction with adenoviral vectors encoding constitutively active AMPK in HepG2 and mouse primary hepatocytes increased the expression and membrane translocation of CD36, resulting in enhanced fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation as determined by BODIPY-C16 and Nile red fluorescence, respectively. Activation of AMPK by berberine induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and subsequently induced CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) binding to the C/EBP-response element in the CD36 promoter in hepatocytes. In addition, hepatic CD36 expression and triglyceride levels were increased in normal diet-fed mice treated with berberine, but completely prevented when hepatic CD36 was silenced with adenovirus containing CD36-specific shRNA. Taken together, prolonged activation of AMPK by berberine increased CD36 expression in hepatocytes, resulting in fatty acid uptake via processes linked to hepatocellular lipid accumulation and fatty liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capelin (Mallotus villosus) is a significant fish species with high nutritional value. This study comprehensively investigated the fingerprinting of the lipidome of its head, meat, roe, and viscera, based on an untargeted lipidomic strategy. Results showed that unsaturated fatty acids accounted for more than 55 % of the total fatty acids in the capelin, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 7.65 −19.83 % of total fatty acids) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 7.79 −16.91 %). Additionally, 1206 lipid molecules involving 30 major classes were detected. Among these molecules, phosphatidylcholine (PC) (12:1/26:1), PC (5:0/22:5), PC (13:0/24:4), PC (16:0/16:0), PC (19:0/20:3), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (39:0/15:1) were the characteristic lipids in roe, then ceramides (Cer) (t19:1/24:4), Cer (t20:0/18:2), Cer (t22:1/18:2), Cer (t19:1/18:2), Cer (t16:1/26:1), and Cer (d16:0/24:4) were the characteristic lipid in viscera. Overall, this study provided the first interpretation of the lipidome of capelin, which could serve as a reference for future studies on nutritional value, ecology, and traceability of geographic origin. [Display omitted] • Determination of lipid profiles in different parts of capelin. • EPA and DHA content in the roe was greater than 33.50 % of total fatty acid. • LC–MS-based lipidomics showed a total of 1206 lipids. • Characteristic lipid of fish roe was phosphatidylcholine，viscera was Ceramides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oilseed cakes obtained by cold-pressing are rich in lipids susceptible to degradation, which could challenge their handling and nutritional, safety, and sensory requirements, especially during long-storage. Although extrusion is effective at reducing antinutritional factors, its effect on the lipid stability of oilseed cakes remains unknown. In this work, a comparative 1H-NMR-based investigation of the lipid quality in terms of lipid composition, hydrolysis, and oxidation status, as well as their stability after long-term storage was performed on soybean, canola and sunflower cold-pressed cakes before and after low-moisture extrusion. Soybean cake was rich in linolenic and linoleic groups, whereas canola and sunflower mostly contained linoleic and monounsaturated acyl groups and fatty acids. Extrusion did not modify lipid quality immediately after processing. Nevertheless, lipid stability was significantly reduced after 12 months, especially in cakes subjected to extrusion, evidenced by the degradation of their polyunsaturated acyl groups and fatty acids, and the increase of primary and secondary oxidation products. Since lipid quality was retained immediately after extrusion (no storage), results indicated that any action to avoid the enzymatic lipid degradation must be performed immediately after cold-pressing. Moreover, long-term storage should be carefully considered as the lipid stability/quality of extruded cakes was compromised after extrusion. • Lipid quality was studied in terms of acyl group profile, hydrolysis, and oxidation. • Cold-pressed cakes contain up to 18% lipids, most of which susceptible to degradation. • NMR showed that extrusion did not modify lipid quality immediately after processing. • Lipid stability was significantly reduced after 12 months, especially after extrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupin seeds are indispensable as valuable sources of proteins that possess good technological properties and show health-beneficial effects. Unfortunately, because of the relatively low content, lupin seed oil has not been studied in such a detailed manner as the proteins. Therefore, this study aimed to provide comprehensive data on the chemical composition and technological parameters of the seed lipid fraction isolated from four cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius as well as two cultivars of L. albus and L. luteus. Among the analyzed seeds, L. albus had the highest fat content (10.52–12.06%) and total tocopherols (125.55–130.22 mg/kg dm), while L. angustifolius were marked with the highest carotenoids content (17.20–62.52 mg/kg oil). The fatty acid profile of the studied seeds was determined to be species-specific. From a technological point of view, L. albus seed oils show the highest oxidative stability. The principal components analysis revealed that the chemical composition and technological parameters were markedly different between the different lupin seeds species. The obtained results expand our knowledge of the chemical composition of lupin seed lipids fraction and will help it better utilization as a valuable food ingredient. [Display omitted] • Lupin seeds contain many pro-healthy lipophilic compounds. • The oil chemical composition differs among the studied lupin seeds species. • The fatty acid and triacylglycerol profiles of the seeds were species-specific. • The differences in oil composition allow for distinguishing lupin seed species. • The oil fraction of the lupin seeds have good technological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are an inexpensive and renewable carbon source that can be generated from gas fermentation and anaerobic digestion of fermentable wastes. The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is a promising biocatalyst that can utilize VFAs and convert them into triacylglycerides (TAGs). However, currently there is limited knowledge on the metabolism of Y. lipolytica when cultured on VFAs. To develop a better understanding, we used acetate as the sole carbon source to culture two strains, a control strain and a previously engineered strain for lipid overaccumulation. For both strains, metabolism during the growth phase and lipid production phase were investigated by metabolic flux analysis using two parallel sodium acetate tracers. The resolved flux distributions demonstrate that the glyoxylate shunt pathway is constantly active and the flux through gluconeogenesis varies depending on strain and phase. In particular, by regulating the activities of malate transport and pyruvate kinase, the cells divert only a portion of the glyoxylate shunt flux required to satisfy the needs for anaplerotic reactions and NADPH production through gluconeogenesis and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Excess flux flows back to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for energy production. As with the case of glucose as the substrate, the primary source for lipogenic NADPH is derived from the oxidative PPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proximate composition, unsaponifiable lipid components (cholesterol, squalene, tocopherols, all-trans retinol, total carotenoids) and fatty acid profile were evaluated on red mullet ( Mullus barbatus ) caught in the Central Tyrrhenian and Central Adriatic seas (Italy). The study was conducted in spring, the reproduction period, and in autumn, the period of maximum recruitment and market demand for this species. Results showed that, in fish from both sites, protein (18.1–18.8 g 100 g −1 ), nonprotein nitrogen (0.32–0.35 g 100 g −1 ), ash (1.27–1.42 g 100 g −1 ) and cholesterol (56.8–73.7 mg 100 g −1 ) contents were almost stable. Total lipid levels were highly variable, with very low levels in spring (0.96–1.48 g 100 g −1 ) and high levels in autumn (7.28–8.72 g 100 g −1 ). On a total fatty acids basis, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were significantly higher in spring (30–40% of total fatty acids), when fish was lean, than in autumn (20%), while monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in autumn (35–38%) than in spring (18–29%). Saturated fatty acids were almost stable throughout the year (34–39% of total fatty acids). Red mullet from the two sites showed a good nutritional value; in particular they proved to be a good source of n-3 PUFA, which accounted for 75–80% of total PUFA, regardless of the fishing season. However, it was in autumn that red mullet exhibited the highest content of n-3 PUFA (>1000 mg 100 g −1 wet fillet). The comparison of samples by geographical origin showed no difference in autumn, while slight differences were observed in spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to verify the nutritional value of the fatty acid (FA) profile of three fruits claimed to confer health benefits (goji berry, white mulberry, and cranberry), often referred to as "superfruits", over three common fruits (banana, apple, and strawberry). Nineteen different FAs, ranging in concentrations between 0.018 and 9.4 mg/g dry sample were detected. Levels of very long-chained FAs were highest in cranberries, oleic acid was most abundant in goji berries, alpha-linolenic acid showed high levels in strawberries and linoleic acid showed high levels in goji berries and white mulberries. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated FAs was highest in strawberries and goji berries, and the ratio of odd-carbon to even carbon saturated FAs was high in all common fruits, whereas among the superfruits both goji- and white mulberries showed very low ratios. Finally, the ratio of very long-chain to long-chain FAs showed the highest levels in cranberries and apples. A composite measure of the FA profile suggests apples and cranberries to show the most beneficial lipid profile. However, a common and beneficial lipid profile was not found in the superfruits as compared to more common fruits. • Superfruits do not differ from common fruits in Europe regarding fatty acid levels. • Superfruits lack a health promoting fatty acid profile. • Among six fruits, apples and cranberries are closest to being a superfruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation of ω-3 fatty acids has posed a serious challenge for incorporating heart-healthy oil products into healthful foods and beverages. In this study, plant and marine based ω-3 oils were dispersed into sodium caseinate dispersions and then mixed with purified heart-healthy oat gum comprised of 97% β-glucan in a homogenizer under room temperature. The stable emulsions underwent shelf life tests to assess their stabilities and oxidative activities. Various preparations of ω-3 oil-in-water emulsions with 10mL oil/100mLstabilized with sodium caseinate ranging from 0 to 3g caseinate/100g sample and β-glucan ranging from 0 to 0.3g β-glucan/100g sample were formed. The physical properties such as creaming index, particle size, and viscosity of the emulsions were measured. The lipid oxidation was measured as lipid hydroperoxide concentration and reduction of lipid oxidation was observed under shelf-life stress tests at 28 ° C. The fatty acids of the oils were also measured using gas chromatography. Omega-3 fatty acids compositional changes were observed over the shelf life tests. It was found that caseinate helped reduce the oxidation of the oils in general and there is no significant impact of β-glucan on oxidation. Addition of caseinate and β-glucan in the emulsions slightly increased both particle size and viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new gelled carrageenan containing emulsion developed as ingredient was used as fat replacer in burger patties. Increasing amounts (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of this gelled emulsion were added into the product in order to reduce the fat content while improving its fatty acid profile. A 41% reduction of the total fat content with an increment of the 74.5% of the unsaturated fatty acids, and a significant decrease in cholesterol (47%) and saturated fat (62%) were achieved in the product with the highest level of substitution. These products showed significantly lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) compared to control. Additionally, when samples were subjected to thermal treatment (180 °C, 15 min, oven conditions) higher lipid oxidation rates were found when increasing amounts of the gelled emulsion were incorporated into the new formulations, without impairment of their final sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil extraction from the pre-cooked shrimp nugget with carboxymethyl cellulose and β-glucan was evaluated for peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and fatty acid composition in frozen storage for a period of 4 months. After 4 months of frozen storage, Control and CMC shrimp nugget with the highest TBARS values had the greater lipid oxidation than samples containing β-glucan. However, no significant differences were found in BG and CMC + BG samples at 120 days of storage (p > 0.05). p-anisidine value of shrimp nuggets oil without β-glucan were significantly higher than those of shrimp nugget oil containing β-glucan and during storage (p < 0.05). The BG + CMC treatment showed the highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids after 120 days. Also, our data showed that there were positive correlations among the results of antioxidant capacities and total phenolic acids of the samples. In conclusion, this result revealed that β-glucan added to shrimp nugget can significantly retard the process of lipid peroxidation during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the fatty acid (FA) composition and lipid stability of wild and farm-affected wild bogues ( Boops boops Linnaeus, 1758) during storage on ice were compared. The main saturated and unsaturated FAs were C16:0 and C18:1( n -9) in both bogue samples. Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n -3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n -3), and n -3/ n -6 ratios, as well as atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, were significantly higher in wild samples. Over a period of 16 days on ice, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were reduced by 9.4% in wild and by 11.7% in farm-affected wild bogues; however, lipid damage during storage on ice was low. The total free fatty acid content of wild and farm-affected wild bogues at three different stages during storage on ice was small, <3% over 16 days. Peroxide values changed from 1.05 to 5.73 and from 2.98 to 5.25 milliequivalents (meq)/kg of O 2 in wild and farm-affected wild bogues, respectively, while thiobarbituric acid index stayed under 5 mg of malondialdehyde/kg in all samples. This work provides important information about the effect of farming activities on changes in lipid and nutritive properties of fish oil from wild and farm-affected wild bogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the major bioactive lipid components of the seed oils of nine pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Spain, namely fatty acids, vitamin E and sterol compositions. The seeds yielded oil contents ranging from 4.44% to 13.70% of dry matter and showed high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (86.7.2–90.3%). The predominant fatty acid was 9,11,13-octadeca-trienoic acid (punicic acid), a conjugated linolenic acid characteristic from pomegranate seeds, with contents between 3523 and 10,586 mg/100 g of seeds. Total tocopherol contents ranged from 135 to 525 mg/100 g of oil, with γ-tocopherol as the main component, and with different compositional ratios between varieties. Concerning sterols in the oil, total amounts ranged from 364 to 553 mg/100 g, with a predominance of β-sitosterol. After performing principal component analysis, intercultivar differences were found, a potential tool for cultivar authenticity purposes. Moreover, the ingestion of pomegranate arils, with their seeds, increases their beneficial health properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the influence of the IMF content (high – HI vs. low – LI) and the fatty acid saturation profile on cooked cured pork ham volatiles. LI hams had higher PUFA and lower MUFA contents than HI hams. Using SPME we identified 29 compounds novel to cooked cured pork ham profiles, mostly lipid derivatives. Group differences were related to the PUFA/MUFA contents but not to the IMF content. Differences were also identified in amino acid breakdown derivatives with potential aroma implications. The SBSE method, a novelty in pork meat science, revealed differences which included board taint-related volatiles, terpenes and 36 novel compounds; 14 of these compounds were only found by the SBSE method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A1AT binding with fatty acids and lipoproteins modulates its effect on metabolism and immune function. • A1AT binding with LDL may contribute to LDL's substantial role in inflammatory processes and cardiovascular disease development. • A1AT bound to HDL provides HDL particles anti-elastase function, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic. • Statins drugs seem to affect HDL to A1AT binding. α1-antitrypsin (AAT) is an acute-phase protein that functions as an inhibitor of serine proteases, such as neutrophil elastase. A significant body of evidence shows that AAT has a pivotal role in protecting tissues from neutrophil-induced damage, preserving endothelial function, and improving outcomes of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, though the mechanism of its activity is not fully elucidated. In terms of several significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, AAT's capacity to inhibit elastase has been determined to be non-essential. With the discovery of a role for diverse binding partners in AAT biology, it is intriguing to learn that AAT attaches to cholesterol, fatty acids, lipid rafts, and lipoproteins and conformational changes in its hydrophobic binding site affect its activity. The complex formation of fatty acids or lipoproteins with native or modified AAT impacts its protease inhibitory action as well as its anti-inflammatory properties. As such, AAT-enriched HDL particles exhibit improved anti-inflammatory action. These findings contribute to our understanding of AAT's mechanism of action and may provide a fresh platform for investigating the therapeutic significance of AAT therapy in an informed manner outside of genetic AAT deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because rapid rancidities of lipids in unpolished grains, such as brown rice and whole grain wheat, are often problematic, Suppressions of their lipid degradations during postharvest therefore important for their further utilization. In this study, effect of oxygen absorber on lipid deterioration in unpolished grain during storage was investigated. Kernels and flours of brown rice, rice with germ and whole grain wheat were stored for eight weeks at 4 °C and 26 °C, with and without oxygen absorber. Free fatty acids (FFAs) accumulation in the unpolished grains during storage was accelerated by polishing, milling and storage at high temperature (26 °C), because these storage conditions stimulated activities of their lipid hydrolyses. When oxygen absorber was added and the storage system was sealed, additional FFAs accumulations in these unpolished grains. Decreases both in absolute amounts of linoleic acids of the lipids and in total tocochromanols contained in these unpolished grains were depressed by addition of oxygen absorber to the storage system, which was confirmed by an anti-oxidative effect of oxygen absorber. These results suggested that introduction of oxygen absorber into the storage system of unpolished grains would be effective under the condition where their hydrolytic activities of lipids are suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The impact of smoking on the lipid fraction of seabob shrimp (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Heller, 1862) was evaluated by the formation of cholesterol oxides and changes in fatty acid composition and in nutritional quality. In addition, cholesterol and chloride contents, pH, and proximate composition were determined. Smoking reduced lipid and protein contents and increased ash and chloride concentrations, while the pH value remained constant. Despite the loss of 18:2n6 (53%), 20:4n6 (50%), 22:6n3 (49%), 20:5n3 (47%) and 18:1n9 (44%), the n6/n3 ratio did not change significantly. The index of atherogenic (0.82) and of thrombogenic (0.62) were low after smoking. Smoking also caused losses of cholesterol (27%) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (50%), while 7-ketocholesterol and 7α-hydroxycholesterol contents remained constant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Peanut oil contains large amount of non-polar lipids and minor polar lipids. However, the effect of roasting on lipid profile of peanut oil has not been investigated systematically. Herein, an UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry-based lipidomic method was applied to comprehensively analyze lipid profile of the oils from raw, light and dark roasted peanut kernels. Microstructure of peanut kernels, physicochemical properties and oxidized fatty acids in peanut oil during roasting were also evaluated. Dark roasting destructed the cell membrane severely according to microstructure observation. The color of the oils became darken after light and dark roasting. Acid value increased during roasting. Peroxide value, conjugated dienens, and oxidized fatty acids increased after light roasting while decreased after dark roasting. Roasting had an obvious effect on phospholipids. Triglycerides and diglycerides showed a thermal stability during this process. Our study could provide useful information for peanut oil processing. • Roasting had significant effect on lipids, especially fatty acids and phospholipids. • Light roasting increased OFAs, while dark roasting decreased their contents. • Lipids degradation and oxidation were the main behaviors during roasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fatty acid compositions of lipid classes were affected by the seasonal variations. • The highest values of total lipids and neutral lipids were noted in drought period. • Phospholipids concentrates the highest values of PUFA of lipid classes. • The amounts of EPA + DHA exceed the WHO daily intake recommendation. • SFA and MUFA were predominant in neutral lipids in both periods. The effect of seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of total lipids (TL), neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos was evaluated. Ten fish samples were collected from Amazon basin in each seasonal period (drought and flood). The fatty acids composition of TL, NL and PL throughout seasonal periods were studied. A significant difference was noted in TL content between the seasonal periods, with the highest values (7.48 %) in the drought period. NL corresponded to 90 %, on average, of TL and PL to 8.6 %. The fatty acids composition of TL and lipid classes (NL and PL) were affected by the seasonal variations and lipid fraction. Higher values of PUFA were observed during the flood period to TL and both lipids classes. EPA + DHA totalized on average 173 mg 100g−1, so jurupoca could be considered a source of these health-benefiting fatty acids, exceeding the daily intake recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The fat profile of 615 industrialized foods in Brazil (2005 & 2018) was analyzed. • Brazil adopted TFA limit in foods of 2 g/100 g fat to be implemented by 2023. • About 30 % of food samples presented TFA higher than 2 g/100 g of fat. • TFA mean content was the highest in biscuits: cassava (21 %) and salty (7.1 %). • Monitoring industrialized food is essential to meet WHO target of TFA restriction. Trans -fatty acid (TFA) elimination from global food supply is a 2023 World Health Organization target. Brazil adopted the limit for TFA at 2 g/100 g fat to be implemented by 2023. This work aimed to evaluate the fat profile of about 600 industrialized products from São Paulo state, Brazil, between 2005 and 2018. The total fat (TF) was determined by gravimetric methods and the fatty acids by gas chromatography. The mean contents of TFA were higher than 2 g/100 g fat in 30% of samples (bakery products, potato chips, snacks, hamburgers, margarine, and spread). The highest mean content was verified in biscuits: cassava and salty (20.5 and 7.1 g/100 g fat). TFA mean contents evaluated over time decrease in sweet biscuit (4.9 to 1.2), potato chips (4.2 to 1.8), soybean oil (2.1 to 1.2), and canola oil (3.5 to 0.7) (g/100 g fat), whereas saturated and mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids in sweet biscuits and potato chips increased. Palm and polyunsaturated oils and interesterified fat have been used to avoid partially hydrogenated oils. Continuous monitoring of foods is essential to help in both government and corporate actions in adapting their products and meeting current regulatory restrictions on the content of TFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, are becoming increasingly frequent, long-lasting and severe as global climate change continues, shaping marine biodiversity patterns worldwide. Increased risk of overheating and mortality across major taxa have been recurrently observed, jeopardizing the sustainability of ecosystem services. Molecular responses of species, which scale up to physiological and population responses, are determinant processes that modulate species sensitivity or tolerance to extreme weather events. Here, by integrating proteomic, fatty acid profiling and physiological approaches, we show that the tolerance of the intertidal ragworm Hediste diversicolor, a keystone species in estuarine ecosystems and an emergent blue bio-resource, to long-lasting heatwaves (24 vs 30 °C for 30 days) is shaped by calcium homeostasis, immune function and stability of fatty acid profiles. These features potentially enabled H. diversicolor to increase its thermal tolerance limit by 0.81 °C under the heatwave scenario and maintain survival. No growth trade-offs were detected, as wet weight remained stable across conditions. Biological variation of physiological parameters was lower when compared to molecular measures. Proteins showed an overall elevated coefficient of variation, although decreasing molecular variance under the heatwave scenario was observed for both proteins and fatty acids. This finding is consistent with the phenomenon of physiological canalization in extreme environments and contradicts the theory that novel conditions increase trait variation. Our results show that keystone highly valued marine polychaetes are tolerant to heatwaves, confirming the potential of H. diversicolor as a blue bio-resource and opening new avenues for sustainable marine aquaculture development. [Display omitted] • The polychaete Hediste diversicolor is tolerant to long-lasting heatwaves. • It increased its CT max and maintained survival under heatwaves, with no growth trade-offs. • Calcium homeostasis and stability of fatty acid profiles were relevant processes under heatwaves. • Molecular variance decreased in extreme conditions indicating physiological canalization. • H. diversicolor has great potential as a blue bio-resource in marine aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A low cholesterol level in turtle eggs. • Turtle egg lipids had a nutritionally favorable n-6/n-3 ratio (1.27). • Low AI and TI (0.27 and 0.37) were beneficial for cardiovascular disease. • Common unsaturated fatty acids were esterified at triacylglycerol sn-2 position. Studies have shown potential beneficial functions of turtle eggs, but the mechanism is not clear. The species and content of lipids have a significant impact on human health. The major lipid classes and fatty acids composition of dried Chinese soft-shell turtle eggs were characterized with the aim of clarifying the potential beneficial functions of turtle eggs from the perspective of lipid nutrition. 100 g dried turtle eggs power contained an average of 24.7 g of triacylglycerol (TAG), 1.24 g of phospholipid (PL) and 0.72 g of cholesterol. The striking feature of the lipid composition was the abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in an excellent n-6/n-3 ratio (1.27) and low atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) values, which were considered to be a healthier option for the human diet. A total of 85 TAG molecular species and 95 PL molecular species were obtained by lipidomics. ΣcisC18:1, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were preferentially esterified at sn-2 position of TAG. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) accounted for more than 90 % of the PL, while no sphingomyelin (SM) was detected. C22:6n-3 and C20:5n-3 were preferentially bound to PE and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid uptake and accumulation in lipid droplets are essential processes of lipid metabolism. Oocyte in vitro culture in media enriched with fatty acid is used to modify the lipid content and composition, aiming to study the consequences of obesity and enhance cell cryotolerance. We applied Raman spectroscopy and deuterium labeling approach to quantify stearic acid uptake and investigate its incorporation within oocytes. Our data suggest that deuterium labeling does not affect oocyte maturation rates. The efficiency of deuterated stearic acid (dSA) uptake was shown to decrease with the increase of its concentration in culture medium and the duration of in vitro culture. The molar ratio between dSA and bovine serum albumin has no significant effect on the dSA uptake for 200 μM but modifies concentration dependence of the lipid uptake. dSA accumulates in all the lipid droplets inside oocytes. Different lipid droplets within the same oocyte exhibit different concentrations of dSA. The scatter in the dSA concentration in lipid droplets decreases with the culture time. Using dSA as an example, we provide a comprehensive description of how fatty acid concentration, its molar ratio versus bovine serum albumin, and culture time affect the uptake of the fatty acids in oocytes. Raman microspectroscopy of deuterium-labeled fatty acids is a nondestructive tool providing information about fatty acid uptake and heterogeneity of their accumulation between lipid droplets within the single oocyte. • Single oocyte FA uptake was studied using Raman spectroscopy of deuterated lipids. • Efficiency of FA uptake decreases with culture time and FA concentration. • Deuterated FA accumulates in all lipid droplets within oocyte. • Spatial heterogeneity of accumulated FA decreases with culture time. • Deuterium labels do not affect oocyte maturation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the causative agent of TB and its incidences has been on the rise since 1993. Lipid metabolism is an imperative metabolic process, which grants M. tb the ability to utilize host-derived lipids as a secondary source of nutrition during infection. In addition to degrading host lipids, M. tb is proficient at using lipids, such as cholesterol, to facilitate its entry into macrophages. Mycolic acids, constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall, offer protection and aid in persistence of the bacterium. These are effectively synthesized using a complex fatty acid synthase system. Many pathogenesis studies have reported differences in lipid-metabolism of clinical strains of M. tb that belongs to diverse lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). East-Asian and Euro-American lineages possess "unique" cell wall-associated lipids compared to the less transmissible Ethiopian lineage, which may offer these lineages a competitive advantage. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the complexities among the MTBC lineages with lipid metabolism and their impact on virulence, transmissibility and pathogenesis. Thus, this review provides an insight into lipid metabolism in various lineages of the MTBC and their impact on virulence and persistence during infection, as this may provide critical insight into developing novel therapeutics to combat TB. • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages and lipid metabolism. • Lipid homeostasis and foamy macrophages in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. • M. tuberculosis lineage-specific profiles in fatty acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]